Marspedia - User contributions [en]

Talk:Mission with planned death

2013-06-19T04:33:06Z

188.143.232.12: /* HvljKOvpfBunGmcPO */ new section

== The downfalls of a mission with planned death or no return ==

A one way mission could happen. With our limited knowlege of Mars, it would likley have to be a mission with planned death.

Such a mission could be undertaken today. However, that is its one total flaw. The more daring technologies that need to be developed for a two-way mission could lead to spinoffs that positivly affect our lives on Earth. The knowlege of ISRU and how to make propellant on Mars will be vital to a future [[Settlement]]. The one way mission with planned death does not achieve anything. All it does is get people on Mars. Just like the apollo program, is basically "flagpoles and footprints". The crew have no means to do anything meaningful, like start a colony. Maybe they do a bit of geology, but that is it. Not even a sample return capability.

With this taken into account, a manned mission does not really mean anything.
One-way missions with planned death treat Humans as mere biological space probes. As a space probe design, humans are inferior. A much, much more productive mission could be undertaken with machines such as the MER rovers. Such machines also fly one-way.

A one-way mission with, or without planned death is no more then a publicity stunt.

Sure, a country with more radical ideals may come along with such a mission plan and land on Mars first, but this time, It isn't the one that comes first that wins. It is the one who stays. [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 07:31, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

:I agree. I would definitely not go on a mission like that. This article exists to ensure completeness of all possible manned one-way mission types. By the way, did you know that Laika went on a mission with planned death? -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 19:04, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Yes, Laika went on a mission with planned death. The US sent along several chimpanzees, but recovered them afterwards. One could call a two-way mission to Mars a mission with unplanned death. There is no certainty for the crew that they will survive. Everything carries a risk. I'd rather see a crew die trying to return home then see a crew being sent on a trip to their deaths. [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 12:34, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

== tNrxunuwumdC ==

Keep these articles comnig as they've opened many new doors for me.

== HvljKOvpfBunGmcPO ==

Taking the ovveriew, this post hits the spot

Talk:Mission with planned death

2013-06-19T04:32:31Z

188.143.232.12: /* tNrxunuwumdC */ new section

Biological wastewater treatment

2013-06-18T15:24:04Z

188.143.232.12: /* External Links */

'''Biological wastewater treatment''' is a group of methods to free water from biological and chemical pollution.

==The active littoral zone==
The littoral zone of a lake is the shallow part, where water plants and a great variety of small animals and [[microbes]] are living. It is biological active, that is, it has a cleaning effect upon the water. Even pharmaceutic substances are digested. However, the cleaning capacity is limited.

Such a lake can be an important part of the waste water treatment in a Martian [[settlement]].

A perfect reply! Thanks for taking the trboule.

File:Mro moons.png

2013-06-18T11:41:09Z

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Two images of [[Phobos]] and [[Deimos]] taken by the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument on the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] on Nov 27, 2007.

That's a well-thought-out aneswr to a challenging question

Needed Articles

2013-03-10T02:55:58Z

188.143.232.12: /* P */

This is the global collection of lists of articles that are needed by [[Marspedia]] and shall be a guide for authors, who want to start new articles without knowing which direction to go.

If you feel there is a list missing then please create it! Try to avoid creating empty lists - and keep the [[Marspedia:About#Marspedia_Policies|Marspedia policies]] in mind. You can create a missing list or work on an existing list. Both this list and the listed lists are maintained manually.

Eventually, most of the links here should go from missing to existing, meaning this framework's goal will have been achieved.

Please do not hesitate to update everything and bring in your ideas.

To use this list:
* To add more types of articles, insert the names of one or more desired lists on this page. Be sure to use <nowiki>"[[" and "]]"</nowiki> to make it a link
* Click on missing list links to open an editor window to supply a missing list.
** Insert applicable article names into the new list, also with <nowiki>"[[" and "]]"</nowiki> each.
** The new list should contain the line <nowiki>{{Bootstrap}}</nowiki> at the top.

=='''A'''==
[[List of Academia]] 
[[List of Agricultural Products]] 
[[List of Agricultural Technologies]] 
[[List of Analog Station Efforts]] 
[[List of Analog Station Designs]] 
[[List of Architectural Concepts]] 
[[List of Areas of Research]] 
[[List of Areological Articles]] 
[[List of Arts and Crafts]] 

=='''B'''==
[[List of Biosphere Technologies]] 
[[List of Books]] 
[[List of Boosters]] 
[[List of Business Models]] 

=='''C'''==
[[List of Construction Materials]] 

=='''E'''==
[[List of Export Markets]] 
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=='''H'''==
[[List of Habitat Concepts]] 
[[List of Health and Fitness]] 
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=='''I'''==
[[List of Import Markets]] 
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[[List of ISRU|List of In-situ Resource Utilization Methods]] 

=='''L'''==
[[List of Logistical Considerations]] 
[[List of Mars Based Sciences]] 

=='''M'''==
[[List of Major Settlement Challenges]] 
[[List of Maps]] 
[[List of Mission Designs and Options]] -- not presently existing reference missions to design 
[[List of Modules]] 

=='''O'''==
[[List of Online Resources]] 
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[[List of Outpost Concepts]] 

Well put, sir, well put. I'll creatinly make note of that.

=='''R'''==
[[List of Recreation]] 
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=='''S'''==
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=='''T'''==
[[List of Terraforming Issues]] 
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[[List of Transportation Systems]] 

=='''U'''==
[[List of Unmanned Sites]] 
[[List of Urban Planning]] 

[[Category:Bootstrap lists]]

Equipment for autonomous growth

2013-01-22T16:15:52Z

188.143.232.12: /* Example: Manufacture and repair of digging machines */

What equipment will settlers on [[Mars]] need to be really [[Independence from Earth‎|independent from Earth]] on the long term? This article wants to define the '''Equipment for Autonomous Growth''' to enable a [[colony]] to thrive, entirely based upon [[local resources]].

The initial settlement on Mars will be built with technology from [[Earth]], involving space travel, radio link, etc. Hopefully, this initial settlement is completed with the ability to sustain itself.

In case the support from Earth stops some day due to financial or political issues, the settlers are completely on their own. In order to survive, the settlement must be equipped with technology that allows life to continue indefinitely. A growing population requires the settlement to grow as well. The limited material from Earth will be used up quickly. Unlimited growth requires technology to exploit Martian resources to build everything required.

Even if Earth's economy is normal, launch costs from earth may remain very high. Even if only economic self-sufficiency (monetary break-even or profit) is a goal, imports may remain very expensive and so there is a strong economic incentive to substitute Martian-made goods for earth-made ones.

Substituting native manufactures for imports is a great challenge because technology since the Industrial Revolution has depended on a global economy that now includes billions of workers. Factories that specialize in making one particular kind of good often employ hundreds of workers directly, but tens of thousands to millions of workers indirectly to provide parts and sub-parts and raw materials for all these, and to produce still more goods and services to meet the needs of all these workers. As Adam Smith wrote,
:''"Observe the accommodation of the most common artificer or day-laborer in a civilized and thriving country, and you will perceive that the number of people of whose industry a part, though but a small part, has been employed in procuring him this accommodation, exceeds all computation. The woollen coat, for example, which covers the day laborer, as coarse and rough as it may appear, is the produce of the joint labor of a great multitude of workmen."''

The initial prototypes and test articles of modern products were often made by fewer people in a lab, using more flexible manufacturing equipment, so in principle the work can be done by fewer people. However, the production rate per person, i.e. overall economic efficiency, goes way down as batch sizes decline. To minimize this, and to minimize the dependence of machines themselves on a global economy, most processes and pieces of equipment, from machine tools to finished products, will have to be radically redesigned in order to be made on Mars. For a medium-sized colony, [[:category:Lo-tech|Lo-tech]] processes may be redesigned for a small workforce, namely [[pneumatics]], [[hydraulics]], and so on. A small colony (100 to 10,000 people, the size of a frontier town) will probably rely mostly on [[:category:Small-scale-tech|small-scale-tech]] based on traditional craft industries such as [[brick|brick-making]], [[blacksmith|blacksmithing]], [[smelting]], [[glass|glass-blowing]], etc. A small "ecosystem" of equipment that is collectively self-replicating, such as is the goal of RepRap (see [[3D Printer]]), could greatly help in the task of substituting for imports from Earth. [[shared_componenting|Shared components]] can reduce labor and tooling costs.

The ability of autonomous growth requires a network of several technologies with each of them depending on other parts of the network. Every piece of the network needs maintenance and must be maintained solely with local technology and materials. If one single piece needs imports from Earth, the whole network is not self-sufficient. The creation of such a complete network can not be done all at once. To give a Martian colony a start, it requires some vital technology for food production and life support from the very beginning. So, the colony starts with imported technology from Earth (as is planned by [[Mars One]]), and non of the parts may be replaceable by locally produced spare parts. But then, step by step, additional small production lines based on local technology and materials are established. While the initial technologies had to be optimized in weight for Earth-to-Mars transport, these new technologies may well be bigger and more heavy, but can be built with local materials. [[Steel]] might be used instead of [[aluminum]], [[sintered regolith]] may be used for housing of stationary machines instead of carbon fibre plastics.

==Mining equipment==
The most critical technology is [[mining]]. It provides almost every [[:category:material|material]] the growing colony needs: [[water]], [[iron]], [[silicon]], etc.

==Construction technique==
A growing colony needs to build more and larger [[building]]s. An initial set of machines, measuring devices, formwork etc. should be brought to Mars. Advanced [[3D Printer]]s can be used to fabricate items on Mars. Construction complexity may be averted by the use of [[Shared componenting‎]].

==Energy==
[[Energy]] is one of the [[crucial issues]] in a Martian colony. The surplus energy, that is what is left after [[food]] production and machinery maintenance, can be used to expand the colony. Both mining and processing of additional construction material as well as drilling of [[artificial cave]]s consume large amounts of energy.

==Automation==
There are many processes to maintain in an artificial [[habitat]], requiring [[automation]] technology. [[Electronics]], [[mechanics]], [[hydraulics]] and [[pneumatics]] are considered.

==Computers==
Computers are found in anything from watches and microwaves to cellphones and personal computers, at least in industrialized societies on Earth. One might think, computers are required in establishing a modern colony. Surely they are a great help for any other technology, but they are not inevitable.

==Internet==
The access to Earth's [[internet]] is definitely not necessary for an autonomous colony, but it helps to exchange technological, scientific and cultural news, which might be beneficial for both Mars and Earth.

==Food production==
Since [[sunlight]] is not as bright as on Earth, there may be a need for [[Greenhouse|greenhouses]] with [[solar concentrator|mirrors that concentrate the sunshine]]. The construction of [[biotechnology|biotechnological factories]] can help to provide enough [[food]] for the settlers.

[[Mars One]] plans to start with LED-lit greenhouses. To make this a long term autonomous concept, the LEDs need to be produced locally.

==Synthetic materials==
Almost any technology requires a large quantity of [[synthetic materials]]: plastics, oil, acids, etc., that is produced by [[:Category:Chemistry|chemical processes]].

==Reproductive Technology==
Every machine and every gadget has a [[wear lifespan|limited lifetime]]. It must be replaced periodically to keep the function alive. As a principle, the equipment brought to Mars must be constructed simple enough to allow a repair and duplication from local resources. The periodic repair and maintenance process must not consume more material, energy and time than the colony can afford. The usage of [[hi-tech versus lo-tech|Lo-tech instead of hi-tech]] for vital systems is a possible solution. [[Recycling]] helps too.

Thanks for your touhhgts. It's helped me a lot.

===Example: Repair of solar panels===
[[Solar panel]]s provide [[electricity]], which will be used to create more photo-voltaic cells. High [[radiation]] levels on the Martian surface reduce the lifespan of the panels. Replacement becomes necessary after 10 to 20 years. Since the production of new cells is an energy consuming process, the cells must be able to produce significantly more energy during their lifespan than their own production consumes. The production technology must be feasible in a small Martian colony, that is, it must fit in a small room and allows pure manual handling. A big factory with automated production lines is not possible within the first decades of the colony.

===Example: Repair of electronics===
The most complex thing to replace is, perhaps, the computer. It needs high-tech processes and special substances to make all the electronic devices within a computer. There are few ways for coping with this challenge: abstain from any [[electronics]] on Mars; find a way to produce simple electronics that can be made from local Martian resources or stockpile critical materials such as silicon single crystals and high purity chemical dopants that would be needed if Mars were to shift to self-supply of integrated circuitry. It would take a long time for a small industrial society to consume a hundred kilograms of such strategic reserves if Earthly computer chips became unavailable.

==See also==
*[[Autonomous colony]]

[[Category: Technology]]
[[Category: Concepts]]

User talk:Farred

2012-06-15T19:56:39Z

188.143.232.12: DabHpgQTjyqBrmTp

Wait, I cnanot fathom it being so straightforward.

Oxygen

2012-05-10T03:40:47Z

188.143.232.12: /* Related Articles */

{{element
|float=right
|elementName=Oxygen
|elementSymbol=O
|protons=8
|abundance=0.13% ([[atmosphere]])
}}

'''Oxygen''' (''periodic table symbol:'' O8) is a chemical element that can be found in the [[atmosphere]] and in several [[minerals]] on [[Mars]].

[[Image:alga_and_bubbles.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Alga producing oxygen]]

Post trackbacks and cmotenms to remote blogs automatically with Trackback Submitter! This tool will submit your cmotenms to millions of blogs automatically. Trackback Submitter the most powerful tool on the planet to submit trackbacks automatically!

Seitan is coagulated wheat prioten. I can see why this would confuse people used to using it, because while it *is* derived from wheat, it is pretty much pure gluten (prioten) and wouldn't carry the same carb threat that other grain products would. It is not a super-processed food anyone could make it in their own kitchen by super-kneading dough until it is extremely rubbery and the starch and bran can be washed out. The texture is about like cheese curds, and it absorbs flavored readily.

User:Laertes

2012-05-10T02:18:20Z

188.143.232.12: vRgbpwfCX

I'm not esialy impressed but you've done it with that posting.

Settlement Strategies

2012-05-08T12:54:33Z

188.143.232.12: /* Introduction */

The colonization of [[Mars]] can be planned and performed in various ways. This article wants to line out basic '''colonization strategies''' with the final goal to establish a sustainable, self reliant Martian colony, that can exist and even thrive [[independence from Earth|independently from Earth]].

==Aspect of physical independence==
===Introduction===
The long term maintenance of complex equipment requires a huge number of persons. At a minimum, they will need to replace or repair critical components, such as life support, [[Limited medical care in an autonomous colony|medical technology]], [[food]] production, etc. It is hard to imagine that this can be done without [[electronics]] and [[:category:chemistry|chemistry]]. At least some technology must be maintained, for the Martian [[environmental conditions]] do not allow people to live naked on Mars. So, there is a critical mass for the number of persons in an [[autonomous colony]].

Even if fully grown, a Martian colony is not considered a closed system without any input or output from and to Earth. It is rather an independent sovereign state, fully in control of its destiny. In that regard, it need not produce all of its needs locally. Even on [[Earth]], no sovereign state would think of eliminating all trade with other nations. However, such a Martian colony can not perform a trade volume that is comparable with any state on Earth, because the shipment costs are bigger by several orders of magnitude. Therefore, the [[interplanetary commerce]] between Earth and Mars will be reduced largely to data and services that can be transmitted via a [[radio link]].

===Strategy 1: Independence step by step===
An initial colony could start with a few persons. More colonists arrive later. In the beginning it does not supply all of its needs locally. Until critical mass is attained, the settlement will need to buy certain advanced technology. Interplanetary commerce is part of this strategy. It allows starting much simpler and earlier.

The first step is an [[Earth-supported colony]]. With further shipments it can be enhanced to a [[semi-autonomous colony]]. Finally the colony can be equipped with [[equipment for autonomous growth]].

===Strategy 2: Independence at once===
Due to the risk of an interruption of the colonization program, this strategy aims at the full independence from the very start. The first settlement is built in a very spartan, but nonetheless sustainable way, with all vital supplies produced locally. This first settlement [[Unmanned setup of a whole settlement|is constructed remote controlled]] and is fully functional before the first group of settlers head for Mars.

[[Hi-tech versus lo-tech|Spartan technology]] (and hence spartan standard of living) can reduce the critical mass. The inevitable food production is the most critical part. If that can be accomplished with simple technology, the critical mass could be small enough to gain independence at once. However, this includes [[mining]] and processing of all needed materials from [[local resources]].

==Aspect of transport and development==
Uite aici daca vrei sa afli ceva despre ioevrtnarele industriale Mean Well pune o intrebare si cu siguranta ti se va raspunde, este forum special conceput din cate vad pentru invertoare Mean Well

===Strategy 1: Minimum transport and intelligent self development===

Shipping costs are probably lower for small scale machines than large scale machines, and the [[financial effort estimation|financial frame]] will always be tight. The perfect, but unrealistic, way to colonize Mars is sending a one-kilogram probe with a handful of nanobots, preparing the whole colony, before sending a second one-kilogram probe with a handful of frozen fertilized human eggs, etc. This science fiction scenario is, of course, not realistic, but can serve as an ideal to strive for: minimize the mass and volume that needs to be launched from Earth, both initially and on an ongoing basis, by maximizing the self-sufficiency of Mars' industrial and agricultural infrastructures. This probably requires a radical redesign of almost every piece of equipment, and a radical rethinking of industrial infrastructure generally. Lo-tech (see e.g. [[pneumatics]], [[hydraulics]]), small-scale-tech (see e.g. [[blacksmith]], [[brick]], [[glass]]), and flexible tech (see e.g. [[3D Printer]]) are promising approaches.

===Strategy 2: Mass transport of ready-to-use technology===

A colony needs large machinery for life support and further expansion. All machinery is shipped from [[Earth]] to Mars. Plans can be developed for massive colonization ships moving in repeated transfers between Earth and Mars without stopping. Only the cargo and passengers start and stop. Sending a complete industrial economy to Mars is theoretically possible. It just takes a long time, a launch volume much higher than current, or some combination of the two. See cost estimates above. For example, we might spend $100 billion per year for 4.4 million years to set up an independent Mars colony using the same industrial equipment and global-scale economy as Earth, by simply transporting all needed people, structures and equipment (minus one or two orders of magnitude for creative selection of a subset) over this period of time, without any redesign except to account for Martian environmental conditions (low gravity, near-vacuum, etc.) To be anywhere close to being viable, this strategy requires extremely radical reductions in transport costs, possibly from using [[ISRU]]-based propellants, suborbital reusable launch vehicles (RLVs) combine with tether-based orbital momentum transfer, and many other theoretically possible strategies. But then again, how can we do ISRU on such a massive scale without lots of equipment already in space? Catch-22.

===Strategy 3: Develop industry on Luna to support Mars colonization===
This is inspired by the 1970's idea of Gerard O'Neil to build massive solar power plants out of lunar materials. Developing Luna first can take advantage of Luna's unique advantages to provide a massive Mars colonization effort that may not be possible otherwise.

Luna has a lower gravity well than Mars or Earth and a high vacuum at surface level. Because of this there is a potential for a low cost electric launching of cargo from the moon to orbit that Mars and Earth will never be able to match. The cost was estimated as "pennies-per-pound" on the Mike Combs Space Settlement [http://space.mike-combs.com/spacsetl.htm#on_the_moon web site FAQ], the "Why not build solar power stations on the moon?" section. The actual cost per pound of such cargo launch will be heavily dependent upon the size of the market for launching cargo.

Luna has one face constantly turned toward earth so that a stationary antenna there could provide continuous real time communications with less than a three second round trip delay. This allows remote control industrial development from Earth without developing artificial computer intelligence to operate the industry 45 minutes without instructions on the latest developments as would be necessary for remotely controlled industry on Mars. The axial tilt with respect to the ecliptic is 1.5 degrees. So, there is a potential in the course of development of Luna's resources to establish a set of solar power stations within 46 kilometers of either pole linked in a grid such that there is always one of them in sunlight. The ambient vacuum makes efficient thermal insulation as easy as packing fine grains sifted from the regolith. The big advantage of industry on Luna is that it does not need to be a complete infrastructure that can support human beings for every task. Remotely controlled machines are being used on Earth with a growing range of complexity and function.<ref> http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Progress_in_Remotely_Operated_Equipment </ref> If as much effort were put into adapting machines to a lunar environment as has been put into adapting machines to an undersea environment, the designs for machines to develop lunar industry would likely be in hand. People on Luna will be few and do only those things for which people are especially capable.
Association with Luna can bring Mars into the market for building structures in Earth orbit before there is even a colony on Mars. Building an industry on Luna will be handicapped by the scarcity of volatiles on Luna but this can be remedied by establishing automated industry on Mars to distill the atmosphere, mine the permafrost at 50 degrees latitude and ship the products to orbit with one system and on to Luna with another. This is probably a simpler problem then building a complete industrial base for a colony, and it would be paid for out of returns from building structures in Earth orbit. Industry started on Mars without Luna would not be able to sell solar power plants to Earth to pay for the investment. It would have to rely on selling hypothetical patent rights of Martian colonists' inventions, gold shot out of an electric cannon to Earth if any is found on Mars, real estate sales and such.

Benefits to Mars colonization that would result from full industry on Luna would include the ability of Luna to ship tanks of liquid oxygen to low Earth orbit for 40 cents a pound to use as rocket fuel. This low cost of transportation would allow considerably higher production costs for oxygen on Luna than on Earth while still having a much lower total delivered cost. The same is true for materials to construct a Mars colonization ship in orbit and a space based solar power plant to be sent to operate in orbit of Mars. If industrialization of Luna is successful, these benefits could be provided to Mars in trade for volatiles to Luna more cheaply than they could be provided by any conceivable arrangement of trade between one region on Mars and another.

'''Some criticisms of this approach:'''

Removing the task of industrial development to the moon mostly just switches the location of the problem. The strategy above is simply to move the problem of developing self-sustainable space industry, given high launch costs on earth, to a new locale then introduce trade between Mars and the new locale. But we can divide industry and trade between places on Mars too: if trade between Mars and the moon could solve the problem so could trade between different places on Mars. The supposed benefits of teleoperation are hypothetical and there is no strong reason to assume it would allow the needed radical reduction in the mass of industrial infrastructure to be launched. No designs for teleoperated machines are presented that would have this effect of radically reducing the mass of the industry that needs to be launched from earth. If they were, they would form part of the general alternative to radical lowering of launch costs, namely radical redesign of the industrial infrastructure. Automation indeed is probably an important element of the radical redesign of industrial technology that will be needed.

To get to the lunar surface from earth still costs within the same order of magnitude as to get to the surface of Mars (currently about $100,000/kg to the lunar surface vs. about $200,000/kg to the Martian surface). Indeed the industrial development problem on the moon is worse because it is scarce in volatiles which are crucial and voluminous inputs to industry. On earth where voluminous water is needed industry locates next to the water. Trying to get them out of Mars' gravity well all the way to the moon may not be economically viable, any more than reversing the course of a river by putting the water into a large fleet of trucks and driving back to the top of the mountains where the river comes from would be an economically viable way to conserve water. It is also easier to think about and solve the self-sufficiency problem on a location like Mars where volatiles and other industrial inputs are both readily available.

The mass driver upon which the effort depends is only a design. It has never been tested as a complete device. If things proceed as supporters of raising an industrial base on Luna by its bootstraps hope, it will take a long time, probably in the neighborhood of fifty years before first financial return. Importing volatiles from Mars requires that both bodies be industrialized at the same time with remotely operated equipment. That causes more complex planning requirements. Dealing only with Mars development avoids having to import elements which are scarce on Luna. Mars has all elements necessary for industrial development available in usable concentrations and quantities.

===Strategy 4: [[Genetic engineering|Genetically engineer crops]] to grow on Mars===
The amount of equipment needed to be transported to Mars could be reduced if crops could spread themselves on the natural surface of Mars. The lichen which grows in extreme conditions on Earth could perhaps be modified to grow on Mars in the current conditions of the 50 degree latitude region. It could incorporate an internal antifreeze such as polyethylene glycol. Various sorts of crops could be designed to incorporate various useful substances in their tissues. When these crops have spread themselves around Mars, colonists would come and harvest them to support their colony. This might greatly reduce the need for industrial infrastructure as a prerequisite to support agriculture.

No plant or lichen genetically engineered or otherwise has ever been grown in vacuum or in near-vacuum conditions like those on Mars, and it is far from clear that this is possible. The chemical and radiation environments on the Martian surface probably also present major hurdles for this approach. This strategy would take many years to first develop crops to grow on Mars and then to plant them and let them spread. The plant released into the wild might mutate into an undesirable form that would not support a colony.

A variation of this strategy is to genetically engineer a hollow tree that can serve as a pressure vessel for smaller life forms inside it. A problem with this approach is how to protect its leaves while giving them sunlight. The coconut tree Protects its seed from the harsh environment of the open ocean with a hard case. By combining genetic engineering with selective breeding, it might be possible to develop a plant that grows a little green house for each leaf and each seed. Seeds would need to be packed with a considerable amount of food and water to get a new plant started on Mars, as coconuts are packed with food and water to start new coconut trees. Starting plants in the most Mars-like environment that they can survive, then developing plants to grow in more and more Mars-like conditions, people might be able to develop a plant that could grow on Mars.

While Earthly plants store sugars and starches in their tissues for use during times of darkness, and they store complete nutrition for their offspring in seeds; they do not store oxygen. They use it from the reservoir of the Earth's atmosphere. Plants that could grow in the ambient Martian conditions would need special tissues to store oxygen. They would also need to develop a flexible water impermeable skin with a sort of window that while remaining impermeable to water would allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through, another sort of window to allow oxygen to be excreted and another sort of window to be translucent. The roots would need to totally engulf particular grains of soil in order to absorb minerals from them without losing water. The adaptations for plants' survival on Mars would be many, but the result would be plants whose seeds are a source of food, water, and oxygen.

==Aspect of finance==
Hi! Look like I've got the same error:Error in method inovtacion: Static method haxeCodeComplete( org.gjt.sp.jedit.View ) not found in class'sidekick.haxe.HaXeSideKickPlugin' : at Line: 4 : in file: inline evaluation of: __runCachedMethod(ns) { this.callstack.set(0,ns); sidek . . . : sidekick .haxe .HaXeSideKickPlugin .haxeCodeComplete ( view ) at org.gjt.sp.jedit.bsh.BSHMethodInvocation.eval(BSHMethodInvocation.java:77)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.bsh.BSHPrimaryExpression.eval(BSHPrimaryExpression.java:102)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.bsh.BSHPrimaryExpression.eval(BSHPrimaryExpression.java:47)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.bsh.BSHBlock.evalBlock(BSHBlock.java:130)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.bsh.BSHBlock.eval(BSHBlock.java:80)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.bsh.BshMethod.invokeImpl(BshMethod.java:362)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.bsh.BshMethod.invoke(BshMethod.java:258)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.bsh.BshMethod.invoke(BshMethod.java:186)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.BeanShellFacade.runCachedBlock(BeanShellFacade.java:225)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.BeanShell.runCachedBlock(BeanShell.java:423)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.BeanShellAction.invoke(BeanShellAction.java:73)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.gui.InputHandler.invokeAction(InputHandler.java:352)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.jEdit$4.invokeAction(jEdit.java:3264)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.jEdit$4.invokeAction(jEdit.java:3246)at org.gjt.sp.jedit.EditAction$Wrapper.actionPerformed(EditAction.java:222)at javax.swing.AbstractButton.fireActionPerformed(AbstractButton.java:2028)at javax.swing.AbstractButton$Handler.actionPerformed(AbstractButton.java:2351)at javax.swing.DefaultButtonModel.fireActionPerformed(DefaultButtonModel.java:387)at javax.swing.DefaultButtonModel.setPressed(DefaultButtonModel.java:242)at javax.swing.AbstractButton.doClick(AbstractButton.java:389)at com.apple.laf.ScreenMenuItem.actionPerformed(ScreenMenuItem.java:95)at java.awt.MenuItem.processActionEvent(MenuItem.java:627)at java.awt.MenuItem.processEvent(MenuItem.java:586)at java.awt.MenuComponent.dispatchEventImpl(MenuComponent.java:337)at java.awt.MenuComponent.dispatchEvent(MenuComponent.java:325)at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEventImpl(EventQueue.java:682)at java.awt.EventQueue.access$000(EventQueue.java:85)at java.awt.EventQueue$1.run(EventQueue.java:638)at java.awt.EventQueue$1.run(EventQueue.java:636)at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)at java.security.AccessControlContext$1.doIntersectionPrivilege(AccessControlContext.java:87)at java.security.AccessControlContext$1.doIntersectionPrivilege(AccessControlContext.java:98)at java.awt.EventQueue$2.run(EventQueue.java:652)at java.awt.EventQueue$2.run(EventQueue.java:650)at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)at java.security.AccessControlContext$1.doIntersectionPrivilege(AccessControlContext.java:87)at java.awt.EventQueue.dispatchEvent(EventQueue.java:649)at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpOneEventForFilters(EventDispatchThread.java:296)at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForFilter(EventDispatchThread.java:211)at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEventsForHierarchy(EventDispatchThread.java:201)at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(EventDispatchThread.java:196)at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.pumpEvents(EventDispatchThread.java:188)at java.awt.EventDispatchThread.run(EventDispatchThread.java:122)

===Initial Capital Investments===
The colony requires equipment sufficient equipment to sustain agriculture to feed and clothe the personnel, to generate exports sufficient to pay for imports, and to make at least the heavy replacement parts for the equipment itself. The colony should also preferably grow from an early capital investment rather than continuing to require massive equipment transports from earth in order to expand operations.

===Imports/Expenditures===
Treating the colony as a single financial entity, its ongoing expenditures will be equal to the cost of ongoing imports.

===Exports/Revenues/Profits===
Treating the colony as a single financial entity, its ongoing revenues will be equal to the ongoing proceeds from exports. Profits in a given period will be equal to revenues minus expenditures in that period. In the single financial entity model the profit of the colony in a period thus equals proceeds from exports minus the cost of imports during that period.

===Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of Investments===
Given a series of cash flows, for example annual expenditures and revenues over a period of thirty years, and an interest rate, the NPV function computes the net present value of these cash flows at the start of the series. It is in other words the net present value of profits to be expected by the investors. NPV should exceed the initial capital investment (or alternatively, if capital investments are counted as cash flows, NPV should be positive).

In NPV analysis risk is represented by increasing the interest rate (the "risk premium"). If risk is not fairly evenly distributed over time NPV is less accurate and real options analysis is required for both for accuracy and for designing better strategies. However for most purposes NPV is fine, and it's also easier (you can use a spreadsheet, whereas real options analysis requires more sophisticated software).

In the model treating the colony as a single financial entity, the cash flows in a period are just the proceeds from exports (positive) and the costs of imports (negative) in that period. The net present value of the ongoing exports and imports should exceed the initial investment given an interest rate that includes a risk premium reflecting the risks of the financial failure of the colony.

The internal rate of return (IRR) of an investment gives us the rate of return as an output instead of the interest rate as an input. The initial capital investment is treated as a cash flow in the first period(s).

For more information, see your spreadsheet's help pages for "NPV", "IRR", and related functions.

==Golden Mars scenario==
I've been trying for a while now to inpretret that track in some sensible way. That is, which direction of travel, which wheel(s) caused which track, and so on. The most prosaic I've come up with is that Opp (I call him Opp) approached from the left, got its left-front and middle wheels a bit too far out into the sand, and did a sharp right turn to correct, leaving by the bottom of the frame.The most fun explanation is that Opp saw some Nascar drivers doing burnouts through the lunch room window while he was being built, and decided to emulate them on Mars when we weren't looking, forgetting the camera was on.I'm sure the rover drivers could tell us. Any of them lurking here?

===Make vs. Import Tradeoffs===

===Initial Capital Investments===

===Imports/Expenditures===

Choosing where you can purchase this kind of is often the dnmdnaieg encounter simply because you might not understand how to obtain the least expensive costs or even that electric outlet may include this particular make of purse you need to purchase.

===Net Present Value of Investments===

== Reference ==
<references/>

== Links ==

* [[Another Contin(g)ent Concept]]
* [http://journalofcosmology.com/Contents12.html The Human Mission to Mars — Colonizing the Red Planet (The Greatest Adventure in the History of Humanity Edited by Joel S. Levine, Ph.D., NASA, Co-Chair, Human Exploration of Mars Science Analysis Group (HEM-SAG) of the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG).; Rudy Schild, Ph.D., Center for Astrophysics, Harvard-Smithsonian In Association and Collaboration with the Mars Society ]

[[Category: Concepts]]
[[Category: Manned Missions]]
[[Category: Settlements]]

Fail-safe

2012-05-08T09:05:01Z

188.143.232.12: /* Backup systems */

Due to the hostile [[environmental conditions]] on [[Mars]], human visitors to the planet would have to rely heavily on artificial environments in order to survive. Their [[habitat]]s' [[life support]] equipment must therefore run 100% reliably. This article describes the principles of '''fail-safe''' engineering.

The basic premise of fail-safe behaviour is to ensure that if a system or subsystem fails, it should do so in a "safe" manner; that is, no single failure should be able to place those who use or maintain it in danger.

The following systems are considered:
* Life support systems ([[oxygen]], [[temperature]])
* Production and [[food preservation|storage]] of [[food]]
* Production, distribution and storage of [[energy]]
* Telecommunication network
* [[building]]s

==Redundancy==
Every system is built twice or more, where each can work independent from the other. The capacity of each system is big enough to support the full service in case of failure of one system. In normal operation both systems are running in parallel with half load. This principle provides the best reliability for the whole function.

Example: The number and size of [[solar panel]]s is at least twice as big as actually needed for vital system operation. In normal operation mode the surplus energy can be used for additional convenience.

==Interconnectivity==
Services must be available, also in case of local failure. Therefore, the service providing systems are interconnected.

Example: If system A and system B have their own air supply system then people in building A can get air from building B in case of a failure in the air supply system of their own building.

==Grid instead of chain==
The whole system must be available independent from the failure location, even in catastrophic situations. The interconnection must allow normal functioning of the whole system even if one system part is completely destroyed. For the connection of more than two systems a grid is better than a chain.

[[Image:mesh.gif]]

The chain architecture (bad) bears the risk of a complete cut-off for system parts. The grid architecture (good) ensures a continuous interconnection of the remaining systems.

This applies for [[building]]s, as well. In the case of chain architecture, a drop in air pressure in building Y separates the people in X and Z.

Example: The [[Internet]] is (partially) constructed in a grid architecture. Despite the fact that it is the most complex artificial thing men have ever constructed it has never failed as a whole.

Hi all! I started this blog manily as a way to document my own work on different private projects. I will try to be more attentative to your questions. Meanwhile, I must say that I do appreciate you all contributing and helping each other out. To Maria: I agree with Ravi that it sounds like a hardware issue.To Aparajith Guha: I assume you mean that the lock code has been changed from 12345 and you don't remember the new code. I haven't tested it but you may want to search the Internet for THE-NOKIA-UNLOCK. It sounds as if it could help you out.Good luck to you both!

Google Mars

2012-05-08T05:35:28Z

188.143.232.12: /* See also */

[[Image:Googlemars.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Screenshot from the [http://www.google.com.mars/ Google Mars] website]]

==Overview==

'''Google Mars''' is an online beta application by [http://www.google.com Google] to map the surface of Mars. Where the [http://maps.google.com Google Maps] online system uses a combination of international road maps and Earth orbital photography, Google Mars uses orbital imaging from the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] (the ''Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter'' and ''Mars Orbiter Camera'' instruments) and [[Mars Odyssey]] (the ''Thermal Emission Imaging System'' instrument) spacecraft. Optical and Infrared images are available and the powerful Google search engine is implemented.

I am a photographer just vernitung in the area of boudoir. What program are you using to edit the photos? I have CS5 but i am not that familiar with it as yet. Any suggestions will be very helpful.

==Links==
*[http://www.google.com/mars/ Google Mars]
*[http://www.google.com/mars/about.html About Google Mars]

[[category:Maps]]
[[category:Astronomical Observations]]

Talk:Minerals

2012-05-08T00:04:17Z

188.143.232.12: /* DkzRtFrzmkZ */ new section

To get the iron from hematite it is usually smelted with carbon. The iron-oxygen bond is strong in hematite so a stronger bond must be presented to remove the oxygen. The trick is to mix the ore with powdered coke, then smelt them while keeping the oxygen infusion low enough that you have a 1 to 1 mol ratio of carbon and oxygen. This produces CO, which then strips an additional oxygen atom from any iron ores present. The result is CO2 and reduced ore. Continue reducing until you have iron and CO2. It's the tried and true method of ancient iron production. Nowadays we call it fancy names like "carbothermal reduction." - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 00:55, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
:A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomery bloomery] is about as low tech as you can get. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 01:16, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Where would one get coke on Mars? [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 07:54, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
:From the atmosphere? I really have no idea for carbon black (coke substitute). If it were me, I would skip the carbon/coke step entirely and go straight to CO. This can can be accomplished by burning methane in an oxygen starved environment. Methane can be obtained from the martian atmosphere via a sebatier reaction. It is much less low tech, but you'd have to use high tech to get back to low tech anyways so I see little point unless coke/carbon can be obtained as a byproduct of some other activity. It would be easier to just circulate heated CO/CO2 upwards through a column while poring ore into the top (as in a blast furnace), but you'll need a lot of power for that. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 07:00, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Doesn't CO2 partially decompose to CO at high temperatures? [[User:T.Neo|T.Neo]] 22:09, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

:For that, we need a chemist. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 23:12, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

== DkzRtFrzmkZ ==

you put on the ebay song on youtube ceroved up the webcam and there you go i could do that when i get a webcam . and don't reply saying your no bet ter or anything becuase neither are you! FAKE FAKE FAKE!

Oxygen

2012-05-07T19:38:38Z

188.143.232.12: /* Relevance for life */

{{element
|float=right
|elementName=Oxygen
|elementSymbol=O
|protons=8
|abundance=0.13% ([[atmosphere]])
}}

'''Oxygen''' (''periodic table symbol:'' O8) is a chemical element that can be found in the [[atmosphere]] and in several [[minerals]] on [[Mars]].

[[Image:alga_and_bubbles.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Alga producing oxygen]]

Post trackbacks and cmotenms to remote blogs automatically with Trackback Submitter! This tool will submit your cmotenms to millions of blogs automatically. Trackback Submitter the most powerful tool on the planet to submit trackbacks automatically!

==Related Articles==

[[lunarp:Oxygen|Oxygenlunarp]] on Lunarpedia.

[[Category: Biospherics]]
[[Category: Greenhouse]]
[[Category: Chemistry]]
[[Category: Elements]]

User talk:Rfc

2012-05-07T11:03:45Z

188.143.232.12: /* Featured Article */

==Messages==

Welcome to Marspedia! I look forward to seeing more of you in the future. You seem familiar with wikis but if you need any help, look at http://www.marspedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page#New_Users_Start_Here.21 or contact one of the admins. Enjoy! [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 16:37, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

:Hi Ian, thank you very much for your warm welcome. I have started to write articles, and I should like to know your opinion. Is this the kind of article this project wants, or is it too fantastic, all-too much pointed to a speculative future? [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:55, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Hi Rfc (do you have a first name, or are you staying anonymous?), it's good to see you contributing in such a positive way. The content you have provided so far is great - any speculative future is fine in my books. Also, you can include your ''personal opinion'' (so long as you clearly state "<nowiki>{{PersPosArticle}} ~~~</nowiki>" which prints "{{PersPosArticle}} [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]]") - personal opinions are fine. Besides, it may create some good discussion. For the main part, article creation is positive step regardless of opinion, speculation or ideas as long as you are fine with a good debate! Anyhow, you seem to have experience with wikis and the content is looking good, so keep it up :-) [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 19:48, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

* Thanks a lot for your attention --[[User:PPark|PPark]] 18:56, 19 February 2010 (UTC)
===Site development===
Hi, I'm just messaging the active contributers to Marspedia to get their views on the redesign of the front page. I've tried to highlight the important links and made the page more accessible to newcomers. Also I've created a Wikipedia-style "featured articles" section. I'd be really interested to hear your views on this. It's going to take a lot more work, but this is a good start. Primarily I want to extract the important info and cut down on the excessive text that may cause confusion (as suggested by a couple of you). However, I haven't removed anything as yet, simply jigged it around a bit. I'll look forward to getting your input :-) -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 08:51, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
:You did a great job, Ian! It really looks better. How about [[Main Page|my changes]]? It is just a proposal, so if you see a problem, please redo it. I am not entirely sure about the place for the "Notice" section. Is it required to stay on top of the page? [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:18, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
::Hi Rfc! Thank you, glad you like the redesign :-) I really like your changes too, but for now the copyright notice needs to stay where it is - although I'm getting confirmation from the developers. We are able to change certain things on the front page, but I'm worried about the copyright notice. I love the fact you've moved the "mission statement", that will stay where it is, but for now the copyright will have to stay unmoved. Nice work though! I will let you know when I get a reply to my email about further changes and we can take it from there. Also, suggestions for the slogan after "Welcome to Marspedia!" will be gratefully received, not sure if "''The collaborative resource for building a colony on the Red Planet.''" reads that well... Keep up the superb work! I've been reading your new articles and they are superb, I look forward to seeing more! Did you take a major in Mars settlement design?? Certainly looks like it ;-) Cheers, -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 20:08, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
:::Does a "major in Mars settlement design" really exist? No, I am not, but I am used to design complex telecommunication systems, including some system engineering. I would love to do "Mars settlement design" fulltime, but I guess this is not good for earning the money I need for living (on Earth for the time beeing;-). -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 09:13, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

::::I really wish it did exist! I think the Mars Foundation once had a volunteer who took an engineering course in settlement design, but I dont think he's with us any more. There are ways to make a little cash from Mars settlement concepts, but it's mainly educational. Have a look at our site: [http://www.marshome.org/grants.php http://www.marshome.org/grants.php] to see what can be awarded. Really only useful for students at the moment, but we are hoping to develop funding eventually. -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 20:47, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

===List of Lists===
The List of Lists exists solely for site development. I've hopefully answered some of your questions about it and copied the discussion over to the talk page for List of Lists. Ask more questions and propose things (or leap into action for that matter), just note that I may not respond for quite a few hours. It's daybreak here and I've been up since yesterday... --[[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 12:46, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
:Thanks for explaining. Sweet dreams ... -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 14:50, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

===Blocking repeated bot offenders===
Hey Rfc. Thanks for the idea to block the MER category and Exobiology page - only registered users can edit them now. Between us we probably reverted a hundred edits! At least these pages should be quiet for a month (I put a 1 month limit on the block to see if that is enough).

Sorry I've been a little quiet of late, my laptop crashed last week and it looks like it's dead now, so i'm limited to using the family backup PC for now until I get a new machine. Any problems, I always have access to my email and will be checking Marspedia daily.

Hope you are well and having a nice Christmas in Germany :-) -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 12:48, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Quote | Polohaha posted on Aug 24 2011 09:31 PM UTC Im new to this but hey:D a good game im wililng to spent money on :D if a Dev listern to what people has to say..... they must be a good one :)They Team need money to upkeep staff and stuff.... but they consider the player too.Just to say you open in a good time school holidays after will be xmas then i hope there will be either All items price drop 50% etc for 1 day only etc and New xmas Crane gun etc lol..... just my little idea...Or santa suit! or Bambii the raindeer suit lol for girl etcThey do have seasonal clothes available around holidays. A santa suit for xmas and a nifty irish lookin outfit for st patty's day :) would be nice to see more though.

===General===
Hi Rfc. Good news, I now have a new laptop up and running so I hope to be a bit more active on Marspedia! I have some catching up to do, some superb articles have appeared, I'd better get reading. Hope all is good with you. -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 12:38, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
:Hi Ian, congratulations! Laptops are pretty useful, but I don't like their keyboard layout. A bunch of new ''open issues'' have appeared too. It's funny to see how little we know, once we go a little deeper into realization aspects. We could need the help of some specialists (e.g. geologists, chemists, biologists, etc.). And my impression is, the global number of people interested in Martian settlements is less than a hundred, or so. Very few of them seem to have even recognized the emerging of the Marspedia project.
:I am looking forward to January 30th, when the asteroid ''2007 WD5'' crosses the Martian orbital trajectory. There is a tiny chance to hit Phobos ... -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 15:14, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

==captcha code==

Dear RFC, thanks for the captcha code on lunarpedia. Alas I do not have php access, so cannot do anything with it. Only MikeD has php access. Thanks. [[User:Cfrjlr|Charles F. Radley]] 03:38, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

:Hi Charles, I have asked [[user:Ioneill|Ioneill]] to install the PHP code, for he ‎is a Bureaucrat too. --[[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 09:37, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
::You need to be way more than a Bureaucrat to install or upgrade extensions. And if I recall correctly, [[user:Ioneill|Ioneill]] is way more than a Bureaucrat, he can correct me if I'm wrong or get reminders of usernames and passwords if I'm right.
::However, I will be conducting some long overdue maintenance this weekend.
::- [[User:Mdelaney|Mdelaney]] 06:11, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi James, can you please help with [[Marsp:User_talk:Ioneill#gibberish from bot net|this]]? --[[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 09:13, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Hi again, there are new bot attacks in both Lunarpedia and Marspedia, and I wonder whether it is less work to install the [[Marsp:Marspedia:Captcha|new captcha trigger]] or to revert the bot's edits over and over. As fas as I understand you are the only person keeping the passwords for php access. It should take only a few minutes to insert the green parts:
# Logon to the machine where the wikimedia software is running.
# Find the files ConfirmEdit.php, ConfirmEdit.i18n.php, ConfirmEdit_body.php.
# Be sure the contents of the files match.
# Create a backup copy of the files.
# Insert the green parts using vi or prepare the files on your PC and ftp them.
# Check the effect. If you try to change the first letter in a page a captcha should pop up on clicking the "save page" button.
That should be all. You can count on my assistance, if needed. Cheers! -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:23, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I ''don't'' have them. They're all in a text file on a hard drive that may be complete toast that can only run on a specific notebook of mine that may also be complete toast. {{lunarp|User:Dcarson|Dana Carson}} and {{lunarp|User:Mdelaney|Mike Delaney}} both have these passwords last I checked, however. -- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 10:43, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

== vacation ==

I'll be on vacation for a few days, without access to the internet. Don't worry about my temporary absence. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 18:44, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
:Have a good time! A break from the internet is a good thing now and then. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 23:05, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

== A problem on Lunarpedia ==
Anonymous IP's have edited Strangelove's User:talk page with no response. There is a new user account that has been started in the Russian language. I suspect illegal activity abusing Lunarpedia's undefended condition. I suggest the temporary prohibition of new accounts on Lunarpedia until this gets sorted out. There should be a policy of english language only on Lunarpedia pages if that policy does not exist already. This is a crisis that I hope we can come through.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 16:17, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
I am sorry that I am not in position to take on administrative responsibilities for Lunarpedia at present. I am willing to look into what would be needed. Anonymous edits at Lunarpedia should also be temporarily disabled.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 16:37, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
:Since I am only a common user like you, I can not really help. But I am sure the two sysops, you have left a message to, will take appropriate action soon. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 19:27, 23 November 2009 (UTC)
== An article to delete ==
I wrote a new article titled "Solar heat engine." I was unaware of the article Solar concentrator at the time. A portion of what I wrote fit as part of a sub point "Thermal Engines" under "Utilization of Focused Solar Radiation" in the article "Solar concentrator" in the category "Energy" in the category "Technology" in the category "Settlements" in the category "Main." It is not the way I would have arranged categories, but that is how they are and it is best to just fit into the current structure unless someone wants to do a whole reorganization of the site. So, my article is now redundant and hanging in no category. Please delete my article, "Solar heat engine." It can be found in my contributions. Thanks for your consideration.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 07:27, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
:Hi Farred, I have placed a note on [[Deletion]]. I can not delete articles myself, because I do not have sysop permission. Hopefully, one of the sysops drops in and stumbles on it. The categories tree is not really good, indeed. I, too, feel it needs some rearrangement. Please feel free to do it. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:22, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
::Thanks, I now remember that putting a note on the Deletion page is what I should have done. I am not the best at Categorizing articles, but even I could make modest improvements on the present structure, if I were confident of the Wiki techniques. I must learn new things in my old age, better late than never.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 19:52, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
:The easiest way to create a new category is to place a category tag of a non-existing category on an article's page, which you want to categorize. Then follow the link that appears on the bottom of the article's page and you will find yourself in the middle of an edit pane. To find out what to type in this edit pane, you may have a look into some existing category page, with the edit mode activated (click on the edit tab). The same principle works for article pages as well. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 18:59, 8 February 2010 (UTC)
::After considering the problem of what Wiki techniques to use and reading your advice, all that is left to do is study the present category arrangement to become familiar enough with it to actually make an improvement. I will propose a change when I come up with one. Do not hold your breath waiting for it.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 20:04, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

== non Mars related advertising on Marspedia site ==
Hello Rfc,

New User:4400 has put a link to Puma shoes on his user page. I do not think this is the sort of contribution Marspedia seeks. I do not know if the corporation has anything to do with this. I could start with a comment on User:4400's talk page, but editing User:4400's user page may be necessary. I thought I would seek your input.[[User:Farred|Farred]] 01:45, 4 July 2010 (UTC) Jarogers took care of it. [[User:Farred|Farred]] 15:00, 5 July 2010 (UTC)

== The spelling of aluminium ==
Hello Rfc:

A new user on Lunarpedia, Jotagiraldez, is apparently very productive and talented. One thing he changed that I would disagree with is the spelling of aluminum being changed to aluminium, the British variant that my spell checker flags as an error. I give an argument for the old spelling on the <nowiki> [[Talk:Aluminium]] </nowiki> page if you care to look. I would like to notify as many people as might care about this. You seem to have taken some interest in Lunarpedia in the past and the issue might come up on Marspedia in the future.--[[User:Farred|Farred]] 17:07, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

: My spell checker (The Firefox browser) poses the same like yours, so I have the same problem. In my mind there are two contrary argumentations: 1. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Aluminum same discussion] took place in Wikipedia in December 2002, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminum&redirect=no Aluminum] has been a mere redirect page on Wikipedia ever since. So Wikipedia could be used as a reference. 2. Probably, the majority of Mars and Moon flight enthusiasts live in the US, which may be proved by the [[Public interest#Mars Society |Mars Society membership log]]. After all, it is not an easy question. And there is another thought that occurred to me: We should avoid any distress for that productive and talented user on Lunarpedia. The preference of a spelling variant may not be worth it. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 09:11, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

::I have followed your advice in a reply to User:Jotagiraldez. Thanks. --[[User:Farred|Farred]] 00:11, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

Radiation

2012-05-07T10:07:54Z

188.143.232.12: /* Open issues */

Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.

Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particular high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough.

==Types of Radiation==
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref>
{| border=1
|-
!Name
!Relative Biological Effectiveness RBE
!Source
|-
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''
|1
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons
|-
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]''' 
1.0 MeV 
0.1 MeV
| 
1 
1.08
|Radiation belts
|-
|'''[[proton|Protons]]''' 
100 MeV 
1.5 MeV 
0.1 MeV
| 
1-2 
8.5 
10
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]
|-
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]''' 
0.05 ev (thermal) 
1.0 MeV 
10 MeV
| 
2.8 
10.5 
6.4
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]
|-
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]''' 
5.0 MeV 
1.0 MeV 
Heavy Primaries
| 
15 
20 
varies widely
|Cosmic rays
|}

==Danger==
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer.

Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc.

==Effect on material==
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.

==Protection==
[[House]]s should be equipped with a shielding, thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides.

[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability.

During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.

Got it! Thanks a lot again for hpelnig me out!

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]

[[Category:Hazards]]