Marspedia - User contributions [en]

In-situ resource utilization

2020-11-27T21:17:11Z

DramaticChemist: /* Liquids */

__NOTOC__
<imagemap>
File:MH ISRU.jpg|thumb|757x757px|In Situ resources Utilisation. Copyright R. Heidmann

rect 60 170 250 260 [[Dust collector]]
rect 400 70 500 140 [[Compression]]
rect 500 70 600 140 [[Carbon monoxide]]
rect 400 170 500 240 [[Compression]]
rect 500 170 600 240 [[Carbon dioxide]]
rect 60 290 110 360 [[Nitrates]]
rect 160 290 250 360 [[Atmospheric processing]]
rect 500 290 600 360 [[Nitrogen]]
rect 500 410 600 470 [[Oxygen]]
rect 600 410 700 470 [[Sabatier process]]
rect 720 410 820 470 [[Methane]]
rect 60 520 130 590 [[water]]
rect 160 520 250 590 [[Electrolysis]]
rect 500 520 600 590 [[Hydrogen]]
rect 60 850 120 950 [[Mining]]
rect 60 1100 120 1200 [[Mining]]
rect 720 630 820 710 [[Fertilizer]]
rect 720 1200 820 1280 [[Glass]]
rect 60 1300 120 1380 [[Iron ore]]

</imagemap>

The use of local resources is called '''in-situ resource utilization''' or ISRU. This concept is critical to the survival of an [[Foundation of an Autonomous Colony|autonomous]] or [[Semi-autonomous colony|semi-autonomous]] [[settlement]]. The [[ISRU timeline]] is very rapid for most settlement plans since the initial Zubrin proposal of MArs Direct.

Resources(inputs) are processed to create products(outputs). These outputs can become inputs to other processes used to create new, more complex outputs. Eventually, the outputs can be re-used by recycling, reducing the needs for new resources. However, losses are always present is systems, making the acquisition of new resources a continuous requirement. The presence of numerous resources on Mars is part of what makes it an interesting target for colonization and settlement.

Production processes require energy to operate and must be housed in [[Production|production facilities]].
==Resources (Inputs)==

===Atmosphere===
''Main article: [[Atmospheric processing]]''

Many of the [[:category:elements|elements]] and molecules in the [[atmosphere]] can be utilized. Condensation, followed by distillation, are often used to extract resources. The atmosphere is first cooled to a liquid or solid state. This is distilled at precise temperatures in order to separate the elements and molecules.

*[[Carbon dioxide]] (CO2) composes 96% of the martian atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the main source of carbon, used for fuel production (CH4) and an essential element for life. Carbon dioxide also serves as a source of oxygen for the settlement atmosphere and as the oxidizer in bi-propellant fuels.

*[[Nitrogen]] composes 2% of martian atmosphere. Nitrogen is used by plants and is part of a breathable atmosphere. Its concentration on Earth is 78% of the atmosphere.

*[[Argon]] is an inert gas, useful in some industrial processes as an inert atmosphere and may be used as propellant in Electric Propulsion of spaceships.2% of martian atmosphere

*[[Water]] (H2O) is the main source of hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is required for the settlement atmosphere and hydrogen is used for fuel production (CH4) and for the synthesis of hydrocarbons, the building blocks for life.

===Lithosphere (surface)===
''Main article: [[Mining]]''

Minerals in the crust of Mars must be mined and processed to be useful. The upper layer of Mars surface is called the [[Regolith]]. It is a mixtures of materials of various interest.

*[[Water]] can be gathered in a variety of ways. It is available in the form of [[water ice]] or as hydrated minerals.
*[[Silicon|Silicates]] (SiO2) are useful for the production of glass and building materials. It is one of the main components of the martian planetary crust.
*[[Iron ore]] ( Hematite:Fe2O3) or (Magnetite: Fe3O4) is a source of iron and steel, as well as oxygen or CO2, depending on the process used.
*[[Alumina]] (Al2O3) is the source of aluminium. Processing also produces CO2, oxygen or water, depending on the process used.
*[[Car|Calcium carbonate]] (CaCO3) is used for concrete production. Carbonates are also a potential source of carbon for carbohydrates. [[Sodium carbonates]] are used in glass production. Carbonates are available on Mars.<ref>Wikipedia Carbonates on Mars[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars]</ref>
*[[Sulfates]]
*[[Nitrates]] are sources of nitrogen for plants and industrial processes, ammonia and explosives. Nitrates were discovered on Mars by the [[Curiosity]] rover in 2015.
*[[Salts]]. (Mg,Na)SO4, NaCl, and (Mg,Ca)CO3. Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, lithium, Chlorine. Practically all minerals and elements can be found in the form of salts. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most common salt, and is essential for life. Chlorides are likely to be abundant on Mars.<ref>Wikipedia- Chlorides on Mars[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride-bearing_deposits_on_Mars]</ref>
*[[Thorium]] (Th) concentrations have been identified by JPL on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":12">Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref>

===Energy===
Main article: [[Energy]]

Energy is required to carry out ISRU. There are three known sources of energy on Mars: the Sun, Mars' crust and nuclear fission. Energy may be stored in a variety of ways for when the sources are not available.

*[[Photovoltaics|Solar energy]] is a very variable energy source on Mars, unless some form Space Solar energy is used. It requires some form of [[Energy storage|energy storage]] in the settlement or supplementary energy sources, most likely nuclear.
*[[Nuclear power|Nuclear energy]] is a stable energy source and could be used extensively on Mars. The availability of nuclear fuel on Mars needs to be explored and usable ore deposits found for a self sustainable settlement.
*[[Geothermal energy]] may be available in some martian sites.

==Processes==
[[File:New Essential Chemical Roadmap.jpg|thumb|By Nexus Aurora: Rider Barnum, Anna |alt=|800x800px]]Inputs need to be processed to create outputs

===Mechanical processes===

*[[Compression]] of gases increases their density and can change conditions to allow for phase changes that can be used for gas separation.

*[[Cooling|Heating and cooling]] can also be used to accomplish phase changes in various substances.
*[[Crushing|Crushing and milling]]. These are mechanical processes that break minerals down to individual crystals for separation and materials handling. Complex minerals such as basalts, granites or ores can be broken down for separation
*Separation Mechanical, centrifugal,
*[[Flotation]],
*Distillation,
*Condensation

===Chemical processes===

=====Gases=====

*Gasification
*[[Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction]]
*Haldor Topsoe CO2 electrolysis
*[[Sabatier/Water Electrolysis Process]]
*[[Fischer-Tropsch reaction|Fischer-Tropsch Reaction]]
*[[Electrolysis]]

=====Alcools=====

*Methanol synthesis
*[[w:Formox_process|Formox process]]. For the production of Formaldehyde
*MTO process
*Dehydration

=====Bio-oil derivatives=====

*Pyrolysis/extraction
*[[Hydrodealkylation]]
*Cumene process

=====Olefin derivatives=====

*Wacker process
*Vinyl acetate monomer
*[[Polymerization]]
*[[Hydroformylation]]
*[[Hydrogenation]]

=====Direct ethylene glycol synthesis=====

====[[Hydrocarbon synthesis]]====

Hydrocarbons can be manufactured by combining and [[carbon]] through a variety of reactions

====[[Silicone Synthesis]]====

=====Reduction=====
Usually, but not exclusively, of a compound into individual elements. [[Iron ore]] into iron and oxygen, for example.

===Biological processes===

*[[Fermentation]]
*[[Biomethanisation]]

==Products (Outputs)==
===Liquids===

*[[Water]]. Essential for life. It is also a common process reagent, an excellent coolant for industrial processes and a source of hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis. On Mars it can also be used as a construction material or as radiation shielding. It can be condensed out of the atmosphere or extracted from the regolith.
*[[Ammonia]]
*[[Hydrocarbons]]
**
**Light olefins
**Light alkenes
**[[Benzene]]<nowiki/>s
**[[Phenol]]
**[[Acetone]]
**Bio-oil
*[[Alcool|Alcools]]
**[[Ethanol]]
**[[Methanol]]
*
*
*
*

===Gases===
A breathable atmosphere is a basic requirement for life. It is also needed for heat transfer from people, plants and animals. It is obtained from compression of the martian atmosphere, separation of excess CO2 and addition of oxygen to reach the desired proportions, that depend on the chosen atmospheric pressure in the habitats.

*[[Oxygen]] (O2)
*[[hydrogen]] (H2)
*[[Nitrogen]] (N2)
*[[Argon]] (Ar)
*[[Carbon dioxide|Carbon dioxyde]] (CO2)
*[[Carbon monoxide|Carbon monoxyde]] CO)
*[[Hydrocarbons]]
**[[Methane]] (CH4) Propellant when combined with oxygen. Propellant is one of the main ISRU products. It is required to make transportation less prohibitively expensive.
**[[Ethylene]]
**[[Propylene]]
**[[Propane]]
**[[Butane]]
**[[Formaldehyde]]
*

===Solids===

*[[Fertilizer]] (N....)
*[[Biochar]] (Cx)
*[[Synthetic materials|Synthetic Polymers]] and [[Carbon fiber|carbon fiber]] precursors
**[[Polyethylene]]
**[[Polypropylene]]
**Polyester
**Poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
**Polyamides (Nylon)
**Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE,Teflon)
*[[Sand]] is one of the most common building materials. Composition varies greatly.
*[[Gravel]]
*[[Cement]] is a binder used to link together elements such as blocks and bricks or gravel and sand to produce concrete.
*[[Concrete]]
*[[Compressed regolith]]
*[[Glass]] is one of the most common building materials on Earth and should be common on Mars as well, since it has unique properties of low cost and transparency. Silica (SiO2), the main component of glass, is also the most common material in the Martian crust.
*[[Ceramics]]
*[[Biomass]]
*

=====Metals=====

*[[Iron]]
*[[steel]]
*[[Aluminium]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Nickel]]
*[[Silicon]]

==References==
[[Category:In-situ Resource Utilization]]
<references />

In-situ resource utilization

2020-11-27T21:15:04Z

DramaticChemist: /* Bio-oil derivatives */

__NOTOC__
<imagemap>
File:MH ISRU.jpg|thumb|757x757px|In Situ resources Utilisation. Copyright R. Heidmann

rect 60 170 250 260 [[Dust collector]]
rect 400 70 500 140 [[Compression]]
rect 500 70 600 140 [[Carbon monoxide]]
rect 400 170 500 240 [[Compression]]
rect 500 170 600 240 [[Carbon dioxide]]
rect 60 290 110 360 [[Nitrates]]
rect 160 290 250 360 [[Atmospheric processing]]
rect 500 290 600 360 [[Nitrogen]]
rect 500 410 600 470 [[Oxygen]]
rect 600 410 700 470 [[Sabatier process]]
rect 720 410 820 470 [[Methane]]
rect 60 520 130 590 [[water]]
rect 160 520 250 590 [[Electrolysis]]
rect 500 520 600 590 [[Hydrogen]]
rect 60 850 120 950 [[Mining]]
rect 60 1100 120 1200 [[Mining]]
rect 720 630 820 710 [[Fertilizer]]
rect 720 1200 820 1280 [[Glass]]
rect 60 1300 120 1380 [[Iron ore]]

</imagemap>

The use of local resources is called '''in-situ resource utilization''' or ISRU. This concept is critical to the survival of an [[Foundation of an Autonomous Colony|autonomous]] or [[Semi-autonomous colony|semi-autonomous]] [[settlement]]. The [[ISRU timeline]] is very rapid for most settlement plans since the initial Zubrin proposal of MArs Direct.

Resources(inputs) are processed to create products(outputs). These outputs can become inputs to other processes used to create new, more complex outputs. Eventually, the outputs can be re-used by recycling, reducing the needs for new resources. However, losses are always present is systems, making the acquisition of new resources a continuous requirement. The presence of numerous resources on Mars is part of what makes it an interesting target for colonization and settlement.

Production processes require energy to operate and must be housed in [[Production|production facilities]].
==Resources (Inputs)==

===Atmosphere===
''Main article: [[Atmospheric processing]]''

Many of the [[:category:elements|elements]] and molecules in the [[atmosphere]] can be utilized. Condensation, followed by distillation, are often used to extract resources. The atmosphere is first cooled to a liquid or solid state. This is distilled at precise temperatures in order to separate the elements and molecules.

*[[Carbon dioxide]] (CO2) composes 96% of the martian atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the main source of carbon, used for fuel production (CH4) and an essential element for life. Carbon dioxide also serves as a source of oxygen for the settlement atmosphere and as the oxidizer in bi-propellant fuels.

*[[Nitrogen]] composes 2% of martian atmosphere. Nitrogen is used by plants and is part of a breathable atmosphere. Its concentration on Earth is 78% of the atmosphere.

*[[Argon]] is an inert gas, useful in some industrial processes as an inert atmosphere and may be used as propellant in Electric Propulsion of spaceships.2% of martian atmosphere

*[[Water]] (H2O) is the main source of hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is required for the settlement atmosphere and hydrogen is used for fuel production (CH4) and for the synthesis of hydrocarbons, the building blocks for life.

===Lithosphere (surface)===
''Main article: [[Mining]]''

Minerals in the crust of Mars must be mined and processed to be useful. The upper layer of Mars surface is called the [[Regolith]]. It is a mixtures of materials of various interest.

*[[Water]] can be gathered in a variety of ways. It is available in the form of [[water ice]] or as hydrated minerals.
*[[Silicon|Silicates]] (SiO2) are useful for the production of glass and building materials. It is one of the main components of the martian planetary crust.
*[[Iron ore]] ( Hematite:Fe2O3) or (Magnetite: Fe3O4) is a source of iron and steel, as well as oxygen or CO2, depending on the process used.
*[[Alumina]] (Al2O3) is the source of aluminium. Processing also produces CO2, oxygen or water, depending on the process used.
*[[Car|Calcium carbonate]] (CaCO3) is used for concrete production. Carbonates are also a potential source of carbon for carbohydrates. [[Sodium carbonates]] are used in glass production. Carbonates are available on Mars.<ref>Wikipedia Carbonates on Mars[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars]</ref>
*[[Sulfates]]
*[[Nitrates]] are sources of nitrogen for plants and industrial processes, ammonia and explosives. Nitrates were discovered on Mars by the [[Curiosity]] rover in 2015.
*[[Salts]]. (Mg,Na)SO4, NaCl, and (Mg,Ca)CO3. Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, lithium, Chlorine. Practically all minerals and elements can be found in the form of salts. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most common salt, and is essential for life. Chlorides are likely to be abundant on Mars.<ref>Wikipedia- Chlorides on Mars[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride-bearing_deposits_on_Mars]</ref>
*[[Thorium]] (Th) concentrations have been identified by JPL on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":12">Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref>

===Energy===
Main article: [[Energy]]

Energy is required to carry out ISRU. There are three known sources of energy on Mars: the Sun, Mars' crust and nuclear fission. Energy may be stored in a variety of ways for when the sources are not available.

*[[Photovoltaics|Solar energy]] is a very variable energy source on Mars, unless some form Space Solar energy is used. It requires some form of [[Energy storage|energy storage]] in the settlement or supplementary energy sources, most likely nuclear.
*[[Nuclear power|Nuclear energy]] is a stable energy source and could be used extensively on Mars. The availability of nuclear fuel on Mars needs to be explored and usable ore deposits found for a self sustainable settlement.
*[[Geothermal energy]] may be available in some martian sites.

==Processes==
[[File:New Essential Chemical Roadmap.jpg|thumb|By Nexus Aurora: Rider Barnum, Anna |alt=|800x800px]]Inputs need to be processed to create outputs

===Mechanical processes===

*[[Compression]] of gases increases their density and can change conditions to allow for phase changes that can be used for gas separation.

*[[Cooling|Heating and cooling]] can also be used to accomplish phase changes in various substances.
*[[Crushing|Crushing and milling]]. These are mechanical processes that break minerals down to individual crystals for separation and materials handling. Complex minerals such as basalts, granites or ores can be broken down for separation
*Separation Mechanical, centrifugal,
*[[Flotation]],
*Distillation,
*Condensation

===Chemical processes===

=====Gases=====

*Gasification
*[[Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction]]
*Haldor Topsoe CO2 electrolysis
*[[Sabatier/Water Electrolysis Process]]
*[[Fischer-Tropsch reaction|Fischer-Tropsch Reaction]]
*[[Electrolysis]]

=====Alcools=====

*Methanol synthesis
*[[w:Formox_process|Formox process]]. For the production of Formaldehyde
*MTO process
*Dehydration

=====Bio-oil derivatives=====

*Pyrolysis/extraction
*[[Hydrodealkylation]]
*Cumene process

=====Olefin derivatives=====

*Wacker process
*Vinyl acetate monomer
*[[Polymerization]] TiCl3 catalyst
*[[Hydroformylation]]
*[[Hydrogenation]](Ra-Ni catalyst)

=====Direct ethylene glycol synthesis=====

====[[Hydrocarbon synthesis]]====

Hydrocarbons can be manufactured by combining and [[carbon]] through a variety of reactions

====[[Silicone Synthesis]]====

=====Reduction=====
Usually, but not exclusively, of a compound into individual elements. [[Iron ore]] into iron and oxygen, for example.

===Biological processes===

*[[Fermentation]]
*[[Biomethanisation]]

==Products (Outputs)==
===Liquids===

*[[Water]]. Essential for life. It is also a common process reagent, an excellent coolant for industrial processes and a source of hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis. On Mars it can also be used as a construction material or as radiation shielding. It can be condensed out of the atmosphere or extracted from the regolith.
*[[Ammonia]]
*[[Hydrocarbons]]
**
**Light olefins
**Light alkenes
**[[Benzene]]<nowiki/>s
**[[Phenol]]
**[[Acetone]]
**Bio-oil
*[[Alcool|Alcools]]
**[[Ethanol]]
**[[Methanol]]
*
*
*
*

===Gases===
A breathable atmosphere is a basic requirement for life. It is also needed for heat transfer from people, plants and animals. It is obtained from compression of the martian atmosphere, separation of excess CO2 and addition of oxygen to reach the desired proportions, that depend on the chosen atmospheric pressure in the habitats.

*[[Oxygen]] (O2)
*[[hydrogen]] (H2)
*[[Nitrogen]] (N2)
*[[Argon]] (Ar)
*[[Carbon dioxide|Carbon dioxyde]] (CO2)
*[[Carbon monoxide|Carbon monoxyde]] CO)
*[[Hydrocarbons]]
**[[Methane]] (CH4) Propellant when combined with oxygen. Propellant is one of the main ISRU products. It is required to make transportation less prohibitively expensive.
**[[Ethylene]]
**[[Propylene]]
**[[Propane]]
**[[Butane]]
**[[Formaldehyde]]
*

===Solids===

*[[Fertilizer]] (N....)
*[[Biochar]] (Cx)
*[[Synthetic materials|Synthetic Polymers]] and [[Carbon fiber|carbon fiber]] precursors
**[[Polyethylene]]
**[[Polypropylene]]
**Polyester
**Poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
**Polyamides (Nylon)
**Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE,Teflon)
*[[Sand]] is one of the most common building materials. Composition varies greatly.
*[[Gravel]]
*[[Cement]] is a binder used to link together elements such as blocks and bricks or gravel and sand to produce concrete.
*[[Concrete]]
*[[Compressed regolith]]
*[[Glass]] is one of the most common building materials on Earth and should be common on Mars as well, since it has unique properties of low cost and transparency. Silica (SiO2), the main component of glass, is also the most common material in the Martian crust.
*[[Ceramics]]
*[[Biomass]]
*

=====Metals=====

*[[Iron]]
*[[steel]]
*[[Aluminium]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Nickel]]
*[[Silicon]]

==References==
[[Category:In-situ Resource Utilization]]
<references />

In-situ resource utilization

2020-11-27T21:13:03Z

DramaticChemist: /* Alcools */ Fixed typo

__NOTOC__
<imagemap>
File:MH ISRU.jpg|thumb|757x757px|In Situ resources Utilisation. Copyright R. Heidmann

rect 60 170 250 260 [[Dust collector]]
rect 400 70 500 140 [[Compression]]
rect 500 70 600 140 [[Carbon monoxide]]
rect 400 170 500 240 [[Compression]]
rect 500 170 600 240 [[Carbon dioxide]]
rect 60 290 110 360 [[Nitrates]]
rect 160 290 250 360 [[Atmospheric processing]]
rect 500 290 600 360 [[Nitrogen]]
rect 500 410 600 470 [[Oxygen]]
rect 600 410 700 470 [[Sabatier process]]
rect 720 410 820 470 [[Methane]]
rect 60 520 130 590 [[water]]
rect 160 520 250 590 [[Electrolysis]]
rect 500 520 600 590 [[Hydrogen]]
rect 60 850 120 950 [[Mining]]
rect 60 1100 120 1200 [[Mining]]
rect 720 630 820 710 [[Fertilizer]]
rect 720 1200 820 1280 [[Glass]]
rect 60 1300 120 1380 [[Iron ore]]

</imagemap>

The use of local resources is called '''in-situ resource utilization''' or ISRU. This concept is critical to the survival of an [[Foundation of an Autonomous Colony|autonomous]] or [[Semi-autonomous colony|semi-autonomous]] [[settlement]]. The [[ISRU timeline]] is very rapid for most settlement plans since the initial Zubrin proposal of MArs Direct.

Resources(inputs) are processed to create products(outputs). These outputs can become inputs to other processes used to create new, more complex outputs. Eventually, the outputs can be re-used by recycling, reducing the needs for new resources. However, losses are always present is systems, making the acquisition of new resources a continuous requirement. The presence of numerous resources on Mars is part of what makes it an interesting target for colonization and settlement.

Production processes require energy to operate and must be housed in [[Production|production facilities]].
==Resources (Inputs)==

===Atmosphere===
''Main article: [[Atmospheric processing]]''

Many of the [[:category:elements|elements]] and molecules in the [[atmosphere]] can be utilized. Condensation, followed by distillation, are often used to extract resources. The atmosphere is first cooled to a liquid or solid state. This is distilled at precise temperatures in order to separate the elements and molecules.

*[[Carbon dioxide]] (CO2) composes 96% of the martian atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the main source of carbon, used for fuel production (CH4) and an essential element for life. Carbon dioxide also serves as a source of oxygen for the settlement atmosphere and as the oxidizer in bi-propellant fuels.

*[[Nitrogen]] composes 2% of martian atmosphere. Nitrogen is used by plants and is part of a breathable atmosphere. Its concentration on Earth is 78% of the atmosphere.

*[[Argon]] is an inert gas, useful in some industrial processes as an inert atmosphere and may be used as propellant in Electric Propulsion of spaceships.2% of martian atmosphere

*[[Water]] (H2O) is the main source of hydrogen and oxygen. Oxygen is required for the settlement atmosphere and hydrogen is used for fuel production (CH4) and for the synthesis of hydrocarbons, the building blocks for life.

===Lithosphere (surface)===
''Main article: [[Mining]]''

Minerals in the crust of Mars must be mined and processed to be useful. The upper layer of Mars surface is called the [[Regolith]]. It is a mixtures of materials of various interest.

*[[Water]] can be gathered in a variety of ways. It is available in the form of [[water ice]] or as hydrated minerals.
*[[Silicon|Silicates]] (SiO2) are useful for the production of glass and building materials. It is one of the main components of the martian planetary crust.
*[[Iron ore]] ( Hematite:Fe2O3) or (Magnetite: Fe3O4) is a source of iron and steel, as well as oxygen or CO2, depending on the process used.
*[[Alumina]] (Al2O3) is the source of aluminium. Processing also produces CO2, oxygen or water, depending on the process used.
*[[Car|Calcium carbonate]] (CaCO3) is used for concrete production. Carbonates are also a potential source of carbon for carbohydrates. [[Sodium carbonates]] are used in glass production. Carbonates are available on Mars.<ref>Wikipedia Carbonates on Mars[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars]</ref>
*[[Sulfates]]
*[[Nitrates]] are sources of nitrogen for plants and industrial processes, ammonia and explosives. Nitrates were discovered on Mars by the [[Curiosity]] rover in 2015.
*[[Salts]]. (Mg,Na)SO4, NaCl, and (Mg,Ca)CO3. Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, lithium, Chlorine. Practically all minerals and elements can be found in the form of salts. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most common salt, and is essential for life. Chlorides are likely to be abundant on Mars.<ref>Wikipedia- Chlorides on Mars[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride-bearing_deposits_on_Mars]</ref>
*[[Thorium]] (Th) concentrations have been identified by JPL on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":12">Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref>

===Energy===
Main article: [[Energy]]

Energy is required to carry out ISRU. There are three known sources of energy on Mars: the Sun, Mars' crust and nuclear fission. Energy may be stored in a variety of ways for when the sources are not available.

*[[Photovoltaics|Solar energy]] is a very variable energy source on Mars, unless some form Space Solar energy is used. It requires some form of [[Energy storage|energy storage]] in the settlement or supplementary energy sources, most likely nuclear.
*[[Nuclear power|Nuclear energy]] is a stable energy source and could be used extensively on Mars. The availability of nuclear fuel on Mars needs to be explored and usable ore deposits found for a self sustainable settlement.
*[[Geothermal energy]] may be available in some martian sites.

==Processes==
[[File:New Essential Chemical Roadmap.jpg|thumb|By Nexus Aurora: Rider Barnum, Anna |alt=|800x800px]]Inputs need to be processed to create outputs

===Mechanical processes===

*[[Compression]] of gases increases their density and can change conditions to allow for phase changes that can be used for gas separation.

*[[Cooling|Heating and cooling]] can also be used to accomplish phase changes in various substances.
*[[Crushing|Crushing and milling]]. These are mechanical processes that break minerals down to individual crystals for separation and materials handling. Complex minerals such as basalts, granites or ores can be broken down for separation
*Separation Mechanical, centrifugal,
*[[Flotation]],
*Distillation,
*Condensation

===Chemical processes===

=====Gases=====

*Gasification
*[[Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction]]
*Haldor Topsoe CO2 electrolysis
*[[Sabatier/Water Electrolysis Process]]
*[[Fischer-Tropsch reaction|Fischer-Tropsch Reaction]]
*[[Electrolysis]]

=====Alcohols=====

*Methanol synthesis
*[[w:Formox_process|Formox process]]. For the production of Formaldehyde
*MTO process
*Dehydration

=====Bio-oil derivatives=====

*Pyrolysis/extraction
*[[Hydrodealkylation]]
*Cumene process

=====Olefin derivatives=====

*Wacker process
*Vinyl acetate monomer
*Polymerization TiCl3 catalyst
*Hydroformylation
*Hydrogenation(Ra-Ni catalyst)

=====Direct ethylene glycol synthesis=====

====[[Hydrocarbon synthesis]]====

Hydrocarbons can be manufactured by combining and [[carbon]] through a variety of reactions

====[[Silicone Synthesis]]====

=====Reduction=====
Usually, but not exclusively, of a compound into individual elements. [[Iron ore]] into iron and oxygen, for example.

===Biological processes===

*[[Fermentation]]
*[[Biomethanisation]]

==Products (Outputs)==
===Liquids===

*[[Water]]. Essential for life. It is also a common process reagent, an excellent coolant for industrial processes and a source of hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis. On Mars it can also be used as a construction material or as radiation shielding. It can be condensed out of the atmosphere or extracted from the regolith.
*[[Ammonia]]
*[[Hydrocarbons]]
**
**Light olefins
**Light alkenes
**[[Benzene]]<nowiki/>s
**[[Phenol]]
**[[Acetone]]
**Bio-oil
*[[Alcool|Alcools]]
**[[Ethanol]]
**[[Methanol]]
*
*
*
*

===Gases===
A breathable atmosphere is a basic requirement for life. It is also needed for heat transfer from people, plants and animals. It is obtained from compression of the martian atmosphere, separation of excess CO2 and addition of oxygen to reach the desired proportions, that depend on the chosen atmospheric pressure in the habitats.

*[[Oxygen]] (O2)
*[[hydrogen]] (H2)
*[[Nitrogen]] (N2)
*[[Argon]] (Ar)
*[[Carbon dioxide|Carbon dioxyde]] (CO2)
*[[Carbon monoxide|Carbon monoxyde]] CO)
*[[Hydrocarbons]]
**[[Methane]] (CH4) Propellant when combined with oxygen. Propellant is one of the main ISRU products. It is required to make transportation less prohibitively expensive.
**[[Ethylene]]
**[[Propylene]]
**[[Propane]]
**[[Butane]]
**[[Formaldehyde]]
*

===Solids===

*[[Fertilizer]] (N....)
*[[Biochar]] (Cx)
*[[Synthetic materials|Synthetic Polymers]] and [[Carbon fiber|carbon fiber]] precursors
**[[Polyethylene]]
**[[Polypropylene]]
**Polyester
**Poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
**Polyamides (Nylon)
**Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE,Teflon)
*[[Sand]] is one of the most common building materials. Composition varies greatly.
*[[Gravel]]
*[[Cement]] is a binder used to link together elements such as blocks and bricks or gravel and sand to produce concrete.
*[[Concrete]]
*[[Compressed regolith]]
*[[Glass]] is one of the most common building materials on Earth and should be common on Mars as well, since it has unique properties of low cost and transparency. Silica (SiO2), the main component of glass, is also the most common material in the Martian crust.
*[[Ceramics]]
*[[Biomass]]
*

=====Metals=====

*[[Iron]]
*[[steel]]
*[[Aluminium]]
*[[Copper]]
*[[Nickel]]
*[[Silicon]]

==References==
[[Category:In-situ Resource Utilization]]
<references />

Propylene

2020-11-26T00:35:59Z

DramaticChemist:

[[File:Propylene.PNG|thumb|Propylene]]
[[Propylene]] is alkene (a hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond) a colorless gas with a faint petroleum like odor. It is shipped as a liquefied gas under its own vapor pressure. For transportation it may be stenched. Contact with the liquid can cause frostbite. It is easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air. Any leak can either be liquid or vapor. It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. It is used to make other chemicals. Can cause explosion.<ref>https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Propene#section=Top</ref>

==Uses on Mars==
Propylene, like many alkenes, are highly desirable as intermediates for petrochemical production. This is a necessary chemical for [[In-situ resource utilization|chemical production on Mars (In-situ resource utilization)]]. Two important uses are in the production of polypropylene (via polymerization) and butanol (via hydroformylation).

== References ==
<references />

Propylene

2020-11-26T00:31:54Z

DramaticChemist: created page for propylene chemical

[[File:Propylene.PNG|thumb|Propylene]]
[[Propylene]] is alkene (a hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond) a colorless gas with a faint petroleum like odor. It is shipped as a liquefied gas under its own vapor pressure. For transportation it may be stenched. Contact with the liquid can cause frostbite. It is easily ignited. The vapors are heavier than air. Any leak can either be liquid or vapor. It can asphyxiate by the displacement of air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. It is used to make other chemicals. Can cause explosion.<ref>https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Propene#section=Top</ref>

== Uses on Mars ==
Propylene, like many alkenes, are highly desirable as intermediates for petrochemical production. Two important uses are in the production of polypropylene (via polymerization) and butanol (via hydroformylation).

Propylene

2020-11-25T22:44:59Z

DramaticChemist: Propylene

Propylene

Chemical formula: C3H6 (or) CH2-CH-CH3