http://marspedia.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=DanaEn&feedformat=atomMarspedia - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T04:50:20ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.34.2http://marspedia.org/index.php?title=In-situ_resource_utilization&diff=129487In-situ resource utilization2019-04-19T02:19:38Z<p>DanaEn: /* Lithosphere (surface) */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:MH ISRU.jpg|thumb|757x757px|In Situ resources Utilisation. R. Heidmann]]<br />
The use of local resources is called '''in-situ resource utilization''' or ISRU. This concept is critical to the survival of an [[Foundation of an Autonomous Colony|autonomous]] or [[Semi-autonomous colony|semi-autonomous]] [[settlement]].<br />
==Ressources==<br />
{{expandsec}}<br />
===Atmosphere===<br />
''Main article: [[Atmospheric processing]]''<br />
<br />
Many of the [[:category:elements|elements]] and molecules in the [[atmosphere]] can be utilized. Condensation, followed by distillation, are often used to extract resources. The atmosphere is first cooled to a liquid or solid state. This is distilled at precise temperatures in order to separate the elements and molecules.<br />
<br />
====Carbon dioxide (CO2)====<br />
[[Carbon dioxide]] composes 96% of the martian atmosphere<br />
<br />
Carbon dioxide is the main source of carbon, used for fuel production (CH4) and an essential element for life.<br />
<br />
====Nitrogen (N2)====<br />
[[Nitrogen]] composes 2% of martian atmosphere.<br />
<br />
Nitrogen is used by plants and is part of a breathable atmosphere. Its concentration on Earth is 78% of the atmosphere.<br />
<br />
====Argon (Ar)====<br />
2% of martian atmosphere<br />
<br />
[[Argon]] is an inert gas, useful in some industrial processes as an inert atmosphere and may be used as propellant in Electric Propulsion of spaceships.<br />
<br />
====Water (H2O)====<br />
[[Water]] is the main source of hydrogen, used for fuel production (CH4) and for the synthesis of hydrocarbons, the building blocks for life.<br />
<br />
===Lithosphere (surface)===<br />
''Main article: [[Mining]]''<br />
<br />
Minerals in the crust of Mars must be mined and processed to be useful. The upper layer of Mars surface is called the Regolith. It is a mixtures of materials of various interest.<br />
<br />
====Water====<br />
[[Water]] can be gathered in a variety of ways. It is available in the form of [[water ice]] or as hydrated minerals. <br />
<br />
====Silicates====<br />
[[Silicon|Silicates]] (SiO2) are useful for the production of glass and building materials. It is one of the main components of the martian planetary crust.<br />
<br />
====Iron ore====<br />
[[Iron ore]] ( Hematite:Fe2O3) or (Magnetite: Fe3O4) is a source of iron and steel, as well as oxygen or CO2, depending on the process used. <br />
<br />
====Alumina====<br />
[[Alumina]] (Al2O3) is the source of aluminium. Processing also produces CO2 or water depending on the process used.<br />
<br />
====Carbonates====<br />
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is used for concrete production. Carbonates are also a potential source of carbon for carbohydrates.<br />
<br />
Carbonates are available on Mars.<ref>Wikipedia Carbonates on Mars[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars]</ref><br />
<br />
====Sulfates====<br />
<br />
====Nitrates====<br />
Nitrates are sources of nitrogen for plants and industrial processes, ammonia and explosives.<br />
<br />
====Salts====<br />
(Mg,Na)SO4, NaCl, and (Mg,Ca)CO3. Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, lithium, Chlorine. Practically all minerals and elements can be found in the form of salts. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most common salt, and is essential for life.<br />
<br />
Chlorides are likely to be abundant on MArs.<ref>Wikipedia- Chlorides on Mars[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloride-bearing_deposits_on_Mars]</ref><br />
<br />
=== Thorium ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium (Th) deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":12"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
===Energy===<br />
Energy is required to carry out ISRU. There are two known sources of energy on Mars, the sun and nuclear fission. Energy may be stored in a variety of ways for when the sources are not available.<br />
<br />
====Solar energy====<br />
<br />
====Nuclear energy====<br />
<br />
====Energy storage====<br />
<br />
====Energy distribution====<br />
<br />
====Embodied energy====<br />
'''[[Embodied energy]]''' is the sum of all the energy required to produce any goods or services, considered as if that energy was incorporated or 'embodied' in the product itself.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_energy</ref> Embodied energy is a useful concept for the analysis of the production of martian materials, since all materials on Mars must be produced from either nuclear or solar energy.<br />
<br />
Once the cost of energy on Mars is determined, the concept of embodied energy can be used to evaluate the cost of materials, and compared to the cost of transportation from Earth.<br />
<br />
==Processes==<br />
<br />
===Compression===<br />
Mechanical compression of gases increases their density<br />
<br />
===Thermal processes===<br />
Heating and cooling are important processes that can be used to accomplish phase changes in various substances.<br />
<br />
Crushing, milling<br />
<br />
These are mechanical processes that break minerals down to individual crystals for separation and materials handling. Complex minerals such as basalts, granites or ores can be broken down for separation<br />
<br />
===Separation===<br />
Mechanical, centrifugal, Flottation,Distillation<br />
<br />
===Chemical reactions===<br />
<br />
====Synthesis====<br />
<br />
=====Hydrocarbon synthesis=====<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Hydrocarbon synthesis]]''<br />
<br />
[[Hydrocarbons]] can be manufactured by combining [[hydrogen]] and [[carbon]] through a variety of reactions.<br />
<br />
=====Silicone Synthesis=====<br />
<br />
:''Main article: [[Silicone synthesis ]]''<br />
:*[[Sabatier/Water Electrolysis Process]]<br />
:*[[Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction]]<br />
:*[[Fischer-Tropsch reaction|Fischer-Tropsch Reaction]]<br />
<br />
====Decomposition====<br />
<br />
=====Electrolysis=====<br />
Deoxidation (usually, but not exclusively) of a compound into individual elements<br />
<br />
====single and double replacements.====<br />
<br />
==Utilization==<br />
{{expandsec}}<br />
===Water===<br />
Water is essential for life. It is also a common process reagent, an excellent coolant for industrial processes and a source of hydrogen and oxygen using electrolysis.<br />
<br />
On Mars it can also be used as a construction material or as radiation shielding. It can be condensed out of the atmosphere or extracted from the regolith.<br />
===Breathable Atmosphere===<br />
A breathable atmosphere is a basic requirement for life. It is also needed for heat transfer from people, plants and animals. Is is obtained from compression of the martian atmosphere, separation of excess CO2 and addition of oxygen to reach the desired proportions, that depend on the chosen atmospheric pressure in the habitats.<br />
<br />
===Habitats===<br />
Habitats, including living and production areas, are assembled from manufactured products or possible naturally occurring areas sur as lava tubes, to create living areas for the colonists, plants and animals.<br />
<br />
===Food production===<br />
<br />
=====Agriculture=====<br />
[[Plants]] are natural factories, capable of utilizing the atmosphere and regolith to grow and reproduce.<br />
<br />
===Manufactured Products===<br />
<br />
====Propellant====<br />
Propellant is one of the main ISRU products. It is required to make transportation less prohibitively expensive. <br />
<br />
====Cements, concretes and compressed regolith====<br />
<br />
====Iron and steel====<br />
Iron and [[steel]] <br />
<br />
====Aluminium====<br />
<br />
====Glass====<br />
[[Glass]] is one of the most common building materials on Earth and should be common on Mars as well, since it has unique properties of low cost and transparency. Silica, the main component of glass, is also the most common material in the martian crust.<br />
<br />
====Ceramics====<br />
<br />
====Ammonia fertilizer====<br />
<br />
====Hydrocarbons and plastics==== <br />
<br />
==See Also==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[[Category:In-situ Resource Utilization]]<br />
<references /></div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129468Nuclear power2019-04-18T17:53:03Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines, use high pressure CO2 to drive a turbine engine at high efficency to generate power, combined with a Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactor a unit the size of a desk can generate 10mw of energy. <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "Heatpipe"<ref name=":5"> Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology, Los Alamos '' Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology '', https://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issue1_2011/story6full.shtml</ref> technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":6"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":7"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":8">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":9">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":10"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":11"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":12"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129467Nuclear power2019-04-18T17:52:46Z<p>DanaEn: /* Molten Salt Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines, use high pressure CO2 to drive a turbine engine at high efficency to generate power, combined with a Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactor a unit the size of a desk can generate 10mw of energy. <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "Heatpipe"<ref name=":5"> Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology, Los Alamos '' Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology '', https://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issue1_2011/story6full.shtml</ref> technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":6"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":7"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":8">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":9">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":10"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":11"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":11"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129466Nuclear power2019-04-18T17:52:20Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines, use high pressure CO2 to drive a turbine engine at high efficency to generate power, combined with a Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactor a unit the size of a desk can generate 10mw of energy. <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "Heatpipe"<ref name=":5"> Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology, Los Alamos '' Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology '', https://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issue1_2011/story6full.shtml</ref> technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":6"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":7"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":8">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":9">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":9"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":10"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":11"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129465Nuclear power2019-04-18T17:51:46Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines, use high pressure CO2 to drive a turbine engine at high efficency to generate power, combined with a Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactor a unit the size of a desk can generate 10mw of energy. <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "Heatpipe"<ref name=":5"> Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology, Los Alamos '' Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology '', https://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issue1_2011/story6full.shtml</ref> technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":5"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":6"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":7">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":8">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":9"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":10"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":11"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129464Nuclear power2019-04-18T17:51:28Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines, use high pressure CO2 to drive a turbine engine at high efficency to generate power, combined with a Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactor a unit the size of a desk can generate 10mw of energy. <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe"<ref name=":5"> Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology, Los Alamos '' Inspired Heat-Pipe Technology '', https://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issue1_2011/story6full.shtml</ref> technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":5"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":6"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":7">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":8">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":9"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":10"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":11"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129453Nuclear power2019-04-18T16:38:19Z<p>DanaEn: /* Supercritical CO2 Turbines */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines, use high pressure CO2 to drive a turbine engine at high efficency to generate power, combined with a Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactor a unit the size of a desk can generate 10mw of energy. <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":5"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":6"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":7">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":8">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":9"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":10"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":11"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129452Nuclear power2019-04-18T16:36:00Z<p>DanaEn: /* Thorium Deposits on Mars */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":5"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":6"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":7">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":8">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":9"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":10"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":11"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129451Nuclear power2019-04-18T16:35:37Z<p>DanaEn: /* Molten Salt Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":5"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":6"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":7">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":8">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":9"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":10"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129450Nuclear power2019-04-18T16:34:58Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":5"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":6"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":7">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":8">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129448Nuclear power2019-04-18T16:34:21Z<p>DanaEn: /* Usage On Mars */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
=== Supercritical CO2 Turbines ===<br />
Supercritical CO2 Turbines <ref name=":4"> Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy, Machine Design '' Supercritical CO2: The Path to Less-Expensive, “Greener” Energy '', https://www.machinedesign.com/mechanical/supercritical-co2-path-less-expensive-greener-energy</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129447Nuclear power2019-04-18T16:27:01Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators or Supercritical CO2 Turbines at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129445Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:55:08Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to a constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt down or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129444Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:49:37Z<p>DanaEn: /* Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref> Dr Chris Zacny has a brief on drilling RODWELLS for the Mars Society from the 21st annual Mars Society Convention https://youtu.be/NFDOrpljNAY<br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129443Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:44:50Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use or Stirling Generators at separate locations in the colony.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129442Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:43:00Z<p>DanaEn: /* Usage On Mars */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. Thorium is available on Mars in large deposits at Mid latitudes, this is the preferred fuel in Molten Salt Reactors particularly Liquid Fuel Thorium Reactors LFTRs.<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129441Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:39:32Z<p>DanaEn: /* Types of Nuclear Generation */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear Fuel Sources on Mars ==<br />
<br />
=== Thorium Deposits on Mars ===<br />
JPL has identified Thorium deposits on Mars, this is the preferred fuel in a number of Molten Salt Reactor designs. <ref name=":10"> Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes, JPL '' Map of Martian Thorium at Mid-Latitudes '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04257, March 2003.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129440Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:38:26Z<p>DanaEn: /* Molten Salt Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129439Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:31:33Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS. In a Heatpipe reactor a solid core generates heat that is transferred via "heatpipe" technology to Stirling Generators with the option to transfer the heat tp Molten Salt Storage for further direct heat energy use.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA<br />
<br />
<br />
<ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129438Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:29:18Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, structural heating, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA<br />
<br />
<br />
<ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129437Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:28:32Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a Light Water Reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy. In a Molten Salt Reactor the heat generated from the core is redirected for use in Molten Salt Thermal Storage, Stirling Generators to provide electricity, Evaporative Water Purification, and to melt water in RODWELLS.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA<br />
<br />
<br />
<ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129436Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:24:40Z<p>DanaEn: /* Molten Salt Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Molten Salt Reactors use a liquid salt fuel that suspends a nuclear fuel in the salt at atmospheric pressure as opposed to a solid fuel reactor that uses high pressure water as a cooling agent that can turn into a steam explosion. If the salt temperature rises it will separate the suspended nuclear fuel and slow the reaction, as a safety feature at the lowest point in the core a pipe is cooled forcing the salt in that section of pipe to freeze and create a plug of salt, if that external cooling is lost the plug melts and the liquid salt contents of the core dump into a storage tank, when the salt is separated from the graphite moderator the salt becomes sub-critical and cools down. In the unlikely event of a leak of the Salt solidifies quickly allowing for far easier cleanup vs liquid water seeping into the environment. Since no pressurized steam is involved there is no need for a large domed pressure building around the core. For a more detailed explanation from Dr. Kirk Sorensen please see https://youtu.be/D3rL08J7fDA<br />
<br />
<br />
<ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129435Nuclear power2019-04-18T14:10:29Z<p>DanaEn: /* Types of Nuclear Generation */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Reactor ===<br />
Small to Medium [[Heatpipe Reactors]] offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":8"> Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors, Badawy M.Elsheikh '' Safety assessment of molten salt reactors in comparison with light water reactors '', https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687850713000101, Oct, 2013.</ref> <ref name=":9"> How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution, Stephen Williams '' How Molten Salt Reactors Might Spell a Nuclear Energy Revolution '', https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/what-is-molten-salt-reactor-424343/, Feb 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129434Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:57:59Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. Heatpipe Reactors are inherently stable meaning if no energy is removed as heat the system stabilises to s constant temperature. Heat-Pipe Reactors are inherently "Walk-Away Safe" meaning if an emergency happens and the reactor is left alone it will not melt doen or change state.<ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129433Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:54:37Z<p>DanaEn: /* Types of Nuclear Generation */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors <ref name=":4"> Megawatt Level Heat-Pipe Reactors, Mcclure, Patrick Ray Poston, David Irvin Dasari, Venkateswara Rao Reid, Robert Stowers '' DESIGN OF MEGAWATT POWER LEVEL HEAT PIPE REACTORS '', https://permalink.lanl.gov/object/tr?what=info:lanl-repo/lareport/LA-UR-15-28840, Nov 2015.</ref> offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":5"> Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor, Ehud Greenspan'' Solid-Core Heat-Pipe Nuclear Battery Type Reactor '', https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/940911</ref> <ref name=":6">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":7">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129432Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:44:14Z<p>DanaEn: /* Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Small to Medium [[Heatpipe Reactors]] offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":4">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":5">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129431Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:43:25Z<p>DanaEn: /* Molten Salt Energy Storage */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells<ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
=== Rodriguez Well (RODWELL) ===<br />
RODWELLS Are a form of well melted into Antarctic Ice to provide a constant source of water for use on a base, this lowers a heat source deep into the ice melting an area of ice that is partially pumped out as the ice cave grows <ref name=":3">Rodwell, Raul Rodriguez '' South Pole Station - Rodwells '', https://www.southpolestation.com/trivia/rodwell/rodwell.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Small to Medium [[Heatpipe Reactors]] offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":0">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":1">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129428Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:37:27Z<p>DanaEn: /* Molten Salt Energy Storage */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref> that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Small to Medium [[Heatpipe Reactors]] offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":0">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":1">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129427Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:37:07Z<p>DanaEn: /* Usage On Mars */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref><br />
that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Small to Medium [[Heatpipe Reactors]] offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":0">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":1">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129426Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:36:31Z<p>DanaEn: /* Molten Salt Energy Storage */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage</ref> <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal</ref> <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref><br />
that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Small to Medium [[Heatpipe Reactors]] offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":0">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":1">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129425Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:36:09Z<p>DanaEn: /* Molten Salt Energy Storage */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
=== Molten Salt Energy Storage ===<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage</ref> <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> : is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal</ref> <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref><br />
that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Small to Medium [[Heatpipe Reactors]] offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":0">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":1">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=129423Nuclear power2019-04-18T13:35:13Z<p>DanaEn: /* Usage On Mars */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses [[nuclear fuel]] to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]]. Nuclear power is considered the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]].<br />
<br />
<br />
== Usage On Mars==<br />
The generation of electricity from nuclear fuel does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]] so would be useful for maintaining a reliable source of power on Mars. However, due to the unclear availability of radioactive resources on Mars and the difficulty in preparing the fuel (the nuclear enrichment process) any nuclear fuel will have to be brought from [[Earth]] for the foreseeable future. This would significantly prevent the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
== Molten Salt Energy Storage ==<br />
Molten Salt Energy Storage</ref> <ref name=":1"> Molten Salt Energy Storage, Solarreserve '' MOLTEN SALT ENERGY STORAGE '', https://www.solarreserve.com/en/technology/molten-salt-energy-storage</ref> : is a process used in Concentrated Solar Thermal</ref> <ref name=":2"> Concentrated Solar Thermal, BY ROBERT DIETERICH '' Concentrated Solar Thermal '', https://apnews.com/Business%20Wire/832487eb77e04612af8bde5f7642f0f7</ref><br />
that allows storing large amounts of heat energy in the form of high temperature molten salt. This reserve can be tapped for direct use in colony heating, Evaporative water purification, and Rodriguez Wells.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear reactor ==<br />
In a nuclear reactor, heat caused by the radioactivity boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
<br />
== Nuclear heating ==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
== Types of Nuclear Generation ==<br />
<br />
=== RTG ===<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
=== Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor ===<br />
Small to Medium [[Heatpipe Reactors]] offer stable, safe power that requires no outside support system or personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":0">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":1">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
<br />
== Open issues ==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* None<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sources]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Arsia_Mons&diff=126307Arsia Mons2018-09-30T10:20:55Z<p>DanaEn: /* Clouds */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Arsia Mons''' is an extinct [[shield volcano|shield]] [[volcano]] in the [[Tharsis]] region near the equator. It is part of the [[Tharsis Montes]] group of volcanos. Its location is 8.35 S and 120.09 W (239.91 E) in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. Its name is a classical feature name and comes from a corresponding albedo feature on a map by Giovanni Schiaparelli, which he named in turn after the legendary Roman forest of Arsia Silva.<ref>https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/target</ref> Researchers have found much evidence for glaciers on Arsia Mons.<ref>Scanlon, K., J. Head, D. Marchant. 2015. REMNANT BURIED ICE IN THE ARSIA MONS FAN-SHAPED DEPOSIT, MARS. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2266.pdf</ref><br />
<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1= Shean | first1= David E. | last2= Head | first2= James W. | last3= Fastook | first3= James L. | last4= Marchant | first4= David R. | title= Recent glaciation at high elevations on Arsia Mons, Mars: Implications for the formation and evolution of large tropical mountain glaciers| page= E03004 | date= 2007 | issue= E3 | volume= 112 | doi = 10.1029/2006JE002761 | journal= Journal of Geophysical Research | url=http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3281.pdf | format = PDF | }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image: Arsia Mons based on THEMIS Day IR.png|thumb|left|px|THEMIS day image of Arsia Mons (color insert indicates location)]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Arsia_Mons.jpg|thumb|right|px|Two views of Arsia Mons]]<br />
<br />
===Caves===<br />
<br />
Seven [[cave]] entrances have been discovered on the sides of Arsia Mons. These caves could contain reserves of [[water ice]] or even life. They are possible locations for a [[volcanic cave settlement|cave settlement]]. With the low gravity of Mars, lava tubes may be over 800 feet in width. A lava tube on Mars could protect colonists from meteorites and radiation. Because of the lack of a magnetic field at present, Mars has a fair amount of radiation, especially from cosmic ray sources.<ref>https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/09/170925112842.htm</ref> A mini-series produced by National Geographic in 2016 depicted how people could establish a base in a cave.<ref>https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/mars</ref> <ref>https://www.leonarddavid.com/underground-caves-on-moon-mars-protected-habitats-for-explorers/</ref><br />
<br />
[[File: Mars caves from NASA orbiters.jpg|thumb|right|Possible cave entrances These openings have been named (A) "Dena," (B) "Chloe," (C) "Wendy," (D) "Annie," (E) "Abby" (left) and "Nikki," and (F) "Jeanne."]]<br />
==Clouds==<br />
Repeated Clouds over Arsia Mons <ref name=":03">Jet Propulshion Lab, California Institute of Technology '' Repeated Clouds over Arsia Mons '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04294</ref> there is some debate about the nature of the clouds whether they are dust particles or water vapor <ref name=":13">THEMIS: Ice-rich clouds over Arsia Mons’ caldera, ASU, R Burnham '' THEMIS: Ice-rich clouds over Arsia Mons’ caldera '', http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=30885, Sep 2018.</ref> If this is in fact Water Vapor, that indicates the presence of Water Ice around Arsia Mons. <ref name=":23">43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, USRA - Universities Space Research Association '' VOLCANO-ICE INTERACTIONS RECORDED IN THE ARSIA MONS FAN-SHAPED GLACIAL DEPOSITS '', https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2183.pdf, 2012.</ref> <ref name=":32">LAPL HIRISE, Kelly Kolb, University of Arizona '' Glacier-Like Flow on Arsia Mons Flank '', https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_002922_1725, 4 April 2007.</ref>[[Image: Mars; Arsia Mons cave entrance -MROjeanne.jpg|thumb|right|Possible cave entrance to pit]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Valentine Cave.JPG|thumb|280px|Valentine Cave in [[Lava Beds National Monument]], California. This shows the classic tube shape; the grooves on the wall mark former flow levels. Pits near volcanic regions of Mars may be openings to caves like this.]]<br />
<br />
===References:===<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Mars Atlas]]<br />
{{stub}}</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Arsia_Mons&diff=126306Arsia Mons2018-09-30T10:16:24Z<p>DanaEn: Cloud data over Arsia Mons</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Arsia Mons''' is an extinct [[shield volcano|shield]] [[volcano]] in the [[Tharsis]] region near the equator. It is part of the [[Tharsis Montes]] group of volcanos. Its location is 8.35 S and 120.09 W (239.91 E) in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. Its name is a classical feature name and comes from a corresponding albedo feature on a map by Giovanni Schiaparelli, which he named in turn after the legendary Roman forest of Arsia Silva.<ref>https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/target</ref> Researchers have found much evidence for glaciers on Arsia Mons.<ref>Scanlon, K., J. Head, D. Marchant. 2015. REMNANT BURIED ICE IN THE ARSIA MONS FAN-SHAPED DEPOSIT, MARS. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2266.pdf</ref><br />
<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1= Shean | first1= David E. | last2= Head | first2= James W. | last3= Fastook | first3= James L. | last4= Marchant | first4= David R. | title= Recent glaciation at high elevations on Arsia Mons, Mars: Implications for the formation and evolution of large tropical mountain glaciers| page= E03004 | date= 2007 | issue= E3 | volume= 112 | doi = 10.1029/2006JE002761 | journal= Journal of Geophysical Research | url=http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3281.pdf | format = PDF | }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image: Arsia Mons based on THEMIS Day IR.png|thumb|left|px|THEMIS day image of Arsia Mons (color insert indicates location)]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:Arsia_Mons.jpg|thumb|right|px|Two views of Arsia Mons]]<br />
<br />
===Caves===<br />
<br />
Seven [[cave]] entrances have been discovered on the sides of Arsia Mons. These caves could contain reserves of [[water ice]] or even life. They are possible locations for a [[volcanic cave settlement|cave settlement]]. With the low gravity of Mars, lava tubes may be over 800 feet in width. A lava tube on Mars could protect colonists from meteorites and radiation. Because of the lack of a magnetic field at present, Mars has a fair amount of radiation, especially from cosmic ray sources.<ref>https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/09/170925112842.htm</ref> A mini-series produced by National Geographic in 2016 depicted how people could establish a base in a cave.<ref>https://www.nationalgeographic.org/education/mars</ref> <ref>https://www.leonarddavid.com/underground-caves-on-moon-mars-protected-habitats-for-explorers/</ref><br />
<br />
[[File: Mars caves from NASA orbiters.jpg|thumb|right|Possible cave entrances These openings have been named (A) "Dena," (B) "Chloe," (C) "Wendy," (D) "Annie," (E) "Abby" (left) and "Nikki," and (F) "Jeanne."]]<br />
==Clouds==<br />
Repeated Clouds over Arsia Mons <ref name=":0">Jet Propulshion Lab, California Institute of Technology '' Repeated Clouds over Arsia Mons '', https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA04294</ref> there is some debate about the nature of the clouds whether they are dust particles or water vapor <ref name=":1">THEMIS: Ice-rich clouds over Arsia Mons’ caldera, ASU, R Burnham '' THEMIS: Ice-rich clouds over Arsia Mons’ caldera '', http://redplanet.asu.edu/?p=30885, Sep 2018.</ref> If this is in fact Water Vapor, that indicates the presence of Water Ice around Arsia Mons. <ref name=":2">43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, USRA - Universities Space Research Association '' VOLCANO-ICE INTERACTIONS RECORDED IN THE ARSIA MONS FAN-SHAPED GLACIAL DEPOSITS '', https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2183.pdf, 2012.</ref> <ref name=":2">NASA Kilopower Project, Kelly Kolb, University of Arizona '' Glacier-Like Flow on Arsia Mons Flank '', https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_002922_1725, 4 April 2007.</ref>[[Image: Mars; Arsia Mons cave entrance -MROjeanne.jpg|thumb|right|Possible cave entrance to pit]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Valentine Cave.JPG|thumb|280px|Valentine Cave in [[Lava Beds National Monument]], California. This shows the classic tube shape; the grooves on the wall mark former flow levels. Pits near volcanic regions of Mars may be openings to caves like this.]]<br />
<br />
===References:===<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Mars Atlas]]<br />
{{stub}}</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=EVA_Suit&diff=126233EVA Suit2018-09-20T16:11:25Z<p>DanaEn: Added Biosuit Link</p>
<hr />
<div>Since the [[atmosphere|atmospheric]] pressure on Mars is near vacuum, the settlers will need '''Space Suits''' for certain areas of the settlement. Creating more room for a growing settlement will include the creation of large rooms with less safety along with small rooms with full safety.<br />
<br />
During a [[manned mission]] to [[Mars]], [[human]] comfort will play a big role in the mission’s success. The current bulky space suit in use weighs in at 300 pounds and is impractical for use in low [[gravity]] environments. <br />
<br />
==Variants==<br />
<br />
===Outside suit===<br />
This suit provides protection from [[vacuum]], temperature and radiation. It includes telecommunications and autonomous life support.<br />
<br />
===Indoor vacuum suit===<br />
Some parts of the settlement will not be filled with air, so a vacuum suit is necessary. This suit provides protection from [[vacuum]], temperature and radiation. It includes interfaces for communications and life support. The [[radiation shielding]] of the suit may not be as strong and heavy as the Outside Suit. Air supply may be fed through a hose. <br />
<br />
===Decompression suit for low-safety rooms===<br />
Low-safety rooms have an increased probability of accidental decompression. These can be storage rooms, factory rooms, additional greenhouses etc. Anything that is not the central living and sleeping rooms. These rooms may decompress accidentally.<br />
<br />
The appropriate suit would be light, has no life support system, and provides only a minimal protection duration, let's say, one minute. Such a suit would keep only the pressure and the air that is already in the helmet. In case of a decompression the person would need to go immediately to the next door to a safe place.<br />
<br />
Such a suit is cheap and light. Probably, it can be worn with the helmet open. Even if the decompression of the room is an explosive one, the person should be able to close the helmet within two seconds. With a little training, a person can easily survive a few seconds vacuum. A small single use air cartridge may then restore the pressure in the suit for one more minute. <br />
<br />
===Indoor suit with radiation protection===<br />
Not all rooms of the settlement will be 100% radiation shielded, but may be safe enough against decompression. For settlers, who want to have [[children]], at least the ovaries or the testicles need protection.<br />
<br />
==Trivia==<br />
===How to put on a suit?===<br />
The Russian Orlan spacesuit is entered through the rear, with the backpack acting as a door, whereas the American EMU has various seals at the waist, the helmet, the gloves, the boots, etc. The Russian system can be entered in only five minutes, and with one seal is considerably safer as well.<br />
<br />
===Pressurized vs. Skintight===<br />
All spacesuits used to date have been pressurized, i.e. filled with air. It can be difficult to move in these suits, and as such they are only pressurized to a third of normal pressure to allow easy movement. At this low pressure, someone could suffer [[nitrogen]] [[nitrogen narcosis|narcosis]]. This requires the person who will be executing the EVA to breath pure [[oxygen]] for a few hours to purge their body of nitrogen, or to "camp out" overnight in a low pressure atmosphere. This is time consuming and not practical if an emergency EVA were to be carried out. An alternative could be a skintight suit, like the biosuit <ref name=":0">MIT, Dr. Dava Newman '' Building the Future Spacesuit '', https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/617047main_45s_building_future_spacesuit.pdf.</ref>, however, these suits are difficult to enter and exit. A hybrid could be considered.<br />
<br />
Researchers at MIT are working on a spandex and [[nylon]] BioSuit to be used in such a situation. The torso would be pressurized to about 30 kPa while the limbs would be sheathed in thinner material allowing for increased dexterity and decreased weight from the current model. <ref name=":0" /> <br />
<br />
==External Link== <br />
<br />
*[http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/biosuit-0716.html Article on MIT suit concept]<br />
*[http://quest.nasa.gov/space/teachers/suited/8future.html NASA Quest: Future Space Suits]<br />
<br />
[[category:Manned Missions]]<br />
<references /></div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=EVA_Suit&diff=126232EVA Suit2018-09-20T16:09:19Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>Since the [[atmosphere|atmospheric]] pressure on Mars is near vacuum, the settlers will need '''Space Suits''' for certain areas of the settlement. Creating more room for a growing settlement will include the creation of large rooms with less safety along with small rooms with full safety.<br />
<br />
During a [[manned mission]] to [[Mars]], [[human]] comfort will play a big role in the mission’s success. The current bulky space suit in use weighs in at 300 pounds and is impractical for use in low [[gravity]] environments. <br />
<br />
==Variants==<br />
<br />
===Outside suit===<br />
This suit provides protection from [[vacuum]], temperature and radiation. It includes telecommunications and autonomous life support.<br />
<br />
===Indoor vacuum suit===<br />
Some parts of the settlement will not be filled with air, so a vacuum suit is necessary. This suit provides protection from [[vacuum]], temperature and radiation. It includes interfaces for communications and life support. The [[radiation shielding]] of the suit may not be as strong and heavy as the Outside Suit. Air supply may be fed through a hose. <br />
<br />
===Decompression suit for low-safety rooms===<br />
Low-safety rooms have an increased probability of accidental decompression. These can be storage rooms, factory rooms, additional greenhouses etc. Anything that is not the central living and sleeping rooms. These rooms may decompress accidentally.<br />
<br />
The appropriate suit would be light, has no life support system, and provides only a minimal protection duration, let's say, one minute. Such a suit would keep only the pressure and the air that is already in the helmet. In case of a decompression the person would need to go immediately to the next door to a safe place.<br />
<br />
Such a suit is cheap and light. Probably, it can be worn with the helmet open. Even if the decompression of the room is an explosive one, the person should be able to close the helmet within two seconds. With a little training, a person can easily survive a few seconds vacuum. A small single use air cartridge may then restore the pressure in the suit for one more minute. <br />
<br />
===Indoor suit with radiation protection===<br />
Not all rooms of the settlement will be 100% radiation shielded, but may be safe enough against decompression. For settlers, who want to have [[children]], at least the ovaries or the testicles need protection.<br />
<br />
==Trivia==<br />
===How to put on a suit?===<br />
The Russian Orlan spacesuit is entered through the rear, with the backpack acting as a door, whereas the American EMU has various seals at the waist, the helmet, the gloves, the boots, etc. The Russian system can be entered in only five minutes, and with one seal is considerably safer as well.<br />
<br />
===Pressurized vs. Skintight===<br />
All spacesuits used to date have been pressurized, i.e. filled with air. It can be difficult to move in these suits, and as such they are only pressurized to a third of normal pressure to allow easy movement. At this low pressure, someone could suffer [[nitrogen]] [[nitrogen narcosis|narcosis]]. This requires the person who will be executing the EVA to breath pure [[oxygen]] for a few hours to purge their body of nitrogen, or to "camp out" overnight in a low pressure atmosphere. This is time consuming and not practical if an emergency EVA were to be carried out. An alternative could be a skintight suit, like the biosuit, however, these suits are difficult to enter and exit. A hybrid could be considered. <ref>MIT, Dr. Dava Newman '' Building the Future Spacesuit '', https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/617047main_45s_building_future_spacesuit.pdf.</ref><br />
<br />
Researchers at MIT are working on a spandex and [[nylon]] BioSuit to be used in such a situation. The torso would be pressurized to about 30 kPa while the limbs would be sheathed in thinner material allowing for increased dexterity and decreased weight from the current model. <br />
<br />
==External Link== <br />
<br />
*[http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/biosuit-0716.html Article on MIT suit concept]<br />
*[http://quest.nasa.gov/space/teachers/suited/8future.html NASA Quest: Future Space Suits]<br />
<br />
[[category:Manned Missions]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=126231Nuclear power2018-09-20T16:01:53Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses nuclear fuel to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]].<br />
<br />
Nuclear power has been considered as the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]]. It does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]].<br />
<br />
The availability of radioactive resources on Mars is unclear. Due to the vast effort of the nuclear enrichment process the nuclear fuel must be brought from [[Earth]], preventing the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
The maintenance effort of a legacy nuclear power station requires a huge staff. However, due to Russian plans to build a fully self-contained device on Mars the required maintenance staff comprises only 6 engineers.<br />
<br />
Heatpipe Reactors are self contained reactors that require no maintenance or maintenance personnel and can last from 5 to 40 years. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==RTG==<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
==Nuclear reactor==<br />
In a nuclear reactor the heat boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
==Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor==<br />
Small to Medium Heatpipe Reactors offer stable safe Power that requires no outside support system or Personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resources needed. <ref name=":0">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":1">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
==Nuclear heating==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3162129.stm BBC: Russia plans Mars nuclear station]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hi-tech]]<br />
[[Category:Energy]]<br />
<references /></div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_power&diff=126230Nuclear power2018-09-20T15:59:19Z<p>DanaEn: Added Heatpipe Reactors.</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
<br />
'''Nuclear Power''' is a method of [[energy]] generation. It uses nuclear fuel to produce heat, which is usually transformed into [[electricity]].<br />
<br />
Nuclear power has been considered as the preferred energy source for most plans for medium- to long-term human expeditions to [[Mars]]. It does not depend on [[environmental conditions|weather conditions]].<br />
<br />
The availability of radioactive resources on Mars is unclear. Due to the vast effort of the nuclear enrichment process the nuclear fuel must be brought from [[Earth]], preventing the [[settlement]] from being [[independence from Earth|independent from Earth]].<br />
<br />
The maintenance effort of a legacy nuclear power station requires a huge staff. However, due to Russian plans to build a fully self-contained device on Mars the required maintenance staff comprises only 6 engineers.<br />
<br />
Heatpipe Reactors are self contained reactors that require no maintenance or maintenance personnel and can last from 5 to 40 years. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==RTG==<br />
[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (abbr.: RTG) are simple devices. They produce a heat difference, transformed by a [[thermocouple]] to electrical energy. The maintenance effort is low.<br />
However, RTGs do not provide enough power for a base.<br />
<br />
==Nuclear reactor==<br />
In a nuclear reactor the heat boils [[water]] to steam. [[turbine|Turbines]] are driven by the steam's pressure, spinning a dynamo to generate electric energy.<br />
==Nuclear Heatpipe Reactor==<br />
Small to Medium Heatpipe Reactors offer stable safe Power that requires no outside support system or Personnel and is immune to meltdown, it can be scaled from .5kw to 50mw for remote bases, small cities, and forward operating bases here on Earth, these reactors could power a Colony or a Spaceship for between 5 and 40 years with no maintenance, with no in-situ resourced needed. <ref name=":0">Idaho National Labs, Dr. K.P Annath, Dr. Michael Kellar, Mr. James Werner, Dr James Sterbentz '' Portable Special Purpose Nuclear Reactor (2 MW) for Remote Operating Bases and Microgrids '', https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2017/power/Ananth19349.pdf, May 2017.</ref> <ref name=":1">NASA Kilopower Project, Dr. David Poston '' Small Nuclear Reactors for Mars - 21st Annual Mars Society Convention '', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLE5YFuCmhw, Sep 2018.</ref><br />
==Nuclear heating==<br />
Heating [[greenhouse]]s and other [[building]]s may be done indirectly by the heat of the nuclear fission. The heat can be transported in pipes from the reactor to the buildings. Heat exchangers avoid nuclear pollution of the buildings.<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What sort of nuclear fuel is needed?<br />
*How long can the described nuclear power stations work without replenishment of nuclear fuel?<br />
*What is known about nuclear resources on Mars?<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3162129.stm BBC: Russia plans Mars nuclear station]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hi-tech]]<br />
[[Category:Energy]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126229Radiation2018-09-18T07:19:17Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars." <ref name=":2">NASA, Tony C. Slaba, Christopher J. Mertens, and Steve R. Blattnig '' Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars '', https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf, Apr 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued." <ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126228Radiation2018-09-17T19:13:48Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars <nowiki><ref>https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf</ref></nowiki><br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126227Radiation2018-09-17T19:09:20Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars <nowiki><ref>NASA. (2013). <i>'' Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars </i> Retrieved from https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf</ref></nowiki>.<br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126225Radiation2018-09-17T19:04:29Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars <nowiki><ref>NASA. [https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf "Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars "]</nowiki>, ''<nowiki>''</nowiki>''<nowiki>[[NASA/TP–2013-217983]]</nowiki>''<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', April 2013.<nowiki></ref></nowiki><br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126224Radiation2018-09-17T19:02:15Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars <nowiki><ref>NASA. [https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf "Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars "]</nowiki>, ''<nowiki>''</nowiki>''<nowiki>[[NASA/TP–2013-217983]]</nowiki>''<nowiki>''</nowiki>'', April 2013.<nowiki></ref></nowiki><br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126223Radiation2018-09-17T18:59:47Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars '''<nowiki><ref></nowiki>'''NASA, Tony C. Slaba, Christopher J. Mertens, and Steve R. Blattnig. <nowiki>https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf</nowiki> "Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars , Apr 2013."'''<nowiki></ref></nowiki>'''<br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126221Radiation2018-09-17T18:57:57Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars '''<nowiki><ref></nowiki>''' NASA, Tony C. Slaba, Christopher J. Mertens, and Steve R. Blattnig. <nowiki>[https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf "Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars "]</nowiki>, Apr 2013. '''<nowiki></ref></nowiki>'''<br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126217Radiation2018-09-17T18:50:36Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars '''<nowiki><ref></nowiki>'''NASA, Tony C. Slaba, Christopher J. Mertens, and Steve R. Blattnig. <nowiki>[https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf "Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars "]</nowiki>, Apr 2013.'''<nowiki></ref></nowiki>'''<br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126216Radiation2018-09-17T18:48:59Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars '''<nowiki><ref></nowiki>'''NASA, Tony C. Slaba, Christopher J. Mertens, and Steve R. Blattnig <nowiki>[https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf "Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars "]</nowiki>, Apr 2013.'''<nowiki></ref></nowiki>'''<br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126215Radiation2018-09-17T18:47:25Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars '''<nowiki><ref></nowiki>'''NASA, Tony C. Slaba, Christopher J. Mertens, and Steve R. Blattnig <nowiki>''</nowiki>Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars<nowiki>''</nowiki>, <nowiki>https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf</nowiki>, Apr 2013.'''<nowiki></ref></nowiki>'''<br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126214Radiation2018-09-17T18:46:11Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars <nowiki><ref>E. Miller, ''The Sun'', (New York: Academic Press, 2005), 23-5.</ref></nowiki><br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEnhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Radiation&diff=126213Radiation2018-09-17T18:44:45Z<p>DanaEn: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:nuclear_warning_sign.png|right|Nuclear Danger Icon]]<br />
Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.<br />
<br />
Occasional [[solar flares]] produce particularly high doses. Some solar proton events (SPEs) were observed by [[MARIE]] that were not seen by sensors near Earth due to the fact that SPEs are directional. Astronauts on Mars could be warned of SPEs by sensors closer to the Sun and presumably take shelter during these events. This would imply an [[Early warning system (solar radiation)|Early Warning System]] (possibly a network of sensors in orbit around the sun or a single sensor in [[Lagrangian point]] L1) might be needed to ensure all SPEs threatening Mars were detected early enough. <br />
<br />
==Types of Radiation==<br />
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref><br />
{| border="1"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
!Relative Biological<br /> Effectiveness RBE<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''<br />
|1<br />
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]'''<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /><br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1<br /> <br />
1.08 <br />
|Radiation belts<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[proton|Protons]]'''<br /> <br />
100 MeV<br /> <br />
1.5 MeV<br /> <br />
0.1 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
1-2<br /> <br />
8.5<br /> <br />
10 <br />
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]'''<br /> <br />
0.05 ev (thermal)<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV<br /> <br />
10 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
2.8<br /> <br />
10.5<br /> <br />
6.4<br />
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]<br />
|-<br />
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]'''<br /> <br />
5.0 MeV<br /> <br />
1.0 MeV <br />
|<br /><br />
15<br /> <br />
20 <br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|-<br />
|[[Heavy Ions|'''Heavy Ions''']]<br />
|Varies widely<br />
|Cosmic rays<br />
|}<br />
Cosmic radiation comprises 85% protons, 14% alpha particles, and 1% heavy ions.<ref>Schimmerling W. (2011, Feb 5). The Space Radiation Environment: An Introduction. <nowiki>https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/concepts/SpaceRadiationEnviron.pdf</nowiki></ref> Solar radiation includes the same radiation types, but it a higher proportion of protons and its heavy primaries have lower energy levels. The high-energy heavy primaries in cosmic radiation can penetrate materials that effectively block lower-energy radiation<ref name=":1">Rapp D. (2006). Radiation Effects and Shielding Requirements in Human Missions to the Moon and Mars. Mars 2:46-71. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1555/mars.2006.0004</nowiki></ref>.<br />
<br />
==Danger==<br />
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer. <br />
<br />
Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommends that occupational (work-related) radiation exposure be limited to 50 millisieverts (mSv) per year, and limited to 100 mSv over any 5-year period<ref>http://www.icrp.org/publication.asp?id=ICRP%20Publication%20103</ref>. NASA's radiation dose limits for astronauts are established in NASA-STD-3001<ref>NASA. (2015). <i>NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard Volume 1, Revision A: Crew Health.</i> Retrieved from https://standards.nasa.gov/standard/nasa/nasa-std-3001-vol-1</ref>.<br />
<br />
The equivalent dose rate from cosmic radiation on Earth's surface at sea level is 0.26 mSv per year<ref>http://www.ans.org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php</ref>. Based on measurements made by the Curiosity rover, the corresponding figure for the surface of Mars is approximately 230 mSv/year<ref name=":0">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/343/6169/1244797.full</ref>. Curiosity also measured the temporary increase in radiation during a single SPE. The results indicate an increase in equivalent dose rate of approximately 25% over a 1-day interval<ref name=":0" />. This figure will vary depending on the intensity of a particular SPE.<br />
<br />
There is scientific uncertainty surrounding the health hazard from cosmic and solar radiation, because most past research on the health effects of radiation studied only x-rays and gamma rays<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
==Effect on material==<br />
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.<br />
<br />
==Protection==<br />
[[House]]s should be equipped with a [[radiation shielding]], thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides. <br />
<br />
[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability. <br />
<br />
During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.<br />
<br />
NASA: Radiation Shielding Optimization on Mars '''<nowiki><ref></nowiki>'''NASA, <nowiki>https://spaceradiation.larc.nasa.gov/nasapapers/NASA-TP-2013-217983.pdf</nowiki>, Apr 2013.'''<nowiki></ref></nowiki>'''<br />
<br />
"In this work, it is shown that on the Martian surface, almost any amount of aluminum shielding increases exposure levels for humans. The increased exposure levels are attributed to neutron production in the shield and Martian regolith as well as the electromagnetic cascade induced in the Martian atmosphere. This result is significant for optimization of vehicle and shield designs intended for the surface of Mars."<br />
<br />
"An in-situ shielding strategy will also be of little help unless several hundred g/cm2 of regolith is utilized. Such a strategy would probably require large scale excavation making it an unlikely candidate. Instead, the shielding strategy would rely primarily on material optimization. Options, such as replacing aluminum structures with high hydrogen content carbon composites, could be pursued."<br />
<br />
==Open issues==<br />
<br />
*What is the required thickness of a [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]<br />
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]<br />
*[https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sspvse/posters/DF_Smart/poster.pdf The frequency distribution of solar proton events: 5 solar cycles and 45 solar cycles]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hazards]]</div>DanaEn