Alumina - Revision history

Michel Lamontagne: /* In situ Production */

2021-05-26T03:36:54Z

In situ Production

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:36, 26 May 2021
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	==[[In-situ resource utilization\|In situ Production]]==		==[[In-situ resource utilization\|In situ Production]]==
	Alumina may be extracted from clays or from minerals such as Feldspar.		Alumina may be extracted from clays or from minerals such as Feldspar.

			For production from clays, Hydrochloric acid processes might be used to separate the alumina from the other elements in the clays. Aluminium trichloride in solution would be precipitated as alumina hexahydrate, then calcinated into alumina (The Orbite process).

	==Use==		==Use==

Michel Lamontagne at 03:13, 26 May 2021

2021-05-26T03:13:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:13, 26 May 2021
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			__NOTOC__

	'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or [[aluminium]](III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name="Cairncross">B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium. Aluminium is the third most common element on Mars after Oxygen and silicon.		'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or [[aluminium]](III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name="Cairncross">B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium. Aluminium is the third most common element on Mars after Oxygen and silicon.

	~~__NOTOC__~~
	Most aluminium on Mars is not in the form of alumina but rather in the form of alumina-silicates, such as Feldspar. Aluminium is also a component of volcanic rocks such as basalt.		Most aluminium on Mars is not in the form of alumina but rather in the form of alumina-silicates, such as Feldspar. Aluminium is also a component of volcanic rocks such as basalt.

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	Alumina is commonly found in clays that were created on Mars as a result of gravity and chemical separation in the primordial oceans.		Alumina is commonly found in clays that were created on Mars as a result of gravity and chemical separation in the primordial oceans.

	== [[In-situ resource utilization\|In situ Production]] ==		==[[In-situ resource utilization\|In situ Production]]==
	Alumina may be extracted from clays or from minerals such as Feldspar.		Alumina may be extracted from clays or from minerals such as Feldspar.

Michel Lamontagne at 03:12, 26 May 2021

2021-05-26T03:12:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:12, 26 May 2021
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	'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or [[aluminium]](III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name="Cairncross">B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium. Aluminium is the third most common element on Mars after Oxygen and silicon.		'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or [[aluminium]](III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name="Cairncross">B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium. Aluminium is the third most common element on Mars after Oxygen and silicon.

			__NOTOC__
	Most aluminium on Mars is not in the form of alumina but rather in the form of alumina-silicates, such as Feldspar. Aluminium is also a component of volcanic rocks such as basalt.		Most aluminium on Mars is not in the form of alumina but rather in the form of alumina-silicates, such as Feldspar. Aluminium is also a component of volcanic rocks such as basalt.

Michel Lamontagne at 03:12, 26 May 2021

2021-05-26T03:12:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:12, 26 May 2021
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	==Characteristics==		==Characteristics==
	The hardness of corundum by definition 9 on Mohs' scale and it has a white streak and vitreous lustre.<ref name="Cairncross" />. Corundum has a specific gravity between 3.96<ref name="WebsterJobbins">R. Webster & E.A. Jobbins - ''Gemmologists' compendium'' 7th ed. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7198-0291-1 p. 36.</ref> and 4.1<ref name="Cairncross" />. The different varieties have refractive indices varying from between 1.759 and 1.767 to between 1.770 and 1.779.<ref name="WebsterJobbins">R. Webster & E.A. Jobbins - ''Gemmologists' compendium'' 7th ed. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7198-0291-1 p. 36.</ref><br />		The hardness of corundum by definition 9 on Mohs' scale and it has a white streak and vitreous lustre.<ref name="Cairncross" />. Corundum has a specific gravity between 3.96<ref name="WebsterJobbins">R. Webster & E.A. Jobbins - ''Gemmologists' compendium'' 7th ed. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7198-0291-1 p. 36.</ref> and 4.1<ref name="Cairncross" />. The different varieties have refractive indices varying from between 1.759 and 1.767 to between 1.770 and 1.779.<ref name="WebsterJobbins">R. Webster & E.A. Jobbins - ''Gemmologists' compendium'' 7th ed. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7198-0291-1 p. 36.</ref><br />Some corundum, including all rubies, display ''asterism'', which is to say that they reflect light in such a way as to form a six-sided star.<ref name="Cairncross" /><ref name="WebsterJobbins" />
	Some corundum, including all rubies, display ''asterism'', which is to say that they reflect light in such a way as to form a six-sided star.<ref name="Cairncross" /><ref name="WebsterJobbins" />

	==Variants==		==Variants==
	The colour of a corundum crystal depends on impurities.		The colour of a corundum crystal depends on impurities.

	*Red corundum is known as '''ruby'''.		*Red corundum is known as '''ruby'''. The red color of Ruby comes from an impurity of considerably less than 1% Chromic oxide. The chromium is what permits the ruby to be used for a laser, producing red light. <ref>McGRAW-HILL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science & Technology 8th Edition (c) 1997, vol 15, page 688.</ref>

	::The red color of Ruby comes from an impurity of ~~considerabbly~~ less than 1% Chromic oxide. The chromium is what permits the ruby to be used for a laser, producing red light. <ref>McGRAW-HILL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science & Technology 8th Edition (c) 1997, vol 15, page 688.</ref>

	*Blue corundum is known as '''sapphire'''. It gets its colour from iron and titanium impurities<ref name="Cairncross" />		*Blue corundum is known as '''sapphire'''. It gets its colour from iron and titanium impurities<ref name="Cairncross" />
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	*Other varieties of corundum crystal are known by ''colour'' sapphire. These are pink, yellow, violet and green sapphire<ref name="Cairncross" />.		*Other varieties of corundum crystal are known by ''colour'' sapphire. These are pink, yellow, violet and green sapphire<ref name="Cairncross" />.

	==~~Occurence~~==		==Occurrence==
	On Earth, corundum mainly occurs in [[metamorphic rock]], as well as in [[alluvial deposits]].<ref name="Cairncross" />		On Earth, corundum mainly occurs in [[metamorphic rock]], as well as in [[alluvial deposits]].<ref name="Cairncross" />

	Alumina is commonly found in clays that were created on Mars as a result of gravity and chemical separation in the primordial oceans.		Alumina is commonly found in clays that were created on Mars as a result of gravity and chemical separation in the primordial oceans.

			== [[In-situ resource utilization\|In situ Production]] ==
			Alumina may be extracted from clays or from minerals such as Feldspar.

	==Use==		==Use==
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	*Both natural and synthetic corundum is used in jewelry.		*Both natural and synthetic corundum is used in jewelry.
	*As a catalyst in the [[Sabatier process]].		*As a catalyst in the [[Sabatier process]].

	~~==Open issues==~~

	*How common are alumina deposits on Mars?
	*Clay deposits are common.

	==References==		==References==

Michel Lamontagne at 16:48, 11 April 2019

2019-04-11T16:48:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:48, 11 April 2019
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	'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or aluminium(III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name="Cairncross">B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium. Aluminium is the third most common element on Mars after Oxygen and silicon.		'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or [[aluminium]](III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name="Cairncross">B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium. Aluminium is the third most common element on Mars after Oxygen and silicon.

	Most aluminium on Mars is not in the form of alumina but rather in the form of alumina-silicates, such as Feldspar. Aluminium is also a component of volcanic rocks such as basalt.		Most aluminium on Mars is not in the form of alumina but rather in the form of alumina-silicates, such as Feldspar. Aluminium is also a component of volcanic rocks such as basalt.

Michel Lamontagne: /* Use */

2019-04-11T16:48:17Z

Use

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:48, 11 April 2019
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	'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or aluminium(III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name=Cairncross>B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium.		'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or aluminium(III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name="Cairncross">B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium. Aluminium is the third most common element on Mars after Oxygen and silicon.

			Most aluminium on Mars is not in the form of alumina but rather in the form of alumina-silicates, such as Feldspar. Aluminium is also a component of volcanic rocks such as basalt.

	[[File:Alumina.jpg\|\|200px\|thumb\|rigth\|Top: a heap of chemically pure [[Activated_(Chemistry)\|activated]] alumina. Bottom left: a sapphire. Bottom right: a ruby.]]		[[File:Alumina.jpg\|\|200px\|thumb\|rigth\|Top: a heap of chemically pure [[Activated_(Chemistry)\|activated]] alumina. Bottom left: a sapphire. Bottom right: a ruby.]]

	==Characteristics==		==Characteristics==
	The hardness of corundum by definition 9 on Mohs' scale and it has a white streak and vitreous lustre.<ref name=Cairncross />. Corundum has a specific gravity between 3.96<ref name=WebsterJobbins>R. Webster & E.A. Jobbins - ''Gemmologists' compendium'' 7th ed. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7198-0291-1 p. 36.</ref> and 4.1<ref name=Cairncross />. The different varieties have refractive indices varying from between 1.759 and 1.767 to between 1.770 and 1.779.<ref name=WebsterJobbins>R. Webster & E.A. Jobbins - ''Gemmologists' compendium'' 7th ed. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7198-0291-1 p. 36.</ref><br />		The hardness of corundum by definition 9 on Mohs' scale and it has a white streak and vitreous lustre.<ref name="Cairncross" />. Corundum has a specific gravity between 3.96<ref name="WebsterJobbins">R. Webster & E.A. Jobbins - ''Gemmologists' compendium'' 7th ed. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7198-0291-1 p. 36.</ref> and 4.1<ref name="Cairncross" />. The different varieties have refractive indices varying from between 1.759 and 1.767 to between 1.770 and 1.779.<ref name="WebsterJobbins">R. Webster & E.A. Jobbins - ''Gemmologists' compendium'' 7th ed. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7198-0291-1 p. 36.</ref><br />
	Some corundum, including all rubies, display ''asterism'', which is to say that they reflect light in such a way as to form a six-sided star.<ref name=Cairncross /><ref name=WebsterJobbins />		Some corundum, including all rubies, display ''asterism'', which is to say that they reflect light in such a way as to form a six-sided star.<ref name="Cairncross" /><ref name="WebsterJobbins" />

	==Variants==		==Variants==
	The colour of a corundum crystal depends on impurities.		The colour of a corundum crystal depends on impurities.
	* Red corundum is known as '''ruby'''.
	::The red color of Ruby comes from an impurity of considerabbly less than 1% Chromic oxide. The chromium is what permits the ruby to be used for a laser, producing red light. <ref>McGRAW-HILL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science & Technology 8th Edition (c) 1997, vol 15, page 688.</ref>		*Red corundum is known as '''ruby'''.
	* Blue corundum is known as '''sapphire'''. It gets its colour from iron and titanium impurities<ref name=Cairncross />
	* Colourless (pure) corundum is known as '''white sapphire'''.		::The red color of Ruby comes from an impurity of considerabbly less than 1% Chromic oxide. The chromium is what permits the ruby to be used for a laser, producing red light. <ref>McGRAW-HILL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science & Technology 8th Edition (c) 1997, vol 15, page 688.</ref>
	* Other varieties of corundum crystal are known by ''colour'' sapphire. These are pink, yellow, violet and green sapphire<ref name=Cairncross />.
			*Blue corundum is known as '''sapphire'''. It gets its colour from iron and titanium impurities<ref name="Cairncross" />
			*Colourless (pure) corundum is known as '''white sapphire'''.
			*Other varieties of corundum crystal are known by ''colour'' sapphire. These are pink, yellow, violet and green sapphire<ref name="Cairncross" />.

	==Occurence==		==Occurence==
	On Earth, corundum mainly occurs in [[metamorphic rock]], as well as in [[alluvial deposits]].<ref name=Cairncross />		On Earth, corundum mainly occurs in [[metamorphic rock]], as well as in [[alluvial deposits]].<ref name="Cairncross" />

			Alumina is commonly found in clays that were created on Mars as a result of gravity and chemical separation in the primordial oceans.

	==Use==		==Use==
	* It is used as an [[abrasive]].<ref name=Cairncross />
	* Used in the production of [[refractory]].<ref name=Cairncross />		*It is used as an [[abrasive]].<ref name="Cairncross" />
	* Ruby [[laser\|lasers]] are based around synthetic ruby crystals, portions of which are doped with [[chromium]].		*Used in the production of [[refractory]].<ref name="Cairncross" />
	* Alumina ~~can be used as an~~ [[aluminium ore]].		*Alumina in clay is an important component of ceramics., bricks and other building materials.
	* Both natural and synthetic corundum is used in jewelry.		*Ruby [[laser\|lasers]] are based around synthetic ruby crystals, portions of which are doped with [[chromium]].
	* As a catalyst in the [[Sabatier process]].		*Alumina is the main component of [[aluminium ore]].
			*Both natural and synthetic corundum is used in jewelry.
			*As a catalyst in the [[Sabatier process]].

	==Open issues==		==Open issues==
	* How common are alumina deposits on Mars?
			*How common are alumina deposits on Mars?
			*Clay deposits are common.

	==References==		==References==

Jburk at 20:51, 17 December 2018

2018-12-17T20:51:46Z

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	<references />		<references />
	[[Category:~~Geology~~]]		[[Category:Materials]]

ChristiaanK: Add image

2013-02-20T17:52:13Z

Add image

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:52, 20 February 2013
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	'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or aluminium(III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name=Cairncross>B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium.		'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or aluminium(III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name=Cairncross>B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium.

			[[File:Alumina.jpg\|\|200px\|thumb\|rigth\|Top: a heap of chemically pure [[Activated_(Chemistry)\|activated]] alumina. Bottom left: a sapphire. Bottom right: a ruby.]]

	==Characteristics==		==Characteristics==

Farred: addition

2013-02-19T04:39:07Z

addition

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:39, 19 February 2013
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	==Variants==		==Variants==
	The colour of a corundum crystal depends on impurities.		The colour of a corundum crystal depends on impurities.
	* Red corundum is known as '''ruby'''.		* Red corundum is known as '''ruby'''.
			::The red color of Ruby comes from an impurity of considerabbly less than 1% Chromic oxide. The chromium is what permits the ruby to be used for a laser, producing red light. <ref>McGRAW-HILL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science & Technology 8th Edition (c) 1997, vol 15, page 688.</ref>
	* Blue corundum is known as '''sapphire'''. It gets its colour from iron and titanium impurities<ref name=Cairncross />		* Blue corundum is known as '''sapphire'''. It gets its colour from iron and titanium impurities<ref name=Cairncross />
	* Colourless (pure) corundum is known as '''white sapphire'''.		* Colourless (pure) corundum is known as '''white sapphire'''.

ChristiaanK: Expand

2013-02-16T18:03:04Z

Expand

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-{{Stub}}
+'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>, or aluminium(III) oxide. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name=Cairncross>B. Cairncross - ''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2 pp. 80-82</ref> Used without qualification, '''aluminium oxide''' usually refers to alumina rather than the other oxides of aluminium.
-'''Alumina''' is the chemical <math>Al_2O_3</math>. It occurs naturally as hexagonal crystals called '''corundum''', the second hardest [[mineral]] on Earth.<ref name=Cairncross>''Field guide to rocks and minerals of Southern Africa'' - B. Cairncross. 2004. ISBN 978-1-86872-985-2</ref>
+==Characteristics==
-The hardness of corundum by definition 9 on Mohs' scale and it has a white streak, vitreous lustre and specific gravity between 4.0 and 4.1<ref name=Cairncross />. It is used as an abrasive and the production of [[refractory]].
+==Variants==
 ==References==