Bees - Revision history

Michel Lamontagne: /* Open issues */

2022-11-10T16:44:39Z

Open issues

RichardWSmith: /* Open issues */

2022-08-23T07:49:53Z

Open issues

RichardWSmith: /* Open issues */ Asked about bee tolerance to CO2.

2022-08-23T07:49:13Z

Open issues: Asked about bee tolerance to CO2.

JohnPeace: /* Gravitational biology */

2022-08-22T17:26:28Z

Gravitational biology

JohnPeace: /* Gravitational biology */

2022-08-22T17:23:31Z

Gravitational biology

JohnPeace: /* Gravitational biology */

2022-08-22T17:21:35Z

Gravitational biology

Jburk at 23:14, 24 July 2018

2018-07-24T23:14:28Z

Rfc: stub-

2013-02-23T12:35:02Z

stub-

Rfc: link+, cat+

2013-02-23T12:33:38Z

link+, cat+

ChristiaanK: Grammar

2013-02-22T17:20:26Z

Grammar

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 ==Open issues==
 *How large could a self-sustaining colony grow before the need for insect pollinators becomes critical for sufficient food production?
 *Can bees be transported from Earth to Mars, alive?
 **Can bees communicate effectively in microgravity? If not, is it possible to keep the colony alive long enough for interplanetary transport? Are there eusocial bees which are less dependant on this method of communication?

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 **Since they navigate by light and are attracted to artificial lights in much the same manner as moths (due to the invalid assumption that the distance to the source is infinite), what would be the implication of keeping bees indoors, with no natural light?
 *How great would the dangers to astronauts be if a colony of stinging honeybees were so transported? Or, would a stingless bee be suitable?
-*Plants on Mars may be grown in anenriched carbon dioxide environments.  Are there CO2 resistant strains of bees?  What is the highest CO2 level suitable for bees?
+*Plants on Mars may be grown in an enriched carbon dioxide environments.  Are there CO2 resistant strains of bees?  What is the highest CO2 level suitable for bees?
 ==References==
 <references />
 [[Category:Livestock & Aquaculture]]

@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 **Since they navigate by light and are attracted to artificial lights in much the same manner as moths (due to the invalid assumption that the distance to the source is infinite), what would be the implication of keeping bees indoors, with no natural light?
 *How great would the dangers to astronauts be if a colony of stinging honeybees were so transported? Or, would a stingless bee be suitable?
 ==References==
 <references />
 [[Category:Livestock & Aquaculture]]

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 The dance of the honeybee is oriented at the same angle to the vertical as the object of interest is relative to the sun.<ref name=Holm /> For example, a food source 20 degrees left of the sun will cause the bee to perform her dance to an angle 20 degrees left of the vertical.
-To further complicate matters, the bees keep track of the sun at all times, even when inside the hive or when the sun is hidden behind the earth (at night).<ref name=Holm /> As honeybees have flown in microgravity only a few times [href=https://www.issnationallab.org/iss360/student-spotlight-high-school-girls-sent-live-bees-to-the-space-station/] -see here- [/href] without rigorous research into all behaviours, there is not much data on how they would adapt.
+To further complicate matters, the bees keep track of the sun at all times, even when inside the hive or when the sun is hidden behind the earth (at night).<ref name=Holm /> As honeybees have flown in microgravity only a few times [https://www.issnationallab.org/iss360/student-spotlight-high-school-girls-sent-live-bees-to-the-space-station/ -see here-] without rigorous research into all behaviours, there is not much data on how they would adapt.
 ==Senses==

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 The dance of the honeybee is oriented at the same angle to the vertical as the object of interest is relative to the sun.<ref name=Holm /> For example, a food source 20 degrees left of the sun will cause the bee to perform her dance to an angle 20 degrees left of the vertical.
-To further complicate matters, the bees keep track of the sun at all times, even when inside the hive or when the sun is hidden behind the earth (at night).<ref name=Holm /> As honeybees have flown in microgravity a few times without rigorous research into all behaviours, there is not much data on how they would adapt.
+To further complicate matters, the bees keep track of the sun at all times, even when inside the hive or when the sun is hidden behind the earth (at night).<ref name=Holm /> As honeybees have flown in microgravity only a few times [href=https://www.issnationallab.org/iss360/student-spotlight-high-school-girls-sent-live-bees-to-the-space-station/] -see here- [/href] without rigorous research into all behaviours, there is not much data on how they would adapt.
 ==Senses==

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 23 February 2013
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−	~~{{Stub}}~~
	Strictly speaking, ''bees'' are [[insects]] of the family Apidae which incluedes the ''honeybees'' (some Apis spp.) and ''stingless bees''. In this article, we discuss the entire superfamily Apoidea, which includes 9 families of bees and bee-like insects.<ref name=Holm>E. Holm - ''Inseklopedie van Suider-Afrika'' 2008. ISBN 978-0-7993-4272-7 pp. 25, 240, 355-356</ref>		Strictly speaking, ''bees'' are [[insects]] of the family Apidae which incluedes the ''honeybees'' (some Apis spp.) and ''stingless bees''. In this article, we discuss the entire superfamily Apoidea, which includes 9 families of bees and bee-like insects.<ref name=Holm>E. Holm - ''Inseklopedie van Suider-Afrika'' 2008. ISBN 978-0-7993-4272-7 pp. 25, 240, 355-356</ref>

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 {{Stub}}
-Strictly speaking, ''bees'' are insects of the family Apidae which incluedes the ''honeybees'' (some Apis spp.) and ''stingless bees''. In this article, we discuss the entire superfamily Apoidea, which includes 9 families of bees and bee-like insects.<ref name=Holm>E. Holm - ''Inseklopedie van Suider-Afrika'' 2008. ISBN 978-0-7993-4272-7 pp. 25, 240, 355-356</ref>
+Strictly speaking, ''bees'' are [[insects]] of the family Apidae which incluedes the ''honeybees'' (some Apis spp.) and ''stingless bees''. In this article, we discuss the entire superfamily Apoidea, which includes 9 families of bees and bee-like insects.<ref name=Holm>E. Holm - ''Inseklopedie van Suider-Afrika'' 2008. ISBN 978-0-7993-4272-7 pp. 25, 240, 355-356</ref>
 All members of Apoidea are adapted to collect nectar and pollen from flowers. The nectar is regurgitated and made into honey, which the adults themselves eat and feed to the larvae (pollen supplies protein and honey carbohydrates). These insects display the full range from completely social to completely solitary.
-Honeybees are social insects with important [[agriculture|agricultural]] applications. In addition to acting as pollinators for a large variety of flowering plants, they produce a harvestable surplus of honey, a nutritious foodstuff which has been used since ancient times for its antibacterial and antifungal properties<ref name=Holm />. Many of the social stingless bees are also used for these purposes.
+Honeybees are social insects with important [[agriculture|agricultural]] applications. In addition to acting as pollinators for a large variety of flowering plants, they produce a harvestable surplus of honey, a nutritious foodstuff which has been used since ancient times for its antibacterial and antifungal properties<ref name=Holm />, making it a valuable candidate as a food part in a Martian colony. Many of the social stingless bees are also used for these purposes.
 [[File:Apis_mellifera_scutellata.jpg|200px|thumb|rigth|African honeybee]]
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 <references />
 [[Category:Agriculture]]

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 ==Senses==
-Bumblebees are believed to have the ability to detect, by electric fields, which flowers have recently been visited by other bees.<ref name=ClarkeEtAl>D. Clarke, H. Whitney, G. Sutton & D. Robert - [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/02/20/science.1230883.abstract ''Detection and learning of floral electric fields by bumblebees''] in Science Express (pre-print). 2013.</ref> Whether this ability is present in other bees, and whether it is in any way affected by the magnetic fields and radiation involved in space travel, is yet to be determined.
+Bumblebees are believed to have the ability to detect, by electric fields, which flowers have recently been visited by other bees.<ref name=ClarkeEtAl>D. Clarke, H. Whitney, G. Sutton & D. Robert - [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/02/20/science.1230883.abstract ''Detection and learning of floral electric fields by bumblebees''] in Science Express (pre-print). 2013.</ref> Whether this ability is present in other bees, and whether it is in any way affected by the magnetic fields and radiation involved in space travel, are yet to be determined.
 ==Open issues==