Biological reactors - Revision history

Michel Lamontagne: /* Biomass to engineered foods */

2022-09-12T13:11:55Z

Biomass to engineered foods

Michel Lamontagne at 15:40, 3 June 2021

2021-06-03T15:40:46Z

Multivac: /* Methanotrophs */

2020-11-11T15:14:12Z

Methanotrophs

Multivac: /* Methanotrophs */

2020-07-27T13:03:55Z

Methanotrophs

Multivac: /* Syngas to biomass */

2020-07-26T05:03:22Z

Syngas to biomass

Multivac at 03:18, 26 July 2020

2020-07-26T03:18:35Z

Multivac: /* Methanotrophs */

2020-07-26T00:25:36Z

Methanotrophs

Multivac: /* Methanotrophs */

2020-07-26T00:10:20Z

Methanotrophs

Multivac: /* Grass to glucose */

2020-07-25T23:56:15Z

Grass to glucose

Multivac: /* Xenotrophs */

2020-07-24T03:35:13Z

Xenotrophs

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 ==Biomass to engineered foods==
-Using genetically modified yeasts, it is also possible to directly produce proteins such as those found in eggs<ref>https://github.com/thethoughtemporium/Whose-gene-is-it-anyway/blob/master/milk-and-eggs/46815%20with%20ovalbumin%20and%20secretion%20tag.gb</ref> or milk<ref>https://github.com/thethoughtemporium/Whose-gene-is-it-anyway/blob/master/milk-and-eggs/4681%205deer%20milk%20b%20casein%20kcasein%20a%20lactalbumin%20and%20b%20lactoglobulin.gb</ref><ref>https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/patent/US2017273328</ref>. It is also possible to produce various flavonoids, providing a variety of smells and flavors to artificially produced food. Vitimins and other essential nutrients can also be produced and added to ensure that foods are both tasty and nutritious.
+Using genetically modified yeasts, it is also possible to directly produce proteins such as those found in eggs<ref>https://github.com/thethoughtemporium/Whose-gene-is-it-anyway/blob/master/milk-and-eggs/46815%20with%20ovalbumin%20and%20secretion%20tag.gb</ref> or milk<ref>https://github.com/thethoughtemporium/Whose-gene-is-it-anyway/blob/master/milk-and-eggs/4681%205deer%20milk%20b%20casein%20kcasein%20a%20lactalbumin%20and%20b%20lactoglobulin.gb</ref><ref>https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/patent/US2017273328</ref>. It is also possible to produce various flavonoids, providing a variety of smells and flavors to artificially produced food. Vitamins and other essential nutrients can also be produced and added to ensure that foods are both tasty and nutritious.
 <references />

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Methanotrophs==
-Methanotrophs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylococcus_capsulatus Methylococcus capsulatus] can use methane and methanol as both a source of energy as well as a carbon source<ref>https://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?map00680</ref>. Using a [[Sabatier_process|sabatier reactor]], nuclear power can be used to convert [[Atmospheric_mining|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> into food or other biomass. To grow, these methanotrophs also require Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous and various trace metals. Nitrogen can be captured from the martian atmosphere, by allowing the Methanotrophs to grow in an anoxic atmosphere<ref>https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-129-11-3481</ref> and nitrogen fix for themselves, or through a Haber reactor on refined atmospheric nitrogen producing [[ammonia]]. Sulfur and phosphorous are accessible in the regolith and will be released through metal processing. Other trace metals are only needed in minute amounts to operate enzymes and are easily recycled. These microbes are currently used on earth to produce animal feed<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163733/https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/</ref>, and their use in human food production is an active area of [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] research<ref>https://solarfoods.fi/</ref>. The growth yields of methanotrophs have been extensively studied<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02947/full</ref>, with [[Methanol]]/[[Nitrate]] feedstock with trace amounts of [[Copper]] shown as an optimal point, with lower yields but higher carbon conversion efficiencies than other feedstocks<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02346062</ref>. Colonies could potentially use Methanotrophs as a [[food|foodstuff]] utilizing [[Nuclear_power|nuclear power]] in the [[nuclear food cycle]], which may be considerably more compact or easier to deploy than [[greenhouse|greenhouses]] or other conventional [[farm|farming]] methods.
+Methanotrophs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylococcus_capsulatus Methylococcus capsulatus] can use methane and methanol as both a source of energy as well as a carbon source<ref>https://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?map00680</ref>. Using a [[Sabatier_process|Sabatier reactor]], nuclear power can be used to convert [[Atmospheric_mining|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> into food or other biomass through biological processes. To grow, these methanotrophs also require Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous and various trace metals. Nitrogen can be captured from the Martian atmosphere, by allowing the Methanotrophs to grow in an anoxic atmosphere<ref>https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-129-11-3481</ref> and nitrogen fix for themselves, or through a [[Ammonia|Haber reactor]] on refined atmospheric nitrogen producing [[ammonia]]. Sulfur and phosphorous are accessible in the regolith and will be released through metal processing. Other trace metals are only needed in minute amounts to operate enzymes and are easily recycled. These microbes are currently used on Earth to produce animal feed<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163733/https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/</ref>, and their use in human food production is an active area of [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] research<ref>https://solarfoods.fi/</ref>. The growth yields of methanotrophs have been extensively studied<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02947/full</ref>, with [[Methanol]]/[[Nitrate]] feedstock with trace amounts of [[Copper]] shown as an optimal point, with lower yields but higher carbon conversion efficiencies than other feedstocks<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02346062</ref>. Colonies could potentially use Methanotrophs as a [[food|foodstuff]] utilizing [[Nuclear_power|nuclear power]] in the [[nuclear food cycle]], or [[Photovoltaics|solar power]] electricity, which may be considerably more compact or easier to deploy than [[greenhouse|greenhouses]] or other conventional [[farm|farming]] methods.
 ==Grass to glucose==
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 ==Xenotrophs==
-Some organisms, such as [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Rhodopseudomonas|''Rhodopseudomonas palustris''] have a versatile metabolism, and so can consume a wide variety of chemicals both with and without sunlight in order to grow. It is capable of fixing both atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940424/</ref>, and oxidising things as diverse as Iron<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4391</ref>, aromatic hydrocarbons or plant lignin<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopseudomonas_palustris</ref> as a source of energy. It has also been shown to be able to produce CH<sub>4</sub> with a modified nitrogenase when grown on acetate/carbonate and exposed to light<ref>https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/36/10163.full.pdf</ref>.
+Some organisms, such as [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Rhodopseudomonas| ''Rhodopseudomonas palustris''] have a versatile metabolism, and so can consume a wide variety of chemicals both with and without sunlight in order to grow. It is capable of fixing both atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub><ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940424/</ref>, and oxidising things as diverse as Iron<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms4391</ref>, aromatic hydrocarbons or plant lignin<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodopseudomonas_palustris</ref> as a source of energy. It has also been shown to be able to produce CH<sub>4</sub> with a modified nitrogenase when grown on acetate/carbonate and exposed to light<ref>https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/36/10163.full.pdf</ref>.
 ==Biomass to industrial chemicals==
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 ==Biomass to engineered foods==
 Using genetically modified yeasts, it is also possible to directly produce proteins such as those found in eggs<ref>https://github.com/thethoughtemporium/Whose-gene-is-it-anyway/blob/master/milk-and-eggs/46815%20with%20ovalbumin%20and%20secretion%20tag.gb</ref> or milk<ref>https://github.com/thethoughtemporium/Whose-gene-is-it-anyway/blob/master/milk-and-eggs/4681%205deer%20milk%20b%20casein%20kcasein%20a%20lactalbumin%20and%20b%20lactoglobulin.gb</ref><ref>https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/patent/US2017273328</ref>. It is also possible to produce various flavonoids, providing a variety of smells and flavors to artificially produced food. Vitimins and other essential nutrients can also be produced and added to ensure that foods are both tasty and nutritious.
 <references />

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Methanotrophs==
-Methanotrophs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylococcus_capsulatus Methylococcus capsulatus] can use methane and methanol as both a source of energy as well as a carbon source. Using a [[Sabatier_process|sabatier reactor]], nuclear power can be used to convert [[Atmospheric_mining|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> into food or other biomass. To grow, these methanotrophs also require Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous and various trace metals. Nitrogen can be captured from the martian atmosphere, by allowing the Methanotrophs to grow in an anoxic atmosphere<ref>https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-129-11-3481</ref> and nitrogen fix for themselves, or through a Haber reactor on refined atmospheric nitrogen producing [[ammonia]]. Sulfur and phosphorous are accessible in the regolith and will be released through metal processing. Other trace metals are only needed in minute amounts to operate enzymes and are easily recycled. These microbes are currently used on earth to produce animal feed<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163733/https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/</ref>, and their use in human food production is an active area of [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] research<ref>https://solarfoods.fi/</ref>. The growth yields of methanotrophs have been extensively studied<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02947/full</ref>, with [[Methanol]]/[[Nitrate]] feedstock with trace amounts of [[Copper]] shown as an optimal point, with lower yields but higher carbon conversion efficiencies than other feedstocks<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02346062</ref>. Colonies could potentially use Methanotrophs as a [[food|foodstuff]] utilizing [[Nuclear_power|nuclear power]] in the [[nuclear food cycle]], which may be considerably more compact or easier to deploy than [[greenhouse|greenhouses]] or other conventional [[farm|farming]] methods.
+Methanotrophs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylococcus_capsulatus Methylococcus capsulatus] can use methane and methanol as both a source of energy as well as a carbon source<ref>https://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_pathway?map00680</ref>. Using a [[Sabatier_process|sabatier reactor]], nuclear power can be used to convert [[Atmospheric_mining|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> into food or other biomass. To grow, these methanotrophs also require Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous and various trace metals. Nitrogen can be captured from the martian atmosphere, by allowing the Methanotrophs to grow in an anoxic atmosphere<ref>https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-129-11-3481</ref> and nitrogen fix for themselves, or through a Haber reactor on refined atmospheric nitrogen producing [[ammonia]]. Sulfur and phosphorous are accessible in the regolith and will be released through metal processing. Other trace metals are only needed in minute amounts to operate enzymes and are easily recycled. These microbes are currently used on earth to produce animal feed<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163733/https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/</ref>, and their use in human food production is an active area of [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] research<ref>https://solarfoods.fi/</ref>. The growth yields of methanotrophs have been extensively studied<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02947/full</ref>, with [[Methanol]]/[[Nitrate]] feedstock with trace amounts of [[Copper]] shown as an optimal point, with lower yields but higher carbon conversion efficiencies than other feedstocks<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02346062</ref>. Colonies could potentially use Methanotrophs as a [[food|foodstuff]] utilizing [[Nuclear_power|nuclear power]] in the [[nuclear food cycle]], which may be considerably more compact or easier to deploy than [[greenhouse|greenhouses]] or other conventional [[farm|farming]] methods.
 ==Grass to glucose==

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 ==Methanotrophs==
-Methanotrophs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylococcus_capsulatus Methylococcus capsulatus] can use methane and methanol as both a source of energy as well as a carbon source. Using a [[Sabatier_process|sabatier reactor]], nuclear power can be used to convert [[Atmospheric_mining|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> into food or other biomass. To grow, these methanotrophs also require Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous and various trace metals. Nitrogen can be captured from the martian atmosphere, by allowing the Methanotrophs to grow in an anoxic atmosphere<ref>https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-129-11-3481</ref> and nitrogen fix for themselves, or through a Haber reactor on refined atmospheric nitrogen producing [[ammonia]]. Sulfur and phosphorous are accessible in the regolith and will be released through metal processing. Other trace metals are only needed in minute amounts to operate enzymes and are easily recycled. These microbes are currently used on earth to produce animal feed<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163733/https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/</ref>, and their use in human food production is an active area of [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] research<ref>https://solarfoods.fi/</ref>. The growth yields of methanotrophs have been extensively studied<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02947/full</ref>, with [[Methanol]]/[[Nitrate]] feedstock with trace amounts of [[Copper]] shown as an optimal point, with lower yields but higher carbon conversion efficiencies than other feedstocks<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02346062</ref>.
+Methanotrophs such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylococcus_capsulatus Methylococcus capsulatus] can use methane and methanol as both a source of energy as well as a carbon source. Using a [[Sabatier_process|sabatier reactor]], nuclear power can be used to convert [[Atmospheric_mining|atmospheric]] CO<sub>2</sub> into food or other biomass. To grow, these methanotrophs also require Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous and various trace metals. Nitrogen can be captured from the martian atmosphere, by allowing the Methanotrophs to grow in an anoxic atmosphere<ref>https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-129-11-3481</ref> and nitrogen fix for themselves, or through a Haber reactor on refined atmospheric nitrogen producing [[ammonia]]. Sulfur and phosphorous are accessible in the regolith and will be released through metal processing. Other trace metals are only needed in minute amounts to operate enzymes and are easily recycled. These microbes are currently used on earth to produce animal feed<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163733/https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/</ref>, and their use in human food production is an active area of [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] research<ref>https://solarfoods.fi/</ref>. The growth yields of methanotrophs have been extensively studied<ref>https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02947/full</ref>, with [[Methanol]]/[[Nitrate]] feedstock with trace amounts of [[Copper]] shown as an optimal point, with lower yields but higher carbon conversion efficiencies than other feedstocks<ref>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02346062</ref>. Colonies could potentially use Methanotrophs as a [[food|foodstuff]] utilizing [[Nuclear_power|nuclear power]] in the [[nuclear food cycle]], which may be considerably more compact or easier to deploy than [[greenhouse|greenhouses]] or other conventional [[farm|farming]] methods.
 ==Grass to glucose==

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 ==Syngas to biomass==
-[[Syngas]], produced through either recycling carbon containing compounds through [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis pyrolysis] or directly from [[carbon_dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] and [[water]], can be used to produce biomass. Organisms such as ''Clostridium carboxidivorans''<ref>https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63482-0</ref> can directly metabolize [[syngas]] as a source of energy and [[carbon]], forming industrially useful compounds such as [[ethanol]], [[acetic acid]], [[butanol]] and [[butyric acid]]<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10312-2</ref>. Alternatively, syngas can also be used to produce [[methanol]] or [[methane]] which can be fed to [[Biological_reactors#Methanotrophs|Methanotrophs]].
+[[Syngas]], produced through either recycling carbon containing compounds through [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis pyrolysis] or directly from [[carbon_dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] and [[water]], can be used to produce biomass. Organisms such as ''Clostridium carboxidivorans''<ref>https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63482-0</ref> can directly metabolize [[syngas]] as a source of energy and [[carbon]], forming industrially useful compounds such as [[ethanol]], [[acetic acid]] along with medium chain (C<sub>4</sub>/C<sub>6</sub>) fatty acids and alcohols<ref>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10312-2</ref><ref>https://biotechnologyforbiofuels.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13068-016-0495-0</ref>. Alternatively, syngas can also be used to produce [[methanol]] or [[methane]] which can be fed to [[Biological_reactors#Methanotrophs|Methanotrophs]].
 ==Xenotrophs==

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 ==Grass to glucose==
-Traditional hydroponic farming is complex and labor intensive. In contrast, growing and harvesting large grasses such as ''Miscanthus Giganteus'' is simple to do in a large scale and automated way. These grasses can then be broken down via cellulases to provide an accessible source of glucose, along with other industrially useful compounds such as THF (a common solvent)<ref>https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00134</ref>.
+Traditional hydroponic farming is complex and labor intensive. In contrast, growing and harvesting large grasses such as ''Miscanthus Giganteus'' is simple to do in a large scale and automated way through [[cellulose]] farms. These grasses can then be broken down via cellulases to provide an accessible source of glucose, along with other industrially useful compounds such as THF (a common solvent)<ref>https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00134</ref>.
 ==Xenotrophs==