Dark slope streaks - Revision history

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What causes dark slope streaks?

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	==What causes dark slope streaks?==		==What causes dark slope streaks?==

	Although many ideas have been put forward to explain slope streaks, the general opinion today is that they are simply avalanches of darker colored dust.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/hipod/ESP_022991_2070</ref> <ref>https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_009192_1890</ref> <ref>Treiman, A.H.; Louge, M.Y. (2004). Martian Slope Streaks and Gullies: Origins as Dry Granular Flows. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1323. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1323.pdf</ref> Nearly all of Mars is covered with a thin, bright dust. On steep slopes this layer of dust can move away and reveal a dark surface. The dark volcanic rock basalt lies under the lighter-toned dust which falls out of the atmosphere. In a study of over 500,000 dark slope streaks, researchers found that streaks were more likey to form in dusty areas instead of moist places. The authors ~~state: "We show~~ that slope streaks modify less than 0.1% of the martian surface, but transport several global storm equivalents of dust per Mars year, potentially playing a major role in the martian dust cycle." <ref> Valentin, T. and A. Valantinas. 2025. Streaks on martian slopes are dry.		Although many ideas have been put forward to explain slope streaks, the general opinion today is that they are simply avalanches of darker colored dust.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/hipod/ESP_022991_2070</ref> <ref>https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_009192_1890</ref> <ref>Treiman, A.H.; Louge, M.Y. (2004). Martian Slope Streaks and Gullies: Origins as Dry Granular Flows. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1323. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1323.pdf</ref> Nearly all of Mars is covered with a thin, bright dust. On steep slopes this layer of dust can move away and reveal a dark surface. The dark volcanic rock basalt lies under the lighter-toned dust which falls out of the atmosphere. In a study of over 500,000 dark slope streaks, researchers found that streaks were more likey to form in dusty areas instead of moist places. The authors also determined that slope streaks modify less than 0.1% of the martian surface, but transport several global storm equivalents of dust per Mars year; hence, potentially playing a major role in the martian dust cycle." <ref> Valentin, T. and A. Valantinas. 2025. Streaks on martian slopes are dry.
	Nature Communications. </ref> <ref>https://www.space.com/astronomy/mars/dark-streaks-on-mars-may-not-come-from-water-after-all-scientists-say?utm_term=CABA215D-3D47-4C9A-92FE-9ECF8D4C7909&lrh=e62336263a3610a07ef7c8af2080c758f2ecd0661aab1a8e6234cf31f0d0fdff&utm_campaign=58E4DE65-C57F-4CD3-9A5A-609994E2C5A9&utm_medium=email&utm_content=CC262A6E-5136-48F9-B124-6B5979B0DBA3&utm_source=SmartBrief</ref>		Nature Communications. </ref> <ref>https://www.space.com/astronomy/mars/dark-streaks-on-mars-may-not-come-from-water-after-all-scientists-say?utm_term=CABA215D-3D47-4C9A-92FE-9ECF8D4C7909&lrh=e62336263a3610a07ef7c8af2080c758f2ecd0661aab1a8e6234cf31f0d0fdff&utm_campaign=58E4DE65-C57F-4CD3-9A5A-609994E2C5A9&utm_medium=email&utm_content=CC262A6E-5136-48F9-B124-6B5979B0DBA3&utm_source=SmartBrief</ref>
	With the long term observations from orbit, researchers have noticed that strikes by meteorites can start the process of slope formation.<ref>http://www.uahirise.org/epo/nuggets/dust-avalanche.pdf</ref> <ref>https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_054066_1920</ref> Moreover, even the air blast from an oncoming strike can trigger clusters of slopes to form.<ref>Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar. 2012. Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars Icarus: 217 (1) 194 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026</ref>		With the long term observations from orbit, researchers have noticed that strikes by meteorites can start the process of slope formation.<ref>http://www.uahirise.org/epo/nuggets/dust-avalanche.pdf</ref> <ref>https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_054066_1920</ref> Moreover, even the air blast from an oncoming strike can trigger clusters of slopes to form.<ref>Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar. 2012. Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars Icarus: 217 (1) 194 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026</ref>

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2025-05-21T14:25:31Z

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	==What causes dark slope streaks?==		==What causes dark slope streaks?==

	Although many ideas have been put forward to explain slope streaks, the general opinion today is that they are simply avalanches of darker colored dust.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/hipod/ESP_022991_2070</ref> <ref>https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_009192_1890</ref> <ref>Treiman, A.H.; Louge, M.Y. (2004). Martian Slope Streaks and Gullies: Origins as Dry Granular Flows. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1323. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1323.pdf</ref> Nearly all of Mars is covered with a thin, bright dust. On steep slopes this layer of dust can move away and reveal a dark surface. The dark volcanic rock basalt lies under the lighter-toned dust which falls out of the atmosphere.		Although many ideas have been put forward to explain slope streaks, the general opinion today is that they are simply avalanches of darker colored dust.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/hipod/ESP_022991_2070</ref> <ref>https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_009192_1890</ref> <ref>Treiman, A.H.; Louge, M.Y. (2004). Martian Slope Streaks and Gullies: Origins as Dry Granular Flows. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1323. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1323.pdf</ref> Nearly all of Mars is covered with a thin, bright dust. On steep slopes this layer of dust can move away and reveal a dark surface. The dark volcanic rock basalt lies under the lighter-toned dust which falls out of the atmosphere. In a study of over 500,000 dark slope streaks, researchers found that streaks were more likey to form in dusty areas instead of moist places. The authors state: "We show that slope streaks modify less than 0.1% of the martian surface, but transport several global storm equivalents of dust per Mars year, potentially playing a major role in the martian dust cycle." <ref> Valentin, T. and A. Valantinas. 2025. Streaks on martian slopes are dry.
			Nature Communications. </ref> <ref>https://www.space.com/astronomy/mars/dark-streaks-on-mars-may-not-come-from-water-after-all-scientists-say?utm_term=CABA215D-3D47-4C9A-92FE-9ECF8D4C7909&lrh=e62336263a3610a07ef7c8af2080c758f2ecd0661aab1a8e6234cf31f0d0fdff&utm_campaign=58E4DE65-C57F-4CD3-9A5A-609994E2C5A9&utm_medium=email&utm_content=CC262A6E-5136-48F9-B124-6B5979B0DBA3&utm_source=SmartBrief</ref>
	With the long term observations from orbit, researchers have noticed that strikes by meteorites can start the process of slope formation.<ref>http://www.uahirise.org/epo/nuggets/dust-avalanche.pdf</ref> <ref>https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_054066_1920</ref> Moreover, even the air blast from an oncoming strike can trigger clusters of slopes to form.<ref>Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar. 2012. Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars Icarus: 217 (1) 194 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026</ref>		With the long term observations from orbit, researchers have noticed that strikes by meteorites can start the process of slope formation.<ref>http://www.uahirise.org/epo/nuggets/dust-avalanche.pdf</ref> <ref>https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_054066_1920</ref> Moreover, even the air blast from an oncoming strike can trigger clusters of slopes to form.<ref>Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar. 2012. Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars Icarus: 217 (1) 194 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026</ref>
	However, some researchers have put forth a "wet model" in which liquid water is involved.<ref>Junior, C. and T. Statella. 2023. Monitoring martian slope streaks in the northeast of Lysus sulci. Icarus. 406: 115737.</ref> <ref>Bhardwaj, A., et al. 2018. Are Slope Streaks Indicative of Global-Scale Aqueous Processes on Contemporary Mars? Reviews of Geophysics: Volume 57, Issue 1 p. 48-77</ref>		However, some researchers have put forth a "wet model" in which liquid water is involved.<ref>Junior, C. and T. Statella. 2023. Monitoring martian slope streaks in the northeast of Lysus sulci. Icarus. 406: 115737.</ref> <ref>Bhardwaj, A., et al. 2018. Are Slope Streaks Indicative of Global-Scale Aqueous Processes on Contemporary Mars? Reviews of Geophysics: Volume 57, Issue 1 p. 48-77</ref>

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	<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">		<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">

			File:ESP 055285 2030-animationstreaks.gif\|Animation showing changes in streaks on slopes of ridges within the Olympus Mons Aureole. The changes happened in 6 years.

	File:Mesa with dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 01.jpg\|Wide view of mesas with dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program		File:Mesa with dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 01.jpg\|Wide view of mesas with dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

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	*[https://static.uahirise.org/images/2020/details/cut/ESP_063204_1800.gif Looking for Slope Streaks]		*[https://static.uahirise.org/images/2020/details/cut/ESP_063204_1800.gif Looking for Slope Streaks]

			* Lucas, A. et al. 2024. S1222a marsquake. Icarus. Volume 411. 115942
	[[Category: Geologic Processes]]		[[Category: Geologic Processes]]

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	Dust devils have been observed to start the formation of dark slope streaks.<ref>https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520303249#bb0020</ref> <ref>Heyer, T., et al. 2020. Dust devil triggering of slope streaks on Mars. Icarus. Icarus		Dust devils have been observed to start the formation of dark slope streaks.<ref>https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520303249#bb0020</ref> <ref>Heyer, T., et al. 2020. Dust devil triggering of slope streaks on Mars. Icarus. Icarus
	Volume 351. 113951</ref>		Volume 351. 113951</ref>

			Marsquakes may be involved in starting dark slope streaks. A team of researchers found an increase in dark slope streaks after S1222, a marsquake that was detected by the Insight lander. The quake occured on On May 4, 2022.
			<ref>Lucas, A. et al. 2024. S1222a marsquake. Icarus. Volume 411. 115942 </ref>


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	File:ESP 054066 1920newstreak.jpg\|New dark slope streak that was triggered by an impact Location is the Arabia quadrangle		File:ESP 054066 1920newstreak.jpg\|New dark slope streak that was triggered by an impact Location is the Arabia quadrangle
	</gallery>		</gallery>


	==More views of dark slope streaks==		==More views of dark slope streaks==

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	Gullies and streaks are found in different areas on the planet. While the streaks are towards the equator, gullies are often found in the middle northern and southern hemispheres.		Gullies and streaks are found in different areas on the planet. While the streaks are towards the equator, gullies are often found in the middle northern and southern hemispheres.

	Like gullies and streaks, recurring slope lineae are seen on steep slopes, but they are smaller, more narrow, and straighter. Since they seem to lengthen as the temperature increases, they were believed to be involved with liquid water.		Like gullies and streaks, recurring slope lineae are seen on steep slopes, but they are smaller, more narrow, and straighter. Since they seem to lengthen as the temperature increases, they were believed to be involved with liquid water.<ref>Stillman, D., et al. 2017. Characteristics of the numerous and widespread recurring slope lineae (RSL) in Valles Marineris, Mars. Icarus. Volume 285. Pages 195-210</ref> <ref>McEwen, A. et al. 2011. Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes. Science, 333(6043), 740–743. doi:10.1126/science.1204816 PMID 21817049. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/740. </ref>
	<ref>McEwen, A. et al. 2011. Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes. Science, 333(6043), 740–743. doi:10.1126/science.1204816 PMID 21817049. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/740. </ref>
	<ref>Mann, Adam (18 February 2014). "Strange Dark Streaks on Mars Get More and More Mysterious". Wired. Retrieved 18 February 2014. </ref>		<ref>Mann, Adam (18 February 2014). "Strange Dark Streaks on Mars Get More and More Mysterious". Wired. Retrieved 18 February 2014. </ref>
	<ref>Chang, K. 2011. "Scientists Find Signs Water Is Flowing on Mars," New York Times, August 4, A13. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/science/space/05mars.html?_r=1&ref=marsplanet. </ref>		<ref>Chang, K. 2011. "Scientists Find Signs Water Is Flowing on Mars," New York Times, August 4, A13. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/science/space/05mars.html?_r=1&ref=marsplanet. </ref>

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	==More views of dark slope streaks==		==More views of dark slope streaks==

			<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">

			File:Mesa with dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 01.jpg\|Wide view of mesas with dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
			File:Mesa with dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 02.jpg\|Large group of dark slope streaks along a mesa wall, as seen by HIRISE
			File:Dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 03.jpg\|Close view of end of dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE
			File:Mesa with dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 04.jpg\|Dark slope streaks along a mesa wall, as seen by HIRISE Picture is about 1 km across.

			File:Dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 05.jpg\|Close view of end of dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE

			</gallery>

	==Other slope features==		==Other slope features==

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Other slope features

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	File:ESP 054066 1920newstreak.jpg\|New dark slope streak that was triggered by an impact Location is the Arabia quadrangle		File:ESP 054066 1920newstreak.jpg\|New dark slope streak that was triggered by an impact Location is the Arabia quadrangle
	</gallery>		</gallery>


			==More views of dark slope streaks==




	==Other slope features==		==Other slope features==

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	Although event like meteorite impact nearby can trigger the formation of streaks, surface temperature and wind velocity may be connected to dark slope streak formation. This conclusion was described in a recent article in the journal Icarus.<ref>Heyer, T., et al. 2019. Seasonal formation rates of martian slope streaks. Icarus </ref> It has been found that streaks can start when dry ice in the ground turns into a gas. Dry ice turning into a gas can make a wind that disturbs the dust; thus starting it to move down a slope. Dry ice can form under the surface as temperature drops.<ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JE006988</ref> <ref>Lange, S., et al. 2022. Gardening of the Martian Regolith by Diurnal CO2 Frost and the Formation of Slope Streaks. JGR Planets. Volume127, Issue4. e2021JE006988</ref>		Although event like meteorite impact nearby can trigger the formation of streaks, surface temperature and wind velocity may be connected to dark slope streak formation. This conclusion was described in a recent article in the journal Icarus.<ref>Heyer, T., et al. 2019. Seasonal formation rates of martian slope streaks. Icarus </ref> It has been found that streaks can start when dry ice in the ground turns into a gas. Dry ice turning into a gas can make a wind that disturbs the dust; thus starting it to move down a slope. Dry ice can form under the surface as temperature drops.<ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JE006988</ref> <ref>Lange, S., et al. 2022. Gardening of the Martian Regolith by Diurnal CO2 Frost and the Formation of Slope Streaks. JGR Planets. Volume127, Issue4. e2021JE006988</ref>

			Dust devils have been observed to start the formation of dark slope streaks.<ref>https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520303249#bb0020</ref> <ref>Heyer, T., et al. 2020. Dust devil triggering of slope streaks on Mars. Icarus. Icarus
			Volume 351. 113951</ref>

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	[[File:Fan-shaped Streaks ESP 012410 1835cropped.jpg\|300px\|right\|Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE]]		[[File:Fan-shaped Streaks ESP 012410 1835cropped.jpg\|300px\|right\|Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE]]
	Dark slope streaks are found on Mars on dust-covered slopes often near the equator; they are believed to be avalanches involving bright Martian dust moving down slope and exposing the dark underlying rock.		Dark slope streaks are found on Mars on dust-covered slopes often near the equator; they are believed to be avalanches involving bright Martian dust moving down slope and exposing the dark underlying rock. However, some researchers suggest that water may be involved.<ref>A. Bhardwaj, L. Sam, F.J. Martín-Torres, M.P. Zorzano. 2019. Are slope streaks indicative of global-scale aqueous processes on contemporary Mars?
			Rev. Geophys. 10.1029/2018RG000617</ref>

	==Appearance==		==Appearance==