Fretted terrain - Revision history

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Lineated floor deposits

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	===Lineated floor deposits===		===Lineated floor deposits===

			Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03.</ref>

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	Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03.</ref>

	Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref>		Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref>

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Lineated floor deposits: added image

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	Eventually, proof of their true nature was discovered when radar studies with the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] showed that they contained pure water ice covered with a thin layer of rocks that insulated the ice.<ref>http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf</ref> <ref>Head, J. et al. 2005. Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars. Nature: 434. 346-350</ref> <ref>[https://archive.today/20121205041820/http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18050 Mars' climate in flux: Mid-latitude glaciers \| Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars News<!</ref> <ref>[http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2008/04/martian-glaciers Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active \| Brown University News and Events</ref> <ref>Plaut, J. et al. 2008. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2290.pdf</ref> <ref>Holt, J. et al. 2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2441.pdf</ref>		Eventually, proof of their true nature was discovered when radar studies with the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] showed that they contained pure water ice covered with a thin layer of rocks that insulated the ice.<ref>http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf</ref> <ref>Head, J. et al. 2005. Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars. Nature: 434. 346-350</ref> <ref>[https://archive.today/20121205041820/http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18050 Mars' climate in flux: Mid-latitude glaciers \| Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars News<!</ref> <ref>[http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2008/04/martian-glaciers Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active \| Brown University News and Events</ref> <ref>Plaut, J. et al. 2008. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2290.pdf</ref> <ref>Holt, J. et al. 2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2441.pdf</ref>

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			File:ESP 036619 2275ldalabeled.jpg\|Lobate debris apron LDA) around a mound <ref>Baker, D., et al. 2009. Flow patterns of lobate debris aprons and lineated valley fill north of Ismeniae Fossae, Mars: Evidence for extensive mid-latitude glaciation in the Late Amazonian. Icarus: 207. 186-209.</ref> <ref>Marchant, D. and J. Head. 2007. Antarctic dry valleys: Microclimate zonation, variable geomorphic processes, and implications for assessing climatic change on Mars. Icarus: 192.187-222</ref> <ref>Dickson, J., et al. 2008. Late Amazonian glaciation at the dichotomy boundary on Mars: Evidence for glacial thickness maxima and multiple glacial phases. Geology: 36 (5) 411-415</ref> <ref>Kress, A., et al. 2006. The nature of the transition from lobate debris aprons to lineated valley fill: Mamers Valles, Northern Arabia Terra-Deuteronilus Mensae region on Mars. Lunar. Planet. Sci. 37. Abstract 1323</ref>
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	Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03.</ref>		Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03.</ref>

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	Eventually, proof of their true nature was discovered when radar studies with the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] showed that they contained pure water ice covered with a thin layer of rocks that insulated the ice.<ref>http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf</ref> <ref>Head, J. et al. 2005. Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars. Nature: 434. 346-350</ref> <ref>[https://archive.today/20121205041820/http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18050 Mars' climate in flux: Mid-latitude glaciers \| Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars News<!</ref> <ref>[http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2008/04/martian-glaciers Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active \| Brown University News and Events</ref> <ref>Plaut, J. et al. 2008. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2290.pdf</ref> <ref>Holt, J. et al. 2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2441.pdf</ref>		Eventually, proof of their true nature was discovered when radar studies with the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] showed that they contained pure water ice covered with a thin layer of rocks that insulated the ice.<ref>http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf</ref> <ref>Head, J. et al. 2005. Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars. Nature: 434. 346-350</ref> <ref>[https://archive.today/20121205041820/http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18050 Mars' climate in flux: Mid-latitude glaciers \| Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars News<!</ref> <ref>[http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2008/04/martian-glaciers Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active \| Brown University News and Events</ref> <ref>Plaut, J. et al. 2008. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2290.pdf</ref> <ref>Holt, J. et al. 2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2441.pdf</ref>

	Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03~~, {{doi\|10.1029/2005GL024360}}~~.</ref>		Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03.</ref>

	Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref>		Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref>

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	Fretted terrain in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, seems to transition from narrow straight valleys to isolated mesas. Most of the mesas are surrounded by forms that have been given a variety of names: circum-mesa aprons, debris aprons, rock glaciers, and lobate debris aprons.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1053.pdf 1053.PDF</ref> <ref>Carr, M. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. ~~{{ISBN\|978-0-521-87201-0}}~~</ref><ref>Squyres, S. 1978. Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris. Icarus: 34. 600-613.</ref> At first, they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) took a variety of pictures of fretted terrain, experts could not tell for sure if material was moving or flowing as it would in an ice-rich deposit (glacier).<ref> name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov"</ref>		Fretted terrain in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, seems to transition from narrow straight valleys to isolated mesas. Most of the mesas are surrounded by forms that have been given a variety of names: circum-mesa aprons, debris aprons, rock glaciers, and lobate debris aprons.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1053.pdf 1053.PDF</ref> <ref>Carr, M. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press.</ref> <ref>Squyres, S. 1978. Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris. Icarus: 34. 600-613.</ref> At first, they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) took a variety of pictures of fretted terrain, experts could not tell for sure if material was moving or flowing as it would in an ice-rich deposit (glacier).<ref> name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov"</ref>

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	Fretted terrain in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, seems to transition from narrow straight valleys to isolated mesas. Most of the mesas are surrounded by forms that have been given a variety of names: circum-mesa aprons, debris aprons, rock glaciers, and lobate debris aprons.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1053.pdf 1053.PDF</ref> <ref>Carr, M. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-521-87201-0}}</ref><ref>Squyres, S. 1978. Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris. Icarus: 34. 600-613.</ref> At first, they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) took a variety of pictures of fretted terrain, experts could not tell for sure if material was moving or flowing as it would in an ice-rich deposit (glacier).<ref name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov"/>		Fretted terrain in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, seems to transition from narrow straight valleys to isolated mesas. Most of the mesas are surrounded by forms that have been given a variety of names: circum-mesa aprons, debris aprons, rock glaciers, and lobate debris aprons.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1053.pdf 1053.PDF</ref> <ref>Carr, M. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-521-87201-0}}</ref><ref>Squyres, S. 1978. Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris. Icarus: 34. 600-613.</ref> At first, they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) took a variety of pictures of fretted terrain, experts could not tell for sure if material was moving or flowing as it would in an ice-rich deposit (glacier).<ref> name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov"</ref>

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	This terrain contains a complicated mix of cliffs, mesas, buttes, and straight-walled and curved canyons.<ref>Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083</ref> It contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls.<ref> name="Kieffer"\|title= Mars\|editor1-last= Kieffer\|editor1-first= Hugh H.\|display-editors= etal\|date= 1992\|publisher= University of Arizona Press\|location= Tucson\|isbn= 0-8165-1257-4\|access-date=September 25, 2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze27j5sSJVEC </ref> Fretted terrain shows up in northern Arabia Terra and in Aeolis Mensae.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref> <ref> ~~name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov">[http~~://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01502 ~~Catalog Page for PIA01502<!-- Bot generated title -->]~~</ref> Two good examples of fretted terrain are Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae.		This terrain contains a complicated mix of cliffs, mesas, buttes, and straight-walled and curved canyons.<ref>Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083</ref> It contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls.<ref> name="Kieffer"\|title= Mars\|editor1-last= Kieffer\|editor1-first= Hugh H.\|display-editors= etal\|date= 1992\|publisher= University of Arizona Press\|location= Tucson\|isbn= 0-8165-1257-4\|access-date=September 25, 2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze27j5sSJVEC </ref> Fretted terrain shows up in northern Arabia Terra and in Aeolis Mensae.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref> <ref> https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01502</ref> Two good examples of fretted terrain are Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae.

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	Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03, {{doi\|10.1029/2005GL024360}}.</ref>		Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03, {{doi\|10.1029/2005GL024360}}.</ref>

	Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref ~~name="~~Irwin, R. 2004"/>		Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref>

	The origin of fretted plateau material is not completely understood.<ref> https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520305534#bb0075</ref> <ref>Brossier, J., et al. 2021. Reconstructing the infilling history within Robert Sharp crater, Mars: Insights from morphology and stratigraphy. Icarus. Volume 358. 114223</ref> It does seem to contain fine-grained material, and it has an almost total lack of boulders. This material contrasts with most of the Martian surface which is covered with the igneous rock basalt. Basalt breaks into boulders and eventually into sand. It is thought that when plateau material breaks down, the small-sized particles can be easily carried away by the wind. Erosion of plateau material seems to be much faster than other materials on Mars.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref> Research presented in 2018 at a Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas suggested that the erosion that formed fretted terrain was aided by water moving under the surface.<ref>Denton, C., J. Head. 2018. MAPPING THE FRETTED TERRAIN NORTH OF ARABIA TERRA, MARS: RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DICHOTOMY BOUNDARY EVOLUTION. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 1597.pdf</ref>		The origin of fretted plateau material is not completely understood.<ref> https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520305534#bb0075</ref> <ref>Brossier, J., et al. 2021. Reconstructing the infilling history within Robert Sharp crater, Mars: Insights from morphology and stratigraphy. Icarus. Volume 358. 114223</ref> It does seem to contain fine-grained material, and it has an almost total lack of boulders. This material contrasts with most of the Martian surface which is covered with the igneous rock basalt. Basalt breaks into boulders and eventually into sand. It is thought that when plateau material breaks down, the small-sized particles can be easily carried away by the wind. Erosion of plateau material seems to be much faster than other materials on Mars.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref> Research presented in 2018 at a Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas suggested that the erosion that formed fretted terrain was aided by water moving under the surface.<ref>Denton, C., J. Head. 2018. MAPPING THE FRETTED TERRAIN NORTH OF ARABIA TERRA, MARS: RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DICHOTOMY BOUNDARY EVOLUTION. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 1597.pdf</ref>

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	This terrain contains a complicated mix of cliffs, mesas, buttes, and straight-walled and curved canyons.<ref>Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083</ref> It contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls.<ref> name="Kieffer"\|title= Mars\|editor1-last= Kieffer\|editor1-first= Hugh H.\|display-editors= etal\|date= 1992\|publisher= University of Arizona Press\|location= Tucson\|isbn= 0-8165-1257-4\|access-date=September 25, 2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze27j5sSJVEC </ref> Fretted terrain shows up in northern Arabia Terra and in Aeolis Mensae.<ref~~> name="Irwin, R. 2004"~~>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011,.</ref> <ref> name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov">[http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01502 Catalog Page for PIA01502<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Two good examples of fretted terrain are Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae.		This terrain contains a complicated mix of cliffs, mesas, buttes, and straight-walled and curved canyons.<ref>Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083</ref> It contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls.<ref> name="Kieffer"\|title= Mars\|editor1-last= Kieffer\|editor1-first= Hugh H.\|display-editors= etal\|date= 1992\|publisher= University of Arizona Press\|location= Tucson\|isbn= 0-8165-1257-4\|access-date=September 25, 2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze27j5sSJVEC </ref> Fretted terrain shows up in northern Arabia Terra and in Aeolis Mensae.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref> <ref> name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov">[http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01502 Catalog Page for PIA01502<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Two good examples of fretted terrain are Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae.

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	Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref name="Irwin, R. 2004"/>		Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref name="Irwin, R. 2004"/>

	The origin of fretted plateau material is not completely understood.<ref> https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520305534#bb0075</ref> <ref>Brossier, J., et al. 2021. Reconstructing the infilling history within Robert Sharp crater, Mars: Insights from morphology and stratigraphy. Icarus. Volume 358. 114223</ref> It does seem to contain fine-grained material, and it has an almost total lack of boulders. This material contrasts with most of the Martian surface which is covered with the igneous rock basalt. Basalt breaks into boulders and eventually into sand. It is thought that when plateau material breaks down, the small-sized particles can be easily carried away by the wind. Erosion of plateau material seems to be much faster than other materials on Mars.<ref ~~name="~~Irwin, R. 2004"/> Research presented in 2018 at a Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas suggested that the erosion that formed fretted terrain was aided by water moving under the surface.<ref>Denton, C., J. Head. 2018. MAPPING THE FRETTED TERRAIN NORTH OF ARABIA TERRA, MARS: RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DICHOTOMY BOUNDARY EVOLUTION. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 1597.pdf</ref>		The origin of fretted plateau material is not completely understood.<ref> https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520305534#bb0075</ref> <ref>Brossier, J., et al. 2021. Reconstructing the infilling history within Robert Sharp crater, Mars: Insights from morphology and stratigraphy. Icarus. Volume 358. 114223</ref> It does seem to contain fine-grained material, and it has an almost total lack of boulders. This material contrasts with most of the Martian surface which is covered with the igneous rock basalt. Basalt breaks into boulders and eventually into sand. It is thought that when plateau material breaks down, the small-sized particles can be easily carried away by the wind. Erosion of plateau material seems to be much faster than other materials on Mars.<ref>Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.</ref> Research presented in 2018 at a Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas suggested that the erosion that formed fretted terrain was aided by water moving under the surface.<ref>Denton, C., J. Head. 2018. MAPPING THE FRETTED TERRAIN NORTH OF ARABIA TERRA, MARS: RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DICHOTOMY BOUNDARY EVOLUTION. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 1597.pdf</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

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	This terrain contains a complicated mix of cliffs, mesas, buttes, and straight-walled and curved canyons.<ref>Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083</ref> It contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls.<ref> name="Kieffer"\|title= Mars\|editor1-last= Kieffer\|editor1-first= Hugh H.\|display-editors= etal\|date= 1992\|publisher= [[University of Arizona Press]]\|location= Tucson\|isbn= 0-8165-1257-4\|access-date=September 25, 2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze27j5sSJVEC </ref> Fretted terrain shows up in northern Arabia Terra and in Aeolis Mensae.<ref> name="Irwin, R. 2004">Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011,.</ref> <ref> name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov">[http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01502 Catalog Page for PIA01502<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Two good examples of fretted terrain are Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae.		This terrain contains a complicated mix of cliffs, mesas, buttes, and straight-walled and curved canyons.<ref>Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083</ref> It contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls.<ref> name="Kieffer"\|title= Mars\|editor1-last= Kieffer\|editor1-first= Hugh H.\|display-editors= etal\|date= 1992\|publisher= University of Arizona Press\|location= Tucson\|isbn= 0-8165-1257-4\|access-date=September 25, 2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze27j5sSJVEC </ref> Fretted terrain shows up in northern Arabia Terra and in Aeolis Mensae.<ref> name="Irwin, R. 2004">Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011,.</ref> <ref> name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov">[http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01502 Catalog Page for PIA01502<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Two good examples of fretted terrain are Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae.

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	Eventually, proof of their true nature was discovered when radar studies with the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] showed that they contained pure water ice covered with a thin layer of rocks that insulated the ice.<ref>http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf ~~{{Bare URL PDF\|date=March 2022}}~~</ref> <ref>Head, J. et al. 2005. Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars. Nature: 434. 346-350</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20121205041820/http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18050 Mars' climate in flux: Mid-latitude glaciers \| Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars News<!~~-- Bot generated title -->]~~</ref> <ref>[http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2008/04/martian-glaciers Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active \| Brown University News and Events~~<!-- Bot generated title -->]~~</ref> <ref>Plaut, J. et al. 2008. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2290.pdf</ref><ref>Holt, J. et al. 2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2441.pdf</ref>		Eventually, proof of their true nature was discovered when radar studies with the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] showed that they contained pure water ice covered with a thin layer of rocks that insulated the ice.<ref>http://www.planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3733.pdf</ref> <ref>Head, J. et al. 2005. Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars. Nature: 434. 346-350</ref> <ref>[https://archive.today/20121205041820/http://www.marstoday.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=18050 Mars' climate in flux: Mid-latitude glaciers \| Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars News<!</ref> <ref>[http://news.brown.edu/pressreleases/2008/04/martian-glaciers Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active \| Brown University News and Events</ref> <ref>Plaut, J. et al. 2008. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2290.pdf</ref> <ref>Holt, J. et al. 2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX. 2441.pdf</ref>

	Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf ~~{{Bare URL PDF~~\|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03, {{doi\|10.1029/2005GL024360}}.</ref>		Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys with lineations—ridges and grooves—on their floors. The material comprising these valley floors is called lineated valley fill. In some of the best images taken by the Viking Orbiters, some of the valley fill appeared to resemble alpine glaciers on Earth. Given this similarity, some scientists assumed that the lineations on these valley floors might have formed by flow of ice in (and perhaps through) these canyons and valleys. Today it is generally agreed that glacial flow caused the lineations.<ref>http://planetary.brown.edu/pdfs/3129.pdf \|date=March 2022}}</ref> <ref>Head, J., et al. 2006. Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03, {{doi\|10.1029/2005GL024360}}.</ref>

	Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref name="Irwin, R. 2004"/>		Fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae is similar to that of Arabia Terra, but it lacks debris aprons and lineated valley fill. The [[Medusae Fossae]] Formation, a soft, layered material that is covered with yardangs surrounds parts of the fretted terrain in Aeolis Mensae.<ref name="Irwin, R. 2004"/>

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	This terrain contains a complicated mix of cliffs, mesas, buttes, and straight-walled and curved canyons.<ref>Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083</ref> It contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls.<ref> name="Kieffer"~~>{{cite book~~ \|title= Mars\|editor1-last= Kieffer\|editor1-first= Hugh H.\|display-editors= etal\|date= 1992\|publisher= [[University of Arizona Press]]\|location= Tucson\|isbn= 0-8165-1257-4\|access-date=September 25, 2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze27j5sSJVEC }}</ref> Fretted terrain shows up in northern Arabia Terra and in Aeolis Mensae.<ref name="Irwin, R. 2004">Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, ~~{{doi\|10.1029/2004JE002248}}~~.</ref> <ref name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov">[http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01502 Catalog Page for PIA01502<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Two good examples of fretted terrain are Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae.		This terrain contains a complicated mix of cliffs, mesas, buttes, and straight-walled and curved canyons.<ref>Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083</ref> It contains smooth, flat lowlands along with steep cliffs. The scarps or cliffs are usually 1 to 2 km high. Channels in the area have wide, flat floors and steep walls.<ref> name="Kieffer"\|title= Mars\|editor1-last= Kieffer\|editor1-first= Hugh H.\|display-editors= etal\|date= 1992\|publisher= [[University of Arizona Press]]\|location= Tucson\|isbn= 0-8165-1257-4\|access-date=September 25, 2012 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ze27j5sSJVEC </ref> Fretted terrain shows up in northern Arabia Terra and in Aeolis Mensae.<ref> name="Irwin, R. 2004">Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011,.</ref> <ref> name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov">[http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01502 Catalog Page for PIA01502<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Two good examples of fretted terrain are Deuteronilus Mensae and Protonilus Mensae.

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	Fretted terrain in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, seems to transition from narrow straight valleys to isolated mesas. Most of the mesas are surrounded by forms that have been given a variety of names: circum-mesa aprons, debris aprons, rock glaciers, and lobate debris aprons.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1053.pdf 1053.PDF~~<!-- Bot generated title -->]~~</ref> <ref>Carr, M. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-521-87201-0}}</ref><ref>Squyres, S. 1978. Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris. Icarus: 34. 600-613.</ref> At first, they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) took a variety of pictures of fretted terrain, experts could not tell for sure if material was moving or flowing as it would in an ice-rich deposit (glacier).<ref name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov"/>		Fretted terrain in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle, seems to transition from narrow straight valleys to isolated mesas. Most of the mesas are surrounded by forms that have been given a variety of names: circum-mesa aprons, debris aprons, rock glaciers, and lobate debris aprons.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1053.pdf 1053.PDF</ref> <ref>Carr, M. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-521-87201-0}}</ref><ref>Squyres, S. 1978. Martian fretted terrain: Flow of erosional debris. Icarus: 34. 600-613.</ref> At first, they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the [[Mars Global Surveyor]] (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) took a variety of pictures of fretted terrain, experts could not tell for sure if material was moving or flowing as it would in an ice-rich deposit (glacier).<ref name="photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov"/>