Fungi - Revision history

Jburk at 20:47, 18 December 2018

2018-12-18T20:47:37Z

ChristiaanK: Expanded

2013-06-05T16:07:53Z

Expanded

ChristiaanK: Oops. Wrong word.

2013-06-03T17:07:48Z

Oops. Wrong word.

ChristiaanK: Expanded

2013-06-03T17:04:16Z

Expanded

ChristiaanK: Typo

2013-05-29T16:53:41Z

Typo

ChristiaanK: Oops. Less toxic than some of the others.

2013-05-29T16:52:31Z

Oops. Less toxic than some of the others.

ChristiaanK: References

2013-05-29T16:51:42Z

References

ChristiaanK: Expanding (WIP)

2013-05-29T16:36:46Z

Expanding (WIP)

Rfc: effect on humans

2009-05-13T18:03:52Z

effect on humans

T.Neo at 20:14, 12 May 2009

2009-05-12T20:14:39Z

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 ==References==
 <references />
-[[Category:Food]]
+[[Category:Food Crops]]

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 It is worth noting that microgravity affects the cytoskeleton<ref name=Lewis_HughesFulford>M.L. Lewis & M. Hughes-Fulford - ''Cellular responses to spaceflight'' 1997. (In S.E. Churchill, ''ed.'' - ''Fundamentals of space life sciences''. Krieger. ISBN 0-89464-051-8) Vol 1. pp. 21-36.</ref>, so fungi could, in principle, be negatively affected by a journey to Mars. While the matter is of academic interest, fungi would almost certainly be much less harmed by a return to gravity than humans and no mission would therefore be compromised. It is even possible that fungi may grow more readily in microgravity, as some primitive eukaryotes do<ref name=Lewis_HughesFulford />, though that is unlikely as the positive effect is at least mostly due to reduced energy expenditure during movement.
 ==Mushrooms==
-'''Mushrooms''' are the "fruiting bodies" of certain fungi or, more formally, the sporulating organs of certain complex fungi. The word '''toadstool''' is sometimes used in informal conversation to refer to inedible mushrooms. Mushrooms are complete proteins, and their nutritional value are in some respects (such as protein quality) in-between those of plant and animal foods. This makes them a potentially very valuable food source in spaceflight.
+'''Mushrooms''' are the "fruiting bodies" of certain fungi or, more formally, the sporulating organs of certain complex fungi. The word '''toadstool''' is sometimes used in informal conversation to refer to inedible mushrooms. Mushrooms are complete proteins, and their nutritional value are in some respects (such as protein quality) in-between those of plant and animal foods. This makes them a potentially very valuable food source in spaceflight.<br />
-<br />TO DO: Explain the terminology used below.
+===Morphology===
 ===Genus Amanita===
 Amanita spp. covers a number of edible mushrooms, as well as some of the most toxic known fungi. The ''Death Cap'' alone is responsible for more than 90% of mushroom-related deaths on Earth. Notable members of the genus include:
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 ====''Amanita jacksonii''====
 To do.
 ==References==

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 ==Cellular biology==
 ===Cell wall===
-Fungal cells have cell walls which may be composed of several glucose [[polymer|polymers]]. For example, chitin (chains of acetylglucosamine joined by [[polysaccharide|<math>\beta ( 1 \rightarrow 4 )</math> links]]) or, as in yeast, callose (which is a glucose chain which differs from cellulose only in that it uses <math>\beta ( 1 \rightarrow  3 )</math> links where glucose uses <math>\beta ( 1 \rightarrow  4 )</math> links<ref name=Wolfe>S.L. Wolfe - ''Mollecular and cellular biology'' 1993. Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-12408-9. pp. 17-18, 288-289, 514-517.</ref>.
+Fungal cells have cell walls which may be composed of several glucose [[polymer|polymers]]. For example, chitin (chains of acetylglucosamine joined by [[polysaccharide|<math>\beta ( 1 \rightarrow 4 )</math> links]]) or, as in yeast, callose (which is a glucose chain which differs from cellulose only in that it uses <math>\beta ( 1 \rightarrow  3 )</math> links where cellulose uses <math>\beta ( 1 \rightarrow  4 )</math> links<ref name=Wolfe>S.L. Wolfe - ''Mollecular and cellular biology'' 1993. Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-12408-9. pp. 17-18, 288-289, 514-517.</ref>.
 ===Cytoskeleton===
 Like all protozoa, animals and plants, fungi have cytoskeletal structures containing microtubules and microfilaments supporting the cytoplasm inside their cells<ref name=Wolfe />. In some fungi there are also intermediate filaments, though not to the same extent as in animals<ref name=Wolfe />.<br />

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 Some [[human|people]] have an allergy against the spores of mildew, and patients with depressed [[immune system]] can suffer from a fungus infection. As yet, the development of the human immune system under Martian [[gravity]] and [[house|inhouse]] conditions is unclear.
 ==Mushrooms==
 '''Mushrooms''' are the "fruiting bodies" of certain fungi or, more formally, the sporulating organs of certain complex fungi. The word '''toadstool''' is sometimes used in informal conversation to refer to inedible mushrooms. Mushrooms are complete proteins, and their nutritional value are in some respects (such as protein quality) in-between those of plant and animal foods. This makes them a potentially very valuable food source in spaceflight.

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 ====''Amanita rubescens''====
 Common name: Blusher.<br />
-Edible when cooked. Toxix otherwise.<br />
+Edible when cooked. Toxic otherwise.<br />
 Description: To do.<br />
 Similar species: Non-experts may easily confuse ''A. rubescens'' with ''A. pantherina''. To do: describe differences.
 ====''Amanita virosa''====
 Common name: Destroying Angel.<br />

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 ====''Amanita pantherina''====
 Common name: Panther Cap.<br />
-Deadly toxic.<br />
+Highly toxic.<br />
 To do.
 ====''Amanita rubescens''====
 Common name: Blusher.<br />

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ====''Amanita phalloides''====
 Common name: Death Cap.<br />
-Deadly toxic to the liver and kidneys. (Lethal dose about 30g for adult humans<ref name=Branch />.) Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhoea, thirst and severe abdominal pain<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />. Symptoms will appear between 6 and 24 hours after ingestion<ref name=Branch />. If Amanita poisoning is not identified, the victim may appear to recover and die several days later from liver and/or kidney failure. Treatment includes carbon column dialysis, saline cathartic, repeated doses of activated [[charcoal]] and blood transfusions<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />. Fatal more often than not<ref name=Branch />.<br />
+Deadly toxic to the liver and kidneys. (Lethal dose about 30g for adult humans<ref name=Branch>M. Branch -- ''First field guide to mushrooms of Southern Africa'' 2001. Struik Nature. ISBN 978-1-86872-605-9. pp. 12-15.</ref>.) Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhoea, thirst and severe abdominal pain<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan>P. Jordan -- ''The mushroom guide and identifier''. 2010. Hermes House. ISBN 978-1-84038-574-8. pp. 100-113.</ref>. Symptoms will appear between 6 and 24 hours after ingestion<ref name=Branch />. If Amanita poisoning is not identified, the victim may appear to recover and die several days later from liver and/or kidney failure. Treatment includes carbon column dialysis, saline cathartic, repeated doses of activated [[charcoal]] and blood transfusions<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />. Fatal more often than not<ref name=Branch />.<br />
 Identifying features<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />: Like all ''Amanitas'', the Death Cap has a white spore print and forms inside a universal veil. The cap is smooth and flattens with age, growing to a maximum of about 15cm across. The ring is persistent, white and membranous. The gills are white, free and crowded. Pronounced volval bag. The flesh is white with a faint yellow tinge and the cap appears a slightly yellowish, greenish or smoky-olive white. ''A. phalloides var. alba'' is especially notable in that this rarer almost pure-white variety can be easily misidentified. The smell is described as "sickly sweet" to "foetid" and it is reported to have a pleasant taste.
 ====''Amanita citrina''====
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 ====''Amanita muscaria''====
 Commonly known as Fly Amanita or Fly Agaric.<br />
-Edible if correctly prepared<ref name=RubelArora />, despite the fact that field guides usually<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan /> (incorretly) list it as inedible. Detoxification involves boiling out the water-soluble toxins in water and either vinegar or salt, discarding the water<ref name=RubelArora />. If not detoxified, A. muscaria is hallucinogenic and causes euphoria similar to alcohol intoxification<ref name=Jordan />. Relatively few fatalities have been recorded over several centuries and the lethal dose is not exactly known. The historical evidence collected by Rubel and Arora<ref name=RubelArora /> suggests an adult lethal dose somewhere in the vicinity of 12-20 untreated mushrooms. Symptoms may persist for several days in the most extreme cases<ref name=Jordan /><br />
+Edible if correctly prepared<ref name=RubelArora>W. Rubel & D. Arora -- ''A study of cultural bias in field guide determinations of mushroom edibility using the iconic mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an example''. 2008. <i>Economic Botany</i> vol. 62 no. 3. pp. 223-243. Available [http://mushroomhunter.net/muscaria_revised.pdf here] and [http://www.scribd.com/doc/83723731/Muscaria-Revised here].</ref>, despite the fact that field guides usually<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan /> (incorretly) list it as inedible. Detoxification involves boiling out the water-soluble toxins in water and either vinegar or salt, discarding the water<ref name=RubelArora />. If not detoxified, A. muscaria is hallucinogenic and causes euphoria similar to alcohol intoxification<ref name=Jordan />. Relatively few fatalities have been recorded over several centuries and the lethal dose is not exactly known. The historical evidence collected by Rubel and Arora<ref name=RubelArora /> suggests an adult lethal dose somewhere in the vicinity of 12-20 untreated mushrooms. Symptoms may persist for several days in the most extreme cases<ref name=Jordan /><br />
 Trivia: ''A. muscaria'' was used for centuries to kill flies. After the crushed mushrooms have been mixed with milk, flies drinking the milk will become so intoxicated that they drown<ref name=Branch /><ref name=RubelArora />. The Sami of Lapland sometimes scatter dried A. muscaria for their reindeer, as the intoxicating effect makes them easier to round up<ref name=Jordan />.
 ====''Amanita jacksonii''====

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-'''Fungi''' are eukaryotic organisms. Some fungi are edible and could be grown for [[food]] in a Martian [[colony]]. Fungi, especially some sorts of mildew, are certainly of great use in the artificial ecosystem of a [[greenhouse]], since they are involved in the [[compost|decaying process]].
+'''Fungi''' are eukaryotic organisms closely related to animals. The study of fungi is known as '''mycology'''.
 Some [[human|people]] have an allergy against the spores of mildew, and patients with depressed [[immune system]] can suffer from a fungus infection. As yet, the development of the human immune system under Martian [[gravity]] and [[house|inhouse]] conditions is unclear.
-{{stub}}
+==Mushrooms==
 [[Category:Food]]
 [[Category:Biospherics]]

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−	[[Category:Food]] [[Category:~~Life~~]]	+	[[Category:Food]] [[Category:Biospherics]]