High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) - Revision history

Suitupshowup: /* External links */ added link

2024-01-13T23:26:49Z

External links: added link

Suitupshowup: added new info and ref

2023-10-24T01:34:50Z

added new info and ref

Suitupshowup: /* Notes about pictures */

2023-09-02T15:55:01Z

Notes about pictures

Suitupshowup: /* Notes about pictures */ added images

2023-09-02T15:53:46Z

Notes about pictures: added images

Suitupandshowup: added image

2022-03-18T20:37:36Z

added image

Suitupandshowup: /* Results */

2020-08-14T16:59:59Z

Results

Suitupandshowup: /* Results */

2020-08-14T16:58:30Z

Results

Suitupandshowup at 22:43, 21 March 2020

2020-03-21T22:43:40Z

Suitupandshowup: /* Notes about pictures */

2019-12-06T17:34:42Z

Notes about pictures

Suitupandshowup: /* Notes about pictures */ added image

2019-12-06T17:34:10Z

Notes about pictures: added image

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:26, 13 January 2024
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	*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDhHi7upfXM Amazing HiRise Images of Mars]		*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDhHi7upfXM Amazing HiRise Images of Mars]
	*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdHkgtLgcSY Magnificent Mars: 10 Years of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]		*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdHkgtLgcSY Magnificent Mars: 10 Years of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]
		+	* McEwen, A., et al. 2024. The high-resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE) in the MRO extended science phases (2009–2023). Icarus. Available online 16 September 2023, 115795. In Press.

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                            Wide view of a group of dunes taken just in black and white
-The colors for HiRISE images are different than the human eye would see.  HiRISE only sees in 3 colors and sometimes infrared is used rather than red.  Displaying colors in this way allows us to better identify rocks and minerals.  Usually, color images are constructed in one of two ways.  An IRB image assigns the output from the infrared channel to the color red, the wide red channel to the color green, and the blue-green channel to the color blue.  The picture below shows part of the black and white photo processed in IRB.
+The colors for HiRISE images are different than the human eye would see.  HiRISE only sees in 3 colors and sometimes infrared is used rather than red.  Displaying colors in this way allows us to better identify rocks and minerals.   Redder colors usually mean more dust is present, on the other hand bluer colors may show coarser-grained rocks and/or more ferrous minerals such as olivine, pyroxene.<ref>Bergstrom, N.T. Bridges, E.M. Eliason, D. Gallagher, K.E. Herkenhoff, L. Keszthelyi, S. Mattson, G.K. McArthur, M.T. Mellon, M. Milazzo, P.S. Russell, N. Thomas
 [[File:61974 1710dunesirb3.jpg|Dune processed in infrared, red, and green (IRB)|600pxr|Dune processed in infrared, red, and green (IRB)]]

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                                Dune processed in the red, green, blue (RGB) channels
-[[File:ESP 013784 1710Valles Marineriswide.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Layers in south wall of Valles Marineris  Wall shows many layers; some are from lava flows.]]
+[[File:ESP 013784 1710Valles Marineriswide.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Black and white image of layers in south wall of Valles Marineris   Wall shows many layers; some are from lava flows.]]
 [[File:ESP 013784 1710Valles Marineriscolors.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Color image of part of south wall of Valles Marineris, as seen by HiRISE. Different minerals produce different colors.]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:53, 2 September 2023
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	Dune processed in the red, green, blue (RGB) channels		Dune processed in the red, green, blue (RGB) channels
		+
		+	[[File:ESP 013784 1710Valles Marineriswide.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|Layers in south wall of Valles Marineris Wall shows many layers; some are from lava flows.]]
		+
		+	[[File:ESP 013784 1710Valles Marineriscolors.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Color image of part of south wall of Valles Marineris, as seen by HiRISE. Different minerals produce different colors.]]

	HiRISE images are about 5 km wide with a 1 km wide band in the center that is in color.<ref>McEwen, A., et al. 2017. Mars The Prestine Beauty of the Red Planet. University of Arizona Press. Tucson</ref>		HiRISE images are about 5 km wide with a 1 km wide band in the center that is in color.<ref>McEwen, A., et al. 2017. Mars The Prestine Beauty of the Red Planet. University of Arizona Press. Tucson</ref>

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 File:Opportunity Rover by HiRISE.jpg| Opportunity Rover on its way to Endeavour Crater
 File:MRO sees Curiosity landing.jpg|Curiosity Rover descending to surface with parachute
 </gallery>
 Launched on August 12, 2005 by an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) carrying HiRISE and other instruments  arrived at Mars on March 10, 2006. However, it did not begin its main picture taking until November 2006. It began gathering data in November 2006 after completion of a long  aerobreaking maneuver in the upper Mars atmosphere to place it in the desired orbit.  The orbit has an inclination of 93 degrees, which means it orbits north and south in a polar orbit, as the planet turns beneath it.<ref>  Lyons, Daniel T. (August 5–8, 2002). "MARS RECONNAISSANCE ORBITER: AEROBRAKING REFERENCE TRAJECTORY" (PDF). AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference and Exhibit. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2011. Retrieved March 9, 2012.</ref>   As a result of the characteristics of its orbit, HiRISE takes pictures at about 3 p.m. local time.  This time frame produces few shadows, but does avoid morning mist.  To arrange for communications support during the arrival of the [[InSight Mission]], a new Mars lander mission, the orbit was slightly modified on September 28, 2016 by a 75 second engine  burn.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/mro/nasa-mars-orbiter-preparing-for-mars-landers-2016-arrival NASA Mars Orbiter Preparing for Mars Lander's 2016 Arrival]</ref> <ref>[http://www.gizmag.com/mars-orbiter-prepares-for-new-arrival/38665/ Mars orbiter prepares for next year's InSight lander arrival]. July 29, 2015.</ref>

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 ==Results==
-As of March 9, 2016, the 10 year Anniversary of MRO, over 2.4 % of the surface has been examined by HiRISE.  That is about the area of two Alaska’s.  More would have been looked at, but many places were imaged multiple times to look for changes in things like sand dunes, gullies, and streaks.   Pictures could contain up to 28 gigabits (Gb) of data.  The highly successful mission of Mariner 9 changed many of our ideas about the Red Planet, yet it returned only 7,329 images with a total of 40 Gb of data, according to the final report. <ref> Techinical Report 32-1550.  Volume III.  Mariner Mars 1971 Project Final Report.</ref>   <ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730018117.pdf</ref>  So just 2 HiRISE images may contain more than the entire  Mariner 9 mission.  At the time of this writing (8/14/20, HiRISE had taken 6,882,204 images, generating 194 terabytes of data sent from Mars since 2006.<ref>https://outlook.live.com/mail/0/inbox/id/AQMkADAwATExAGNiNy00YzQ1LTM4MjMtMDACLTAwCgBGAAADdsmEa%2FgtIEmBK%2FX8yb671wcAkr%2FaXi2mwEKimhNbcs0</ref>  On another note, the first image sent from Mars by Mariner 4 in the summer of 1965 only contained 240,000 bits.<ref>Leighton, R.   1970.  The Surface of Mars.  Scientific American:  222, 26-41</ref>  One HiRISE image could contain 16,666 as many bits as that Mariner image.
+As of March 9, 2016, the 10 year Anniversary of MRO, over 2.4 % of the surface has been examined by HiRISE.  That is about the area of two Alaska’s.  More would have been looked at, but many places were imaged multiple times to look for changes in things like sand dunes, gullies, and streaks.   Pictures could contain up to 28 gigabits (Gb) of data.  The highly successful mission of Mariner 9 changed many of our ideas about the Red Planet, yet it returned only 7,329 images with a total of 40 Gb of data, according to the final report. <ref> Techinical Report 32-1550.  Volume III.  Mariner Mars 1971 Project Final Report.</ref>   <ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730018117.pdf</ref>  So just 2 HiRISE images may contain more than the entire  Mariner 9 mission.  At the time of this writing (8/14/20, HiRISE had taken 6,882,204 images, generating 194 terabytes of data sent from Mars since 2006.<ref>https://outlook.live.com/mail/0/inbox/id/AQMkADAwATExAGNiNy00YzQ1LTM4MjMtMDACLTAwCgBGAAADdsmEa%2FgtIEmBK%2FX8yb671wcAkr%2FaXi2mwEKimhNbcs0</ref>  On another note, the first image sent from Mars by Mariner 4 in the summer of 1965 only contained 240,000 bits.<ref>Leighton, R.   1970.  The Surface of Mars.  Scientific American:  222, 26-41</ref>  One HiRISE image could contain 16,666 times as many bits as that Mariner image.
 One of the most amazing feats done with HiRISE was capturing dust clouds that were caused by blocks of ice tumbling down cliffs in the North Polar Layered Deposits.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_060176_2640</ref>

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 High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]. Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp., under the direction of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory built the 0.5 m (19.7 in) diameter reflecting telescope.<ref name="Ref_l">[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=20649610 Mission to Mars: the HiRISE camera on-board MRO], ''Focal plane arrays for space telescopes III,''   27–28 August 2007, San Diego, California, USA</ref> It is the largest telescope to study Mars from orbit.  Most of the time, HiRISE has orbited the planet in a nearly circular orbit to approximately   250 miles (316 Km) above the Martian surface, with a period of about 112 minutes.<ref>https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/newsroom/pressreleases/20060912a.html</ref> <ref>https://www.webcitation.org/6EE9oKZFn?url=http://airandspace.si.edu/research/ceps/cepsicons/highlights/fact_sheet_front.pdf</ref>  At this altitude it can take pictures of Mars with resolutions of 0.3 m/pixel (about 1 foot); hence it  resolves  objects less than a meter across.   HiRISE is so powerful that it was able to spot Mars landers on the surface, including the ongoing Curiosity and Opportunity.<ref name=voa>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/science-technology/Mars-Orbiter-Photographs-Old-NASA-Landers-139039139.html VOA News - Mars Orbiter Photographs Old NASA Lander (February 9, 2012)]</ref> <ref>McEwen, A., et al.  2007.  Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE).  Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets Volume 112, Issue E5</ref> <ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2005JE002605</ref>
-<gallery class="center"  widths="190px" heights="180px">
 File:Fall36camerascomparedwidthslabeled.jpg|HiRISE images are 5 km wide and can be of various lengths.  HiRISE is far more powerful than the camera on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS)
 </gallery>
-<gallery class="center"  widths="190px" heights="180px">
 File:Phoenix with a crater in the background taken by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.jpg|Phoenix lander descending to surface
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 The following group of images shows some significant images taken by the instrument.  Some of them hint at possible sources of water for future colonists.
-<gallery widths="190" heights="180">
 File:ESP 046359 1250-2pingoscale.jpg|Close view of possible pingo with scale, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program  Pingos may contain a core of pure ice.
 File:46444 2225mantle.jpg| Close view of mantle   Mantle may be used as a water source by future colonists.
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 The following set of pictures show first a full image of a scene and then enlargements from parts of it.  A program called HiView can be used to produce more detailed views.  Some pictures are in color.  HiRISE takes a color strip down the middle only.
-<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px" >
 File:ESP 055227 1890layeredmound.jpg|Wide view of layers   Parts of this image are enlarged in the following images.  The scale bar at the top is 500 meters long.
 File:55227 1890layeredmoundwide.jpg|Enlarged view using HiView of mound   Only part of the picture is in color because HiRISE only images an center strip in color.
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 HiRISE is basically a telescope in a low orbit around Mars; consequently, it can provide unbelievable views of the Martian surface.  It is far better than all the other cameras that have gone there to look at the planet.  This section displays pictures from a variety of cameras on past spacecraft.
-<gallery class="center"  widths="190px" heights="180px">
 File:Mars m04 11emarinercraterfrom mariner4.jpg |Mariner Crater, as seen by ''Mariner 4''. This may be the best picture that our first spacecraft to fly by Mars took. Image located in Phaethontis quadrangle.
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 The next two images compare pictures taken with 7 different cameras.  HiRISE clearly has the best view of the surface.
-<gallery class="center"  widths="190px" heights="180px">
 ESP 052438 1560-1differentspacecraftpicturesarrows.jpg|Wide view of portion of Memnonia quadrangle  Arrows show locations of images from various cameras.  The images from these cameras are shown in the following image.  The 7 cameras are HiRISE (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter), THEMIS VIS (Mars Odyssey), MOC-WAC (Mars Global Surveyor), HRSC (Mars Express), CTX (''Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter''),  Viking, Mariner 4.
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-<gallery class="center"  widths="190px" heights="180px">
 File:PSP 005837 1965cratercolor.jpg|Digital Terrain Model of crater showing topography with different colors
 </gallery>
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 On April 1, 2010, NASA released the first images under the HiWish program in which the public suggested places for HiRISE to photograph.  One of the eight locations was Aureum Chaos.<ref name="Ref_d">http://uahirise.org/releases/hiwish-captions.php</ref>  The following three images relate to the first images taken under the HiWish program.  The first image below gives a wide view of the area from CTX to show where the HiRISE is looking.<ref name="Ref_e">http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_016869_1775</ref>
-<gallery widths="190" heights="180">
 File:Aureum Chaos wide context.JPG|THEMIS image of wide view of following HiRISE images.  Black box shows approximate location of HiRISE images.  This image is just a part of the vast area known as Aureum Chaos.  Click on image to see more details.
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 Thousands of pictures have been taken under the HiWish program which has given everyone the privilege of exploring Mars with the best telescope/camera to ever study the Red Planet.  The following are other images taken with HiRISE under the HiWish program.
-<gallery class="center"  widths="190px" heights="180px">
 File:55095 2170dunelinecolor.jpg|Dunes
 File:29565 2075newcratercomposite.jpg|New, small crater

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:34, 6 December 2019
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	On the other hand, a RGB image has the output of the broad red channel displayed as red, the blue-green channel as green, and a synthetic blue channel (blue-green minus part of the red) as blue. The wavelengths of these channels are: RED: 570-830 nanometers BG: <580 nanometers IR: >790 nanometers. One nanometer is equal to one billionth of a metre (0.000 000 001 m). <ref> https://www.uahirise.org/faq/#Colors</ref> <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre</ref>		On the other hand, a RGB image has the output of the broad red channel displayed as red, the blue-green channel as green, and a synthetic blue channel (blue-green minus part of the red) as blue. The wavelengths of these channels are: RED: 570-830 nanometers BG: <580 nanometers IR: >790 nanometers. One nanometer is equal to one billionth of a metre (0.000 000 001 m). <ref> https://www.uahirise.org/faq/#Colors</ref> <ref> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometre</ref>

−	~~File:61974 1710dunesrgb.jpg~~

	[[File:61974 1710dunesrgb.jpg\|Dune processed in the red, green, blue (RGB) channels\|600pxr\|Dune processed in red, green, blue (RGB)]]		[[File:61974 1710dunesrgb.jpg\|Dune processed in the red, green, blue (RGB) channels\|600pxr\|Dune processed in red, green, blue (RGB)]]