Tharsis - Revision history

Suitupshowup at 16:13, 24 January 2025

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	[[File:Collage ~~tharsis~~.jpg\|Features of Tharsis quadrangle, as seen by HiRISE under under HiWish program\|600pxr\| Features of Tharsis quadrangle]]		[[File:Collage Tharsis quadrangle 07.jpg\|Features of Tharsis quadrangle, as seen by HiRISE under under HiWish program\|600pxr\| Features of Tharsis quadrangle]]

	Scenes of the Tharsis quadrangle		Scenes of the Tharsis quadrangle

Suitupshowup at 14:06, 24 January 2025

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	\|[[Mars Atlas\|Atlas]]		\|[[Mars Atlas\|Atlas]]
	\|}		\|}

			In this article, some of the best pictures from a number of spacecraft will show what the landscape looks like in this region. The origins and significance of all features will be explained as they are currently understood.


	<gallery widths="400" heights="300">		<gallery widths="400" heights="300">
	File:USGS-Mars-MC-9-TharsisRegion-mola.png\|Tharsis Quadrangle elevations		File:USGS-Mars-MC-9-TharsisRegion-mola.png\|Tharsis Quadrangle elevations

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	[[File:Tharsis-PIA02049clouds.jpg\|center\|thumb\|px\|Tharsis features with clouds, as seen by Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft.]]		[[File:Tharsis-PIA02049clouds.jpg\|center\|thumb\|px\|Tharsis features with clouds, as seen by Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft.]]


			[[File:Collage tharsis.jpg\|Features of Tharsis quadrangle, as seen by HiRISE under under HiWish program\|600pxr\| Features of Tharsis quadrangle]]

			Scenes of the Tharsis quadrangle

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Lava flows

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	<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">		<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">

	File:ESP 056023 1965lavaolympus.jpg\|Lava flows on Olympus Mons.		File:ESP 056023 1965lavaolympus.jpg\|Lava flows on [[Olympus Mons]].

	~~File:68460 1945laveolympus.jpg\|Lava flowing down a slope from [[Olympus Mons]]~~

	File:68460 1945lavechannel.jpg\|Lava channel from Olympus Mons		File:68460 1945lavechannel.jpg\|Lava channel from Olympus Mons

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	</gallery>		</gallery>

			<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">

			File:ESP 056023 1965lavaolympus.jpg\|Lava flows on Olympus Mons.

			File:68460 1945laveolympus.jpg\|Lava flowing down a slope from [[Olympus Mons]]

			File:68460 1945lavechannel.jpg\|Lava channel from Olympus Mons

			</gallery>


	[[File:ESP 054968 1950lava.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Close view of lava moving over cliff around Olympus Mons, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program]]		[[File:ESP 054968 1950lava.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|center\|Close view of lava moving over cliff around Olympus Mons, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program]]

Suitupandshowup: /* Volcanoes */ added info and ref

2020-03-28T17:07:56Z

Volcanoes: added info and ref

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	== Volcanoes ==		== Volcanoes ==

	[[Image:Ascraeus mons topo.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|center\|Topography of [[Ascraeus Mons]].]]		[[Image:Ascraeus mons topo.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|center\|Topography of [[Ascraeus Mons]]. Ascraeus Mons is about twice the height of Pikes Peak and almost as high as Mount Everest.<ref>Morton, O. 2002. Mapping Mars. Picador. NY.</ref> ]]

	Tharsis is a land of great volcanoes. [[Olympus Mons]] is the tallest known volcano in the Solar System; it is 100 times larger than any volcano on Earth. [[Ascraeus Mons]] and [[Pavonis Mons]] are at least 200 miles across and are over six miles above Tharsis Rise, the plateau that they sit on. And, get this, the plateau is three to four miles above the zero altitude of Mars.<ref>Norton, O. 2002. Mapping Mars. Picador, New York.</ref>		Tharsis is a land of great volcanoes. [[Olympus Mons]] is the tallest known volcano in the Solar System; it is 100 times larger than any volcano on Earth. [[Ascraeus Mons]] and [[Pavonis Mons]] are at least 200 miles across and are over six miles above Tharsis Rise, the plateau that they sit on. And, get this, the plateau is three to four miles above the zero altitude of Mars.<ref>Norton, O. 2002. Mapping Mars. Picador, New York.</ref>

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2020-03-28T17:06:10Z

Suitupandshowup at 17:04, 28 March 2020

2020-03-28T17:04:06Z

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	[[Image:Ascraeus mons topo.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|center\|Topography of [[Ascraeus Mons]].]]		[[Image:Ascraeus mons topo.jpg\|thumb\|400px\|center\|Topography of [[Ascraeus Mons]].]]

	Tharsis is a land of great volcanoes. [[Olympus Mons]] is the tallest known volcano in the Solar System; it is 100 times larger than any volcano on Earth. [[Ascraeus Mons]] and [[Pavonis Mons]] are at least 200 miles across and are over six miles above Tharsis Rise, the plateau that they sit on. And, get this, the plateau is three to four miles above the zero altitude of Mars.<ref>Norton, O. 2002. Mapping Mars. Picador, New York.</ref> Pavonis Mons, the middle in a line of three volcanoes, sits at just about dead center on the equator. So, this middle volcano can serve as a good marker for the position of the Martian equator. Mons is a term used for a large raised feature on Mars. Tholus is about the same, but smaller. A patera is flatter and resembles a volcano with a super large opening. A patera is formed when the top of a volcano collapses because its magma chamber is empty. Crater Lake Oregon was formed in that manner, as well. Several volcanoes form a straight line in the Tharsis Uplift. Two major ones lie in the Tharsus quadrangle: Ascraeus Mons and Pavonis Mons. It has been proposed that these are the result of plate motion which on Earth makes volcanic arc islands.<ref> isbn=978-0-521-86698-9\|title = The Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy and Physical Properties\|last1 = Bell\|first1 = Jim\| date=2008-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Sleep \| first1 = Norman H. \| doi = 10.1029/94JE00216 \| title = Martian plate tectonics \| journal = Journal of Geophysical Research \| date = 1994 \| volume = 99 \| issue = E3 \| pages= 5639–5655 \| </ref> <ref>\| isbn=978-0-521-85226-5\|title = Mars: An Introduction to its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere\|last1 = Barlow\|first1 = Nadine\|</ref> <ref>http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/12/16/mars-shell-tectonics.html</ref> <ref>Connerney \| first1 = J. E. P. \| last2 = Acuna \| first2 = M. H. \| last3 = Ness \| first3 = N. F. \| last4 = Kletetschka \| first4 = G. \| last5 = Mitchell \| first5 = D. L. \| last6 = Lin \| first6 = R. P. \| last7 = Reme \| first7 = H. \| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0507469102 \| title = Tectonic implications of Mars crustal magnetism \| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \| date = 2005 \| volume = 102 \| issue = 42 \| pages= 14970–14975 \| pmc=1250232 \| pmid=16217034\|</ref>		Tharsis is a land of great volcanoes. [[Olympus Mons]] is the tallest known volcano in the Solar System; it is 100 times larger than any volcano on Earth. [[Ascraeus Mons]] and [[Pavonis Mons]] are at least 200 miles across and are over six miles above Tharsis Rise, the plateau that they sit on. And, get this, the plateau is three to four miles above the zero altitude of Mars.<ref>Norton, O. 2002. Mapping Mars. Picador, New York.</ref>

			As of 2001, based on measurements of the Mars Orbiter Laser zero elevation on Mars (standard topographic dataum) was defined as the average radius of the planet at the equator.<ref>Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter: Experiment summary after the first year of global mapping of Mars \|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets \|first1=D. \|last1=Smith \|first2=M. \|last2=Zuber \|first3=H. \|last3=Frey \|first4=J. \|last4=Garvin \|first5=J. \|last5=Head \|first6=D. \|last6=Muhleman \|first7=D. \|last7=Pettengill \|first8=R. \|last8=Phillips \|display-authors=5 \|volume=106 \|issue=E10 \|pages=23689–23722 \|date=25 October 2001 \|doi=10.1029/2000JE001364\|</ref> This type of agreement was necessary since Mars does not have a sea level like the Earth. Before this data came in from the Mars Orbiter, zero altitude was defined as a specific atmospheric pressure of 610.5 Pascals, about six millibars--it is a special number, it's where water can exist as gas, liquid or solid, called "the triple point of water."<ref>https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2013/08/12/3820057.htm</ref>

			Pavonis Mons, the middle in a line of three volcanoes, sits at just about dead center on the equator. So, this middle volcano can serve as a good marker for the position of the Martian equator. Mons is a term used for a large raised feature on Mars. Tholus is about the same, but smaller. A patera is flatter and resembles a volcano with a super large opening. A patera is formed when the top of a volcano collapses because its magma chamber is empty. Crater Lake Oregon was formed in that manner, as well. Several volcanoes form a straight line in the Tharsis Uplift. Two major ones lie in the Tharsus quadrangle: Ascraeus Mons and Pavonis Mons. It has been proposed that these are the result of plate motion which on Earth makes volcanic arc islands.<ref> isbn=978-0-521-86698-9\|title = The Martian Surface: Composition, Mineralogy and Physical Properties\|last1 = Bell\|first1 = Jim\| date=2008-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| last1 = Sleep \| first1 = Norman H. \| doi = 10.1029/94JE00216 \| title = Martian plate tectonics \| journal = Journal of Geophysical Research \| date = 1994 \| volume = 99 \| issue = E3 \| pages= 5639–5655 \| </ref> <ref>\| isbn=978-0-521-85226-5\|title = Mars: An Introduction to its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere\|last1 = Barlow\|first1 = Nadine\|</ref> <ref>http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/12/16/mars-shell-tectonics.html</ref> <ref>Connerney \| first1 = J. E. P. \| last2 = Acuna \| first2 = M. H. \| last3 = Ness \| first3 = N. F. \| last4 = Kletetschka \| first4 = G. \| last5 = Mitchell \| first5 = D. L. \| last6 = Lin \| first6 = R. P. \| last7 = Reme \| first7 = H. \| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0507469102 \| title = Tectonic implications of Mars crustal magnetism \| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences \| date = 2005 \| volume = 102 \| issue = 42 \| pages= 14970–14975 \| pmc=1250232 \| pmid=16217034\|</ref>
	Even though Mars presents many volcanoes here and other places, there has been no evidence of recent volcanic activity, even at a very low level. Research, published in 2017, found no active release of volcanic gases during two successive Martian years. The team looked for the outgassing of sulfur-bearing chemicals with spectrometers.<ref>Khayat, A., et al. 2017. A deep search for the release of volcanic gases on Mars using ground-based high-resolution infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy: Sensitive upper limits for OCS and SO2. Icarus: 296, 1-14.</ref>		Even though Mars presents many volcanoes here and other places, there has been no evidence of recent volcanic activity, even at a very low level. Research, published in 2017, found no active release of volcanic gases during two successive Martian years. The team looked for the outgassing of sulfur-bearing chemicals with spectrometers.<ref>Khayat, A., et al. 2017. A deep search for the release of volcanic gases on Mars using ground-based high-resolution infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy: Sensitive upper limits for OCS and SO2. Icarus: 296, 1-14.</ref>

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	Research, published in January 2012 in Icarus, found that at least one group of dark streaks were set off by airblasts from meteorites traveling at supersonic speeds. The team of scientists was led by Kaylan Burleigh, an undergraduate at the University of Arizona. After counting some 65,000 dark streaks around the impact site of a group of 5 new craters, patterns ~~emerged~~. The number of streaks was greatest closer to the impact site. Somehow the impact probably caused the streaks. The largest crater in the cluster is about 22 m in diameter with close to the area of a basketball court. As the meteorite traveled through the Martian atmosphere it probably broke up; hence a tight group of impact craters resulted.<ref> Burleigh \| first1 = Kaylan J. \| last2 = Melosh \| first2 = Henry J. \| last3 = Tornabene \| first3 = Livio L. \| last4 = Ivanov \| first4 = Boris \| last5 = McEwen \| first5 = Alfred S. \| last6 = Daubar \| first6 = Ingrid J. \| year = 2012 \| title = Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars \| url = \| journal = Icarus \| volume = 217 \| issue = 1\| pages = 194–201 \| doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026 \| </ref> <ref>http://redplanet.asu.edu/</ref>		Research, published in January 2012 in Icarus, found that at least one group of dark streaks were set off by airblasts from meteorites traveling at supersonic speeds. The team of scientists was led by Kaylan Burleigh, an undergraduate at the University of Arizona. After counting some 65,000 dark streaks around the impact site of a group of 5 new craters, the team found patterns. The number of streaks was greatest closer to the impact site. Somehow the impact probably caused the streaks. The largest crater in the cluster is about 22 m in diameter with close to the area of a basketball court. As the meteorite traveled through the Martian atmosphere it probably broke up; hence a tight group of impact craters resulted.<ref> Burleigh \| first1 = Kaylan J. \| last2 = Melosh \| first2 = Henry J. \| last3 = Tornabene \| first3 = Livio L. \| last4 = Ivanov \| first4 = Boris \| last5 = McEwen \| first5 = Alfred S. \| last6 = Daubar \| first6 = Ingrid J. \| year = 2012 \| title = Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars \| url = \| journal = Icarus \| volume = 217 \| issue = 1\| pages = 194–201 \| doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026 \| </ref> <ref>http://redplanet.asu.edu/</ref>

	==Lava flows==		==Lava flows==

Suitupandshowup at 16:57, 28 March 2020

2020-03-28T16:57:18Z

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	==Nature of Tharsis Volcanoes==		==Nature of Tharsis Volcanoes==

	Volcanoes in the Tharsis region are believed to be constructed of the volcanic rock basalt.<ref>Carr, M. 1973. Volcanism on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 : 4049–4062.</ref> Basalt is rich in iron and magnesium (mafic) [[ minerals]] and typically dark in color. It is a very fluid lava so ~~the~~ flows travel long distances and do not make steep volcanoes. Volcanoes of basaltic composition look like shields sitting on the ground. Volcanoes on Mars are able to grow many times larger than those on the Earth because Mars has experienced very little, if any, plate tectonics. Lava from a stationary hot spot is able to accumulate at one location for a billion years or longer.		Volcanoes in the Tharsis region are believed to be constructed of the volcanic rock basalt.<ref>Carr, M. 1973. Volcanism on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 : 4049–4062.</ref> Basalt is rich in iron and magnesium (mafic) [[ minerals]] and typically dark in color. It is a very fluid lava so its flows travel long distances and do not make steep volcanoes. Volcanoes of basaltic composition look like shields sitting on the ground. Volcanoes on Mars are able to grow many times larger than those on the Earth because Mars has experienced very little, if any, plate tectonics. Lava from a stationary hot spot is able to accumulate at one location for a billion years or longer.
	If magma and lava behaves on Mars the way it does on Earth much of the magma (liquid rock under the surface) does not erupt at the surface as lava, rather it never reaches the surface before cooling; hence, it forms large intrusive rock complexes, such as sills and laccoliths, that can cause a general doming and fracturing of the overlying crust. In other words, most of the once liquid rock of Tharsis probably never made it to the surface.<ref>Williams, J.-P.; Paige, D.A.; Manning, C.E. 2003. Layering in the Wall Rock of Valles Marineris: Intrusive and Extrusive Magmatism. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (12): 1623</ref>		If magma and lava behaves on Mars the way it does on Earth much of the magma (liquid rock under the surface) does not erupt at the surface as lava, rather it never reaches the surface before cooling; hence, it forms large intrusive rock complexes, such as sills and laccoliths, that can cause a general doming and fracturing of the overlying crust. In other words, most of the once liquid rock of Tharsis probably never made it to the surface.<ref>Williams, J.-P.; Paige, D.A.; Manning, C.E. 2003. Layering in the Wall Rock of Valles Marineris: Intrusive and Extrusive Magmatism. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30 (12): 1623</ref>

	==Implications of large volcanoes==		==Implications of large volcanoes==

	The great mass of Tharsis volcanoes has stretched the crust and caused it to crack in places to form long troughs, called fossae. Some extend half way across the planet.<ref>Carr, M.H (2007). Mars: Surface and Interior in Encyclopedia of the Solar System, 2nd ed., McFadden, L.-A. et al. Eds. Elsevier: San Diego, CA</ref> Sometimes lava, and maybe even water, can flow from these fossae. When lava erupts, it throws out liquid rock, but it also releases enormous amounts of gas like water and carbon dioxide. So when Tharsis volcanoes were erupting, they may have caused the atmosphere to become thicker and warmer.		The great mass of Tharsis volcanoes has stretched the crust and caused it to crack in places to form long troughs, called fossae. Some extend half way across the planet.<ref>Carr, M.H (2007). Mars: Surface and Interior in Encyclopedia of the Solar System, 2nd ed., McFadden, L.-A. et al. Eds. Elsevier: San Diego, CA</ref> Sometimes lava, and maybe even water, can flow from these fossae. When lava erupts, it throws out liquid rock, but it also releases enormous amounts of gas like water and carbon dioxide. So when Tharsis volcanoes were erupting, they may have caused the atmosphere to become thicker and warmer.
	One study, calculated that the Tharsis bulge contains around 300 million cubic km of igneous rock. If this magma contained carbon dioxide and water vapor in percentages similar to that observed in Hawaiian basaltic lava, then the total amount of gases released could have produced a 1.5-bar carbon dioxide atmosphere and a 120 meter thick layer of water that covered the whole planet. A 1.5 bar atmosphere has one and a half times the pressure of the Earth’s.<ref>Phillips, R.J.; et al. (2001). "Ancient Geodynamics and Global-Scale Hydrology on Mars". Science. 291: 2587–2591.</ref> Gases given off in the eruptions also probably contained large amounts of sulfur and chlorine. When these elements combine with water they produce acids that can break down rocks and minerals. Gases from Tharsis together with other Martian volcanoes are likely responsible for an early period of Martian time (the Theiikian) when sulfuric acid weathering created hydrated sulfate minerals such as kieserite and gypsum that have been detected on the planet by orbiting spectroscopes.<ref>Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Langevin, Y; Mustard, JF; Poulet, F; Arvidson, R; Gendrin, A; Gondet, B; Mangold, N; et al. (2006). "Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA/Mars Express Data". Science. 312 (5772): 400–404</ref>		One study, calculated that the Tharsis bulge contains around 300 million cubic km of igneous rock. If this magma contained carbon dioxide and water vapor in percentages similar to that observed in Hawaiian basaltic lava, then the total amount of gases released could have produced a 1.5-bar carbon dioxide atmosphere and a 120 meter thick layer of water that covered the whole planet. A 1.5 bar atmosphere has one and a half times the pressure of the Earth’s.<ref>Phillips, R.J.; et al. (2001). "Ancient Geodynamics and Global-Scale Hydrology on Mars". Science. 291: 2587–2591.</ref> Gases given off in the eruptions also probably contained large amounts of sulfur and chlorine. When these elements combine with water they produce acids that can break down rocks and minerals. Gases from Tharsis together with other Martian volcanoes are likely responsible for an early period of Martian time (the Theiikian) when sulfuric acid weathering created hydrated sulfate minerals such as kieserite and gypsum that have been detected on the planet by orbiting spectroscopes.<ref>Bibring, Jean-Pierre; Langevin, Y; Mustard, JF; Poulet, F; Arvidson, R; Gendrin, A; Gondet, B; Mangold, N; et al. (2006). "Global Mineralogical and Aqueous Mars History Derived from OMEGA/Mars Express Data". Science. 312 (5772): 400–404</ref>
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	The name Tharsis refers to a land mentioned in the Bible. It may be at the location of the old town of Tartessus at the mouth of Guadalquivir.<ref>Blunck, J. 1982. Mars and its Satellites. Exposition Press. Smithtown, N.Y.</ref>		The name Tharsis refers to a land mentioned in the Bible. It may be at the location of the old town of Tartessus at the mouth of Guadalquivir.<ref>Blunck, J. 1982. Mars and its Satellites. Exposition Press. Smithtown, N.Y.</ref>
	The quadrangle covers the area from 0° to 30° north latitude and 90° to 135° west longitude (270 -225 E) and contains most of the Tharsis Rise, a large plateau. The plateau is about as high as Earth's Mount Everest and about as big in area as all of Europe. Tharsis contains a group of large volcanoes. [[Olympus Mons]] is the tallest.<ref> Hartmann \|first1= W.K. \|title= A Traveller's Guide to Mars: The Mysterious Landscapes of the Red Planet \|publisher= Workman \|location= New York </ref>		The quadrangle covers the area from 0° to 30° north latitude and 90° to 135° west longitude (270--225 E) and contains most of the Tharsis Rise, a large plateau. The plateau is about as high as Earth's Mount Everest and about as big in area as all of Europe. Tharsis contains a group of large volcanoes. [[Olympus Mons]] is the tallest.<ref> Hartmann \|first1= W.K. \|title= A Traveller's Guide to Mars: The Mysterious Landscapes of the Red Planet \|publisher= Workman \|location= New York </ref>

	== Volcanoes ==		== Volcanoes ==

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2020-03-21T17:05:23Z

Volcanoes

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	[[Image:Ceraunius & Uranius tholi.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System\|THEMIS mosaic of [[Uranius Tholus]] (upper volcano) and [[Ceraunius Tholus]] (lower volcano). The latter is about as high as Earth's [[Mount Everest]].]]		[[Image:Ceraunius & Uranius tholi.jpg\|thumb\|300px\|left\|2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System\|THEMIS mosaic of Uranius Tholus (upper volcano) and Ceraunius Tholus (lower volcano). The latter is about as high as Earth's Mount Everest.]]

	[[Image:Ulysses Patera.JPG\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Ulysses Tholus, with its location in relation to other volcanoes shown (photo by THEMIS).]]		[[Image:Ulysses Patera.JPG\|thumb\|300px\|right\|Ulysses Tholus, with its location in relation to other volcanoes shown (photo by THEMIS).]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:06, 28 March 2020
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	*[[High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)]]		*[[High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)]]
	*[[HiWish program]]		*[[HiWish program]]
			*[[How are features on Mars Named?]]
	*[[Mars Global Surveyor]]		*[[Mars Global Surveyor]]
	*[[Mars volcanoes]]		*[[Mars volcanoes]]