Difference between revisions of "Food"

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[[Image:raw_food_mix.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A mix of fresh raw vegetarian food.]]
 +
 
The amount of '''Food''' for [[human]] beings that can be brought from [[Earth]] to [[Mars]] is limited, and the logistics of a continued food transport for the long term is [[Financial effort estimation|expensive]]. Especially an [[autonomous colony]] needs it's own food production. Reasons for this are cost reduction and the achievement of [[independence from Earth]]. Last but not least, the own food can be of higher quality and fresh, including a natural mix of [[vitamins]] and [[minerals and trace elements in food|minerals]].
 
The amount of '''Food''' for [[human]] beings that can be brought from [[Earth]] to [[Mars]] is limited, and the logistics of a continued food transport for the long term is [[Financial effort estimation|expensive]]. Especially an [[autonomous colony]] needs it's own food production. Reasons for this are cost reduction and the achievement of [[independence from Earth]]. Last but not least, the own food can be of higher quality and fresh, including a natural mix of [[vitamins]] and [[minerals and trace elements in food|minerals]].
 +
 +
==Food requirements==
 +
An average human requires about 2,7 kg of food per day, or 985 kg per year.  A good target might be one tonne of food per year per colonist, to account for losses.  Plants are composed of edible parts and non edible parts.  The non edible portion is counted as biomass, and can be used for industrial production or recycled into the food production system.  On average, of the solid parts of plants (not water) about 50% of a plant is edible and the rest is biomass.  The following table presents a suggested diet based on the Canadian Food Guide.   
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|'''Food, canadian food guide'''
 +
|'''Weight of'''
 +
 +
'''food (gram)'''
 +
|'''kiloCalorie/kg'''
 +
|'''Calories'''
 +
per day
 +
|-
 +
|Fruit
 +
|500
 +
|500
 +
|250
 +
|-
 +
|Vegetables
 +
|750
 +
|300
 +
|225
 +
|-
 +
|Protein (meat and beans)
 +
|200
 +
|4 000
 +
|800
 +
|-
 +
|Dairy
 +
|750
 +
|420
 +
|315
 +
|-
 +
|Grains
 +
|240
 +
|2 100
 +
|504
 +
|-
 +
|Oils
 +
|40
 +
|5 000
 +
|200
 +
|-
 +
|'''Total'''
 +
|'''2 480'''
 +
|'''925'''
 +
|'''2 294'''
 +
|}
 +
Note: Calories as expressed in food guides and nutritional documents are actually kiloCalories.  so the Calories of column 4 in this table are actually kiloCalories.
  
 
==Food that can be brought from Earth==
 
==Food that can be brought from Earth==
 +
 
*Several varieties of dehydrated food.
 
*Several varieties of dehydrated food.
*Natural food that containes large amounts of fat and [[carbohydrate]]s, such as nuts.
+
*Food that contains large amounts of fat and [[carbohydrate]]s, such as nuts and dried meats.
 
*Concentrated fruit juice.
 
*Concentrated fruit juice.
*Light weight, high energy foods with a long shelf-life.
+
*Lightweight, high energy foods with a long shelf-life.
  
 
==Local Production Methods==  
 
==Local Production Methods==  
*[[:category:plants|Vegetable]] can be grown in [[greenhouse]]s or on [[green wall|green walls]].  
+
 
*Proteins, fat and carbohydrates can be produced by a [[biotechnology|biotechnological factory]]
+
*[[:category:plants|Vegetable]] can be grown in [[greenhouse]]s or on [[green wall|green walls]] in order to close the [[carbon cycle]].
*[[In-vitro meat]]
+
*[[Protein|Proteins]], fat and carbohydrates can be produced by a [[biotechnology|biotechnological factory]] also known as [[biological reactors]].
*[[:category:animals|Animals]], such as chicken, may be raised in sections of greenhouses.  
+
*[[:category:animals|Animals]], such as chicken or [[fish]], may be raised in sections of greenhouses.
:*It must be taken into account that the production of 1 kg meat requires 7 to 16 kg of vegetable matter.<ref>[http://www.situations.org.uk/_uploaded_pdfs/KateThompsonwhatyoucandoresource.pdf Kate Thompson: What  you can do resource - facts and figures about resource consumption for food production.]</ref>
+
*It takes 2000 to 3000 liters of [[water]] to produce 1 kg of meat, it only takes 100 liters of water to grow 1 kg of grain. Water will be a very valuable commodity on Mars, so the first generation of settlers may well be vegetarian by necessity. This may be mitigated by water recycling.
:*In addition, it takes 2000 to 3000 litres of [[water]] to produce 1 kg of meat, it only takes 100 litres of water to grow 1 kg of grain. Water will be a very valuable commodity on Mars, so the first generation of settlers may well be vegetarian by necessity.
+
 
:*Growing [[insects]] and their larvea (e.g. flour worms) can provide valuable proteins and might consume not too much vegetable mass (compared with cattle).
+
*Growing [[insects]] and their larvae (e.g. flour worms or [[flies|fly maggots]]) can provide valuable proteins and might consume mostly [[waste biomass recycling|waste biomass‎]].  Pigs might be a more palatable alternative, of fish.
*Some food (possibly [[Genetic engineering|genetically modified]]) may be grown in the Marsian atmosphere. Results from the Phoenix lander indicate that some vegetables may be grown in caves save from radiation.
+
*[[Algae]] can produce large amount of food and oil.  However, is is impossible to survive only on algae in the long term(reference needed).
 +
*Some food (possibly [[Genetic engineering|genetically modified]]) may be grown in the Martian atmosphere. Results from the Phoenix lander indicate that some vegetables may be grown in caves safe from radiation(ref needed).
  
 
==Nutrition and Energy Calculations==
 
==Nutrition and Energy Calculations==
Assuming we have no genetically modified plants for the Martian colony we can only try to provide optimized conditions in the greenhouse for maximization of harvest. The following calculation is, therefore, based upon terrestrial agricultural figures.
+
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Calorie calculation
 +
|
 +
|Unit
 +
|1 person
 +
|1000 persons
 +
|-
 +
|Human calorie intake
 +
|kilocalorie/day
 +
|2300
 +
|2300000
 +
|-
 +
|Days per year
 +
|
 +
|365
 +
|365
 +
|-
 +
|Energy per year
 +
|kiloca
 +
|839500
 +
|839,500,000
 +
|-
 +
|Yearly energy production
 +
|kilocal/m2
 +
|4700
 +
|4700
 +
|-
 +
|'''Area to feed humans'''
 +
|'''m2'''
 +
|'''179'''
 +
|'''178,617'''
 +
|}
  
===Potatoes===
+
==Food and crop energy and yields==
Under best conditions on Earth it is possible to grow 3 kg potatoes per m<sup>2</sup> per year. 3 kg potatoes contain 8820 kJ energy, which roughly serves the energy requirements for one person for one day. So, a person needs about 365 m<sup>2</sup> cropland at a minimum to survive.
+
The following table has been compiled from various sources.  The values are high but remain bellow record yields and are usually for open field intensive agriculture unless otherwise noted. Most of the energy in plants is stored in the form of [[carbohydrates]], that store about 4000 kilo-calories per kg.
  
===Wheat===
+
On Mars, these crops could be grown year round, with supplemental artificial lighting, no weather, extra CO2 concentration and optimum irrigation and fertilization.  Some Yields might then be significantly higher.
The average harvest of wheat is 0.28 kg per m<sup>2</sup> per year. Under best conditions it is possible to grow 0.7 kg per m<sup>2</sup> per year. 0.7 kg wheat contain 9198 kJ energy, which roughly serves the energy requirements for one person for one day. So, a person needs about 365 m<sup>2</sup> cropland at a minimum to survive.
+
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+Food and crop yields
 +
|'''Food type'''
 +
|
 +
|'''Tonnes'''
 +
'''/ha'''
 +
|'''kg'''
 +
'''/m2'''
 +
|'''kilocalorie'''
 +
'''/kg'''
 +
|'''kilocalorie'''
 +
'''/m2'''
 +
|'''Notes'''
 +
|-
 +
|Apples, pears
 +
|Australia
 +
|65
 +
|6.5
 +
|571
 +
|3714
 +
|<nowiki>https://www.goodfruit.com/calculate-target-yield/</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Ontario
 +
|25
 +
|2.5
 +
|580
 +
|1450
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Oranges, citrus
 +
|Florida
 +
|130
 +
|13
 +
|470
 +
|6110
 +
|<nowiki>https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/orange.html#Yield</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Israel
 +
|50
 +
|5
 +
|470
 +
|2350
 +
|<nowiki>https://www.haifa-group.com/citrus-tree-fertilizer/crop-guide-growing-citrus-trees</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|Banana
 +
|Puerto Rico
 +
|70
 +
|7
 +
|1000
 +
|7000
 +
|<nowiki>https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html#Yield</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|Strawberries
 +
|England
 +
|30
 +
|3
 +
|330
 +
|990
 +
|<nowiki>https://vegetablegrowersnews.com/article/tunnels-varieties-double-uk-berry-yields/</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|California
 +
|90
 +
|9.0
 +
|330
 +
|2970
 +
|Hydroponic <nowiki>https://cals.arizona.edu/strawberry/Hydroponic_Strawberry_Information_Website/Costs.html</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Australia
 +
|150
 +
|15.0
 +
|330
 +
|4950
 +
|<nowiki>http://www.nuffieldinternational.org/rep_pdf/1450740021NickyMannFinalReport.pdf</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|Dwarf fruit trees
 +
|California
 +
|72
 +
|7.2
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Potato
 +
|UK
 +
|50
 +
|5.0
 +
|850
 +
|4250
 +
|<nowiki>https://potatoes.ahdb.org.uk/sites/default/files/GB%20Potatoes%202016-2017.pdf</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Sweden
 +
|26 <ref>[http://www.scb.se/templates/pressinfo____220855.asp Press release from Statistics Sweden and Swedish Board of Agriculture]</ref>
 +
|2.6
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Sweet potato
 +
|california
 +
|27
 +
|2.7
 +
|860
 +
|2346
 +
|<nowiki>https://ucanr.edu/repository/fileaccess.cfm?article=54045&p=%20MKCWZJ</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|Tomatoes
 +
|
 +
|150
 +
|15.0
 +
|180
 +
|2700
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Water melon
 +
|
 +
|36
 +
|3.6
 +
|300
 +
|1071
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Cabbage
 +
|
 +
|90
 +
|9.0
 +
|250
 +
|2250
 +
|<nowiki>https://www.kzndard.gov.za/images/Documents/Horticulture/Veg_prod/expected_yields.pdf</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|Beans
 +
|
 +
|20
 +
|2.0
 +
|3470
 +
|6940
 +
|Hydroponic :  <nowiki>https://uponics.com/hydroponics-yield/</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|watercress
 +
|
 +
|25
 +
|2.5
 +
|110
 +
|275
 +
|<nowiki>https://ipmdata.ipmcenters.org/documents/cropprofiles/HIwatercress.pdf</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|Alfafla (luzerne)
 +
|Jordan
 +
|180
 +
|18
 +
|230
 +
|4140
 +
|Hydroponic : https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/924672/
 +
|-
 +
|canola
 +
|
 +
|3
 +
|0.3
 +
|8840 ?
 +
|2652
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Rice
 +
|China
 +
|17
 +
|1.7
 +
|1300
 +
|2210
 +
|<nowiki>http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-10/16/c_136683786.htm</nowiki>
 +
|-
 +
|Wheat
 +
|
 +
|10
 +
|1.0
 +
|3400
 +
|3400
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|Canada<ref name=":0">https://ourworldindata.org/yields-and-land-use-in-agriculture</ref>
 +
|5.9
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|6<ref>[http://www.ienica.net/reports/swedenupdate.pdf Report from State of Sweden]</ref>
 +
|0.6
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Oats
 +
|
 +
|4.3
 +
|0.4
 +
|3890
 +
|1673
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|3.2
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Barley
 +
|
 +
|7
 +
|0.7
 +
|3540
 +
|2478
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|soya
 +
|
 +
|3
 +
|0.3
 +
|4460
 +
|1338
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Corn
 +
|
 +
|12
 +
|1.2
 +
|960
 +
|1152
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Fodder Corn
 +
|Canada<ref name=":0" />
 +
|50
 +
|5
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Bamboo<ref>http://afribam.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:bamboo-for-plantations&catid=22&Itemid=116</ref>
 +
|
 +
|4
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|For wood type products
 +
|}
  
==Facts and figures==
+
==Meat production==
*Sweden: 26260 kg potatoes per hectare <ref>[http://www.scb.se/templates/pressinfo____220855.asp Press release from Statistics Sweden and Swedish Board of Agriculture]</ref>
+
Energy in meat and meat products and dairy products.
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|'''Food type'''
 +
|'''kg'''
 +
'''/m2'''
 +
|'''kilocalorie'''
 +
'''/kg'''
 +
|'''kilocalorie'''
 +
'''/m2'''
 +
|Notes
 +
|-
 +
|Meat
 +
|
 +
|5000
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|fat
 +
|
 +
|9000
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|protein
 +
|
 +
|4000
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Salmon
 +
|
 +
|2080
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Tilapia
 +
|
 +
|1290
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|chicken
 +
|
 +
|2390
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|milk
 +
|
 +
|420
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Eggs
 +
|
 +
|1550
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|}
 +
[[w:Feed_conversion_ratio|Feed conversion ratio]] (FCR) is a measure of efficiency.  It is the ratio between the mass of feed and the mass of product output.  For dairy cows, for example, the output is milk, whereas in animals raised for meat (such as beef cows, pigs, chickens, and fish) the output is the flesh, that is, the body mass gained by the animal, represented either in the final mass of the animal or the mass of the dressed output (from Wikipedia).
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+
 +
Feed conversion ratios
 +
!Livestock
 +
!FCR
 +
!
 +
|-
 +
|Beef
 +
|4.5–7.5
 +
|calculated on live weight gain<ref>Beef production feed rate https://web.archive.org/web/20190805235813/https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://en.wikipedia.org/&httpsredir=1&article=1027&context=driftlessconference</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Dairy
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
|Pigs
 +
|3.8-4.5
 +
|About 1 for piglets, grows higher and higher with time<ref>Pig FCR<nowiki/>https://web.archive.org/web/20150917051750/http://www.pigprogress.net/Breeding/Sow-Feeding/2009/4/Taking-control-of-feed-conversion-ratio-PP005927W/</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Sheep
 +
|4-6, 40
 +
|4-6 on grain, 40<ref>Cronjé. P. B. and E. Weites. 1990. Live mass, carcass and wool growth responses to supplementation of a roughage diet with sources of protein and energy in South African Mutton Merino lambs. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 20: 141-168</ref> on straw
 +
|-
 +
|Poultry
 +
|1.6-2
 +
|A hen can lay up to 330 eggs per year.  Maturation is about 40 days
 +
|-
 +
|Criquets
 +
|0,9-1.0
 +
|Seems unlikely to be below 1....<ref>http://buglady.dk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/van-Huis-2013-Potential-of-insects-as-food-and-feed.pdf</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Fish
 +
|1-1.5
 +
|Tilapia is 1<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20151106233121/http://www2.ca.uky.edu/wkrec/TilapiaTankCulture.pdf</ref>. Salmon about 1,3<ref>http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Salmo_salar/en</ref>.  Higher for fish to fish conversion, almost 4 in many piscicultures.
 +
|-
 +
|Rabbits
 +
|2.5-3
 +
|
 +
|}
  
*Sweden: about 6000 kg wheats per hectare <ref>[http://www.ienica.net/reports/swedenupdate.pdf Report from State of Sweden]</ref>
+
==Artificial food==
 +
There is no existing complete food than might be considered artificial.
  
*"Plain boiled potatoes are naturally low in fat and provide 72 kcal/100g (306 KJ/100g)" <ref>[http://www.nutrition.org.uk/home.asp?siteId=43&sectionId=428&parentSection=322&which=undefined British Nutrition Foundation - Potatoes]</ref>
+
*See [[vitamins]] for the basic vitamin requirements that need to be obtained from food.
 +
*Industrial proteins and carbohydrates are not produced directly from base chemicals but require [[biological reactors]].  There are a number of experiments being done to produce artificial food from the output of biological reactors, but these have not, to this time(2019), been proven to be more economical that naturally produced food.
 +
*[[w:Beyond_Meat|Beyond meat]], a vegetable meat substitute, may be considered as artificial in some ways, but is more a modified food. Entirely vegetarian diets are possible.
 +
*[[In-vitro meat]] is possible, but requires large amounts of energy for its production. Modified vegetables, such as Beyond Meat might produce a better substitute.
  
*"Wheat flour provides 310 - 340 kcal/100g (1320 - 1450 KJ/100g)"<ref>[http://www.nutrition.org.uk/home.asp?siteId=43&sectionId=422&parentSection=322&which=undefined British Nutrition Foundation - Flour]</ref>
+
==See also==
  
==Open issues==
+
*[[Food preservation]]
*What sorts of food are required to keep the settlers healthy? We need a nutrition plan on a scientific base.
 
*How much vegetable is needed to produce 1 kg pork, chicken, rabbit, beef, flour worm, etc.?
 
*What esculent animal/insect/worm etc. needs the smallest amount of vegetable? The best mass ratio is sought-after. A list would be highly welcome.
 
*What is known about needed vitamins and minerals?
 
*Is it possible to make artificial food with an artificial mixture of vitamins and minerals, allowing humans to keep well and fit?
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
<references/>
+
<references />
  
[[Category: Human Considerations]]
+
[[Category: Agriculture]]
[[Category: Greenhouse]]
 

Revision as of 17:19, 5 August 2019

A mix of fresh raw vegetarian food.

The amount of Food for human beings that can be brought from Earth to Mars is limited, and the logistics of a continued food transport for the long term is expensive. Especially an autonomous colony needs it's own food production. Reasons for this are cost reduction and the achievement of independence from Earth. Last but not least, the own food can be of higher quality and fresh, including a natural mix of vitamins and minerals.

Food requirements

An average human requires about 2,7 kg of food per day, or 985 kg per year. A good target might be one tonne of food per year per colonist, to account for losses. Plants are composed of edible parts and non edible parts. The non edible portion is counted as biomass, and can be used for industrial production or recycled into the food production system. On average, of the solid parts of plants (not water) about 50% of a plant is edible and the rest is biomass. The following table presents a suggested diet based on the Canadian Food Guide.

Food, canadian food guide Weight of

food (gram)

kiloCalorie/kg Calories

per day

Fruit 500 500 250
Vegetables 750 300 225
Protein (meat and beans) 200 4 000 800
Dairy 750 420 315
Grains 240 2 100 504
Oils 40 5 000 200
Total 2 480 925 2 294

Note: Calories as expressed in food guides and nutritional documents are actually kiloCalories. so the Calories of column 4 in this table are actually kiloCalories.

Food that can be brought from Earth

  • Several varieties of dehydrated food.
  • Food that contains large amounts of fat and carbohydrates, such as nuts and dried meats.
  • Concentrated fruit juice.
  • Lightweight, high energy foods with a long shelf-life.

Local Production Methods

  • Vegetable can be grown in greenhouses or on green walls in order to close the carbon cycle.
  • Proteins, fat and carbohydrates can be produced by a biotechnological factory also known as biological reactors.
  • Animals, such as chicken or fish, may be raised in sections of greenhouses.
  • It takes 2000 to 3000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of meat, it only takes 100 liters of water to grow 1 kg of grain. Water will be a very valuable commodity on Mars, so the first generation of settlers may well be vegetarian by necessity. This may be mitigated by water recycling.
  • Growing insects and their larvae (e.g. flour worms or fly maggots) can provide valuable proteins and might consume mostly waste biomass‎. Pigs might be a more palatable alternative, of fish.
  • Algae can produce large amount of food and oil. However, is is impossible to survive only on algae in the long term(reference needed).
  • Some food (possibly genetically modified) may be grown in the Martian atmosphere. Results from the Phoenix lander indicate that some vegetables may be grown in caves safe from radiation(ref needed).

Nutrition and Energy Calculations

Calorie calculation
Unit 1 person 1000 persons
Human calorie intake kilocalorie/day 2300 2300000
Days per year 365 365
Energy per year kiloca 839500 839,500,000
Yearly energy production kilocal/m2 4700 4700
Area to feed humans m2 179 178,617

Food and crop energy and yields

The following table has been compiled from various sources. The values are high but remain bellow record yields and are usually for open field intensive agriculture unless otherwise noted. Most of the energy in plants is stored in the form of carbohydrates, that store about 4000 kilo-calories per kg.

On Mars, these crops could be grown year round, with supplemental artificial lighting, no weather, extra CO2 concentration and optimum irrigation and fertilization. Some Yields might then be significantly higher.

Food and crop yields
Food type Tonnes

/ha

kg

/m2

kilocalorie

/kg

kilocalorie

/m2

Notes
Apples, pears Australia 65 6.5 571 3714 https://www.goodfruit.com/calculate-target-yield/
Ontario 25 2.5 580 1450
Oranges, citrus Florida 130 13 470 6110 https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/orange.html#Yield
Israel 50 5 470 2350 https://www.haifa-group.com/citrus-tree-fertilizer/crop-guide-growing-citrus-trees
Banana Puerto Rico 70 7 1000 7000 https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/banana.html#Yield
Strawberries England 30 3 330 990 https://vegetablegrowersnews.com/article/tunnels-varieties-double-uk-berry-yields/
California 90 9.0 330 2970 Hydroponic https://cals.arizona.edu/strawberry/Hydroponic_Strawberry_Information_Website/Costs.html
Australia 150 15.0 330 4950 http://www.nuffieldinternational.org/rep_pdf/1450740021NickyMannFinalReport.pdf
Dwarf fruit trees California 72 7.2
Potato UK 50 5.0 850 4250 https://potatoes.ahdb.org.uk/sites/default/files/GB%20Potatoes%202016-2017.pdf
Sweden 26 [1] 2.6
Sweet potato california 27 2.7 860 2346 https://ucanr.edu/repository/fileaccess.cfm?article=54045&p=%20MKCWZJ
Tomatoes 150 15.0 180 2700
Water melon 36 3.6 300 1071
Cabbage 90 9.0 250 2250 https://www.kzndard.gov.za/images/Documents/Horticulture/Veg_prod/expected_yields.pdf
Beans 20 2.0 3470 6940 Hydroponic : https://uponics.com/hydroponics-yield/
watercress 25 2.5 110 275 https://ipmdata.ipmcenters.org/documents/cropprofiles/HIwatercress.pdf
Alfafla (luzerne) Jordan 180 18 230 4140 Hydroponic : https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/924672/
canola 3 0.3 8840 ? 2652
Rice China 17 1.7 1300 2210 http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-10/16/c_136683786.htm
Wheat 10 1.0 3400 3400
Canada[2] 5.9
6[3] 0.6
Oats 4.3 0.4 3890 1673
3.2
Barley 7 0.7 3540 2478
soya 3 0.3 4460 1338
Corn 12 1.2 960 1152
Fodder Corn Canada[2] 50 5
Bamboo[4] 4 For wood type products

Meat production

Energy in meat and meat products and dairy products.

Food type kg

/m2

kilocalorie

/kg

kilocalorie

/m2

Notes
Meat 5000
fat 9000
protein 4000
Salmon 2080
Tilapia 1290
chicken 2390
milk 420
Eggs 1550

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a measure of efficiency. It is the ratio between the mass of feed and the mass of product output. For dairy cows, for example, the output is milk, whereas in animals raised for meat (such as beef cows, pigs, chickens, and fish) the output is the flesh, that is, the body mass gained by the animal, represented either in the final mass of the animal or the mass of the dressed output (from Wikipedia).

Feed conversion ratios
Livestock FCR
Beef 4.5–7.5 calculated on live weight gain[5]
Dairy
Pigs 3.8-4.5 About 1 for piglets, grows higher and higher with time[6]
Sheep 4-6, 40 4-6 on grain, 40[7] on straw
Poultry 1.6-2 A hen can lay up to 330 eggs per year. Maturation is about 40 days
Criquets 0,9-1.0 Seems unlikely to be below 1....[8]
Fish 1-1.5 Tilapia is 1[9]. Salmon about 1,3[10]. Higher for fish to fish conversion, almost 4 in many piscicultures.
Rabbits 2.5-3

Artificial food

There is no existing complete food than might be considered artificial.

  • See vitamins for the basic vitamin requirements that need to be obtained from food.
  • Industrial proteins and carbohydrates are not produced directly from base chemicals but require biological reactors. There are a number of experiments being done to produce artificial food from the output of biological reactors, but these have not, to this time(2019), been proven to be more economical that naturally produced food.
  • Beyond meat, a vegetable meat substitute, may be considered as artificial in some ways, but is more a modified food. Entirely vegetarian diets are possible.
  • In-vitro meat is possible, but requires large amounts of energy for its production. Modified vegetables, such as Beyond Meat might produce a better substitute.

See also

References