Lighting

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Lighting is vital for a colony. A colony might have a limited number of windows, so lighting would be required permanantly. Plants in greenhouses might need to be lit artificially to supplement natural light. Rovers must have headlamps for driving at night or during dust storms.


Types of lighting

Incandescent

Most lightbulbs on Earth are incandescent. Fire and stars produce light via incandescence. In an incandescent light-bulb a metal filament (Usually tungsten, the only metal that can withstand the temperatures) is heated to around 3000C. A glass bulb is fitted around the filament and the air evacuated or replaced by an inert gas, because the filament would otherwise oxidize and burn.

Fluorescent

Halogen bulbs

LED

LED are energy efficient, and produce little heat compared to incadescent, flourescent, and halogen bulbs.

BioLEDS

Uses

Illumination

The primary use of lighting is illumination of a settlement. A well-lit environment is vital for the morale and safety of the residents.

Standard illumination levels in building on Earth are

Agriculture

Most plants require more sunlight than is available on the martian surface. Dust storms can also obscure the sun for months at a time. Artificial lighting is needed to at least augment the natural light.

Health

The proper wavelengths of light are needed by humans to produce Vitamin D.

Certain lights, emulating natural sunlight, are used to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder.

Lighting levels

Condition Illumination (ftcd) (lux) Sunlight 10,000 107,527 Full Daylight 1,000 10,752 Overcast Day 100 1,075 Very Dark Day 10 107 Twilight 1 10.8 Deep Twilight .1 1.08 Full Moon .01 .108 Quarter Moon .001 .0108 Starlight .0001 .0011 Overcast Night .00001 .0001

The table below provides recommended light levels from the IESNA Lighting Handbook and LPD levels from the IECC 2015

ROOM TYPE LIGHT LEVEL (FOOT CANDLES) LIGHT LEVEL (LUX) IECC 2015 LIGHTING POWER DENSITY

Watts/m2 (WATTS PER SF)

Bedroom - Dormitory 20-30 FC 200-300 lux (0.38)
Cafeteria - Eating 20-30 FC 200-300 lux (0.65)
Classroom - General 30-50 FC 300-500 lux (1.24)
Conference Room 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.23
Corridor 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.66
Exhibit Space 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.45
Gymnasium - Exercise / Workout 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.72
Gymnasium - Sports / Games 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.20
Kitchen / Food Prep 30-75 FC 300-750 lux 1.21
Laboratory (Classroom) 50-75 FC 500-750 lux 1.43
Laboratory (Professional) 75-120 FC 750-1200 lux 1.81
Library - Stacks 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 1.71
Library - Reading / Studying 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.06
Loading Dock 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.47
Lobby - Office/General 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.90
Locker Room 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.75
Lounge / Breakroom 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.73
Mechanical / Electrical Room 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 0.95
Office - Open 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 0.98
Office - Private / Closed 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.11
Parking - Interior 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.19
Restroom / Toilet 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.98
Retail Sales 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 1.59
Stairway 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.69
Storage Room - General 5-20 FC 50-200 lux 0.63
Workshop 30-75 FC 300-750 lux 1.59

Open Issues

  • How much light is needed for day-to-day activity? Humans have two types of vision, color and low-light. Once the vision has adjusted to low light, the average human is able to function well in the light of the full moon, but without the ability to see in color.
  • How much exposure time is needed for the skin to produce enough vitamin D?