http://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&feed=atom&action=historyMagnetosphere - Revision history2024-03-28T08:54:00ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.34.2http://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=139021&oldid=prevRichardWSmith: Fixed link2022-05-27T16:01:29Z<p>Fixed link</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Non-ionizing radiation is not effected by magnetic fields. A Martian magnetic field would protect against the solar wind, but have very little effect against the high energy cosmic rays. The key protection against ionizing radiation from space will be mass, either the air above you, sandbags, water, plastics, or other radiation shielding built into your habitat. The cosmic ray dose on Mars' surface will be half of what it is in deep space (Mars' mass blocks out half the sky), but no reasonable amount of shielding (and no tiny magnetic bubble) will block them. This cosmic ray dose will simply be taken by Mars explorers during their couple year long mission. Mars settlers will likely spend much of their time in habitats with thick shielding, or simply accept the higher yearly radiation dose. If Mars is [[terraformed]] the thicker atmosphere will reduce cosmic ray doses, and pretty much stop completely the solar wind particles.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Non-ionizing radiation is not effected by magnetic fields. A Martian magnetic field would protect against the solar wind, but have very little effect against the high energy cosmic rays. The key protection against ionizing radiation from space will be mass, either the air above you, sandbags, water, plastics, or other radiation shielding built into your habitat. The cosmic ray dose on Mars' surface will be half of what it is in deep space (Mars' mass blocks out half the sky), but no reasonable amount of shielding (and no tiny magnetic bubble) will block them. This cosmic ray dose will simply be taken by Mars explorers during their couple year long mission. Mars settlers will likely spend much of their time in habitats with thick shielding, or simply accept the higher yearly radiation dose. If Mars is [[terraformed]] the thicker atmosphere will reduce cosmic ray doses, and pretty much stop completely the solar wind particles.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetic shield could be included in a habitat to direct solar wind particles (during a coronal mass ejection) into the ground some distance away from the habitat, but adding shielding made out of local dirt or water may be better. See [[Radiation]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetic shield could be included in a habitat to direct solar wind particles (during a coronal mass ejection) into the ground some distance away from the habitat, but adding shielding made out of local dirt or water may be better. See [[Radiation <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shielding</ins>]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Artificial Magnetosphere==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Artificial Magnetosphere==</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardWSmithhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=139020&oldid=prevRichardWSmith: Trying to fix formatting.2022-05-27T16:00:10Z<p>Trying to fix formatting.</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:00, 27 May 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Line 12:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Electromagnetic radiation== such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>==Electromagnetic radiation==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">= </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EM radiation </ins>such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The solar wind== particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>==The solar wind==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">= </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Solar </ins>particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==[[Cosmic rays]]== are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, and ~1% heavier nuclei that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 10 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 10 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the high energy cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</ins>==[[Cosmic rays]]==<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">= </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cosmic rays </ins>are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, and ~1% heavier nuclei that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 10 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 10 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the high energy cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardWSmithhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=139019&oldid=prevRichardWSmith at 15:57, 27 May 20222022-05-27T15:57:19Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:57, 27 May 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Line 12:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</del>== Electromagnetic radiation <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</del>== such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Electromagnetic radiation== such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</del>== The solar wind <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</del>== particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==The solar wind== particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</del>== [[Cosmic rays]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=</del>== are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, and ~1% heavier nuclei that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 10 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 10 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the high energy cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==[[Cosmic rays]]== are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, and ~1% heavier nuclei that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 10 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 10 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the high energy cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</div></td></tr>
<!-- diff cache key marspediaorg_www-mwmars_:diff::1.12:old-139018:rev-139019 -->
</table>RichardWSmithhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=139018&oldid=prevRichardWSmith at 15:56, 27 May 20222022-05-27T15:56:25Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:56, 27 May 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Line 12:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Electromagnetic radiation=== such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Electromagnetic radiation === such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===The solar wind=== particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== The solar wind === particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===[[Cosmic rays]]=== are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, and ~1% heavier nuclei that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 10 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 10 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the high energy cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== [[Cosmic rays]] === are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, and ~1% heavier nuclei that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 10 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 10 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the high energy cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</div></td></tr>
<!-- diff cache key marspediaorg_www-mwmars_:diff::1.12:old-139017:rev-139018 -->
</table>RichardWSmithhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=139017&oldid=prevRichardWSmith: /* Effect */2022-05-27T15:55:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Effect</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:55, 27 May 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l12" >Line 12:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 12:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>Electromagnetic radiation<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </del>such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins>Electromagnetic radiation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== </ins>such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>The<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' '''</del>solar wind<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </del>particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins>The solar wind<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== </ins>particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</del>[[Cosmic rays]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </del>are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, and ~1% heavier nuclei that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 10 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 10 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the high energy cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins>[[Cosmic rays]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== </ins>are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, and ~1% heavier nuclei that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 10 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 10 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the high energy cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardWSmithhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=138128&oldid=prevRichardWSmith: Updated with info from InSight and added link.2021-08-09T14:08:19Z<p>Updated with info from InSight and added link.</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:08, 9 August 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Origin==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Origin==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Earth's magnetosphere is thought to be generated by its rotating [[iron]] [[core]]. This is commonly referred to as a Dynamo. In order for a planetary core to act as as a dynamo it must contain a rotating liquid metal and there must be convection. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Current theory is </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>core <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Mars </del>has <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cooled </del>enough <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to solidify or become plastic</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but seismic investigations will be required </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirm or disprove this conclusion</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Earth's magnetosphere is thought to be generated by its rotating [[iron]] [[core]]. This is commonly referred to as a Dynamo. In order for a planetary core to act as as a dynamo it must contain a rotating liquid metal and there must be convection. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The InSight probe has shown </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mars has a larger than expected liquid </ins>core<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, but it </ins>has enough <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">non-magnetic elements in it</ins>, to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">explain the lack of magnetic field. See [[Interior of Mars]] for more information</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Paleomagnetism==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Paleomagnetism==</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardWSmithhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=138049&oldid=prevRichardWSmith: /* Summary */ Mentioned that lowest energy cosmic rays may be treated as solar radiation.2021-07-16T14:21:58Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Summary: </span> Mentioned that lowest energy cosmic rays may be treated as solar radiation.</span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:21, 16 July 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l4" >Line 4:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 4:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Earth's magnetosphere is thought to be generated by its rotating [[iron]] [[core]]. This is commonly referred to as a Dynamo. In order for a planetary core to act as as a dynamo it must contain a rotating liquid metal and there must be convection. Current theory is that the core of Mars has cooled enough to solidify or become plastic, but seismic investigations will be required to confirm or disprove this conclusion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Earth's magnetosphere is thought to be generated by its rotating [[iron]] [[core]]. This is commonly referred to as a Dynamo. In order for a planetary core to act as as a dynamo it must contain a rotating liquid metal and there must be convection. Current theory is that the core of Mars has cooled enough to solidify or become plastic, but seismic investigations will be required to confirm or disprove this conclusion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Paleomagnetism ==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Paleomagnetism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When molten rocks with iron or other magnetic materials cool, while they are in a magnetic field, that field is frozen into the rock. This is known as paleomagnetism. This has been discovered on Mars, which is proof that Mars had a strong magnetic field early in its history. The fossilized magnetic field is stronger than expected, and runs in stripes in the Southern Hemisphere which is evidence that there may have been plate tectonics at some time in Mars history. <ref>[https://sci.esa.int/web/mars-express/-/31028-martian-interior?fbodylongid=645 https://sci.esa.int/web/mars-express/-/31028-martian-interior?fbodylongid=645 - Paleomagnetism discovered on Mars.]</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When molten rocks with iron or other magnetic materials cool, while they are in a magnetic field, that field is frozen into the rock. This is known as paleomagnetism. This has been discovered on Mars, which is proof that Mars had a strong magnetic field early in its history. The fossilized magnetic field is stronger than expected, and runs in stripes in the Southern Hemisphere which is evidence that there may have been plate tectonics at some time in Mars history. <ref>[https://sci.esa.int/web/mars-express/-/31028-martian-interior?fbodylongid=645 https://sci.esa.int/web/mars-express/-/31028-martian-interior?fbodylongid=645 - Paleomagnetism discovered on Mars.]</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l16" >Line 16:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''The''' '''solar wind''' particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''The''' '''solar wind''' particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[[Cosmic rays]]''' are charged particles<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, mostly electrons</del>, protons, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </del>helium nuclei, that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8 </del>meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8 </del>meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cosmic </del>ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''[[Cosmic rays]]''' are charged particles, protons, helium nuclei, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and ~1% heavier nuclei </ins>that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (The lowest energy cosmic rays are more strongly effected. The rest of this discussion will concentrate on medium and high energy cosmic rays.) </ins> For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 </ins>meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 </ins>meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high energy </ins>cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cosmic </ins>ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Note that the highest energy solar particles and the lowest energy cosmic rays have similar energies. So the lowest energy cosmic rays can be treated like solar radiation. (Which is good, since they can be shielded against.)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Summary'''===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Summary'''===</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardWSmithhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=138046&oldid=prevRichardWSmith: Added Paleomagnetism section, and added link.2021-07-16T02:50:50Z<p>Added Paleomagnetism section, and added link.</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:50, 16 July 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Origin==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Origin==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Earth's magnetosphere is thought to be generated by its rotating [[iron]] [[core]]. This is commonly referred to as a Dynamo. In order for a planetary core to act as as a dynamo it must contain a rotating liquid metal and there must be convection. Current theory is that the core of Mars has cooled enough to solidify or become plastic, but seismic investigations will be required to confirm or disprove this conclusion.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Earth's magnetosphere is thought to be generated by its rotating [[iron]] [[core]]. This is commonly referred to as a Dynamo. In order for a planetary core to act as as a dynamo it must contain a rotating liquid metal and there must be convection. Current theory is that the core of Mars has cooled enough to solidify or become plastic, but seismic investigations will be required to confirm or disprove this conclusion.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Paleomagnetism ==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When molten rocks with iron or other magnetic materials cool, while they are in a magnetic field, that field is frozen into the rock. This is known as paleomagnetism. This has been discovered on Mars, which is proof that Mars had a strong magnetic field early in its history. The fossilized magnetic field is stronger than expected, and runs in stripes in the Southern Hemisphere which is evidence that there may have been plate tectonics at some time in Mars history. <ref>[https://sci.esa.int/web/mars-express/-/31028-martian-interior?fbodylongid=645 https://sci.esa.int/web/mars-express/-/31028-martian-interior?fbodylongid=645 - Paleomagnetism discovered on Mars.]</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Effect==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Effect==</div></td></tr>
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</table>RichardWSmithhttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=138039&oldid=prevMichel Lamontagne: /* Effect */2021-07-15T13:11:08Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Effect</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:11, 15 July 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''The''' '''solar wind''' particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''The''' '''solar wind''' particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the Van Allen Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Cosmic rays''' are charged particles, mostly electrons, protons, and helium nuclei, that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 8 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 8 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the Cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Cosmic rays<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>''' are charged particles, mostly electrons, protons, and helium nuclei, that are accelerated to tremendous speeds, close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. Though they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 8 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 8 meters to the east are deflected into you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles. Some are charged, and thus are affected by the magnetic field, and some uncharged, which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus receive significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country and at the north, which is much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the Cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== '''Summary''' ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==='''Summary'''===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Non-ionizing radiation is not effected by magnetic fields. A Martian magnetic field would protect against the solar wind, but have very little effect against the high energy cosmic rays. The key protection against ionizing radiation from space will be mass, either the air above you, sandbags, water, plastics, or other radiation shielding built into your habitat. The cosmic ray dose on Mars' surface will be half of what it is in deep space (Mars' mass blocks out half the sky), but no reasonable amount of shielding (and no tiny magnetic bubble) will block them. This cosmic ray dose will simply be taken by Mars explorers during their couple year long mission. Mars settlers will likely spend much of their time in habitats with thick shielding, or simply accept the higher yearly radiation dose. If Mars is [[terraformed]] the thicker atmosphere will reduce cosmic ray doses, and pretty much stop completely the solar wind particles.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Non-ionizing radiation is not effected by magnetic fields. A Martian magnetic field would protect against the solar wind, but have very little effect against the high energy cosmic rays. The key protection against ionizing radiation from space will be mass, either the air above you, sandbags, water, plastics, or other radiation shielding built into your habitat. The cosmic ray dose on Mars' surface will be half of what it is in deep space (Mars' mass blocks out half the sky), but no reasonable amount of shielding (and no tiny magnetic bubble) will block them. This cosmic ray dose will simply be taken by Mars explorers during their couple year long mission. Mars settlers will likely spend much of their time in habitats with thick shielding, or simply accept the higher yearly radiation dose. If Mars is [[terraformed]] the thicker atmosphere will reduce cosmic ray doses, and pretty much stop completely the solar wind particles.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>Michel Lamontagnehttp://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Magnetosphere&diff=138038&oldid=prevMichel Lamontagne: /* Effect */2021-07-15T13:05:32Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Effect</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:05, 15 July 2021</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7" >Line 7:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mars at one time had a thicker atmosphere. The decline in Mars' Magnetosphere is considered to be a contributing factor to Mars' [[atmospheric loss]], and is estimated to be responsible for about 1/3 of the decline in air pressure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mars at one time had a thicker atmosphere. The decline in Mars' Magnetosphere is considered to be a contributing factor to Mars' [[atmospheric loss]], and is estimated to be responsible for about 1/3 of the decline in air pressure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">..</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetosphere of sufficient strength will help to protect the occupants of a planet from the harmful [[solar wind]] and [[radiation]] of their star and (to a lesser extent) the surrounding cosmos. Many say that because Mars lacks a significant magnetic field, its magnetosphere offers negligible protection from solar wind and ionizing radiation. This is an oversimplification. The dangerous radiation in space is made up of high energy electromagnetic waves (such as x-rays & gamma rays), and ionizing radiation made up of the solar wind, and cosmic rays. These classes are discussed below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-- </del>'''Electromagnetic radiation''' such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Electromagnetic radiation''' such as x-rays are not effected by magnetic fields. On Earth our thick atmosphere pretty much stops these waves since it is opaque to x-rays and gamma rays. (If Superman had x-ray vision he couldn't see anything, because there are almost no x-rays at Earth's surface. He would be in total x-ray darkness.) On Mars, most of these get thru the thin air, and add to the radiation dose taken on Mars.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-- </del>The '''solar wind''' particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">VanAllen </del>Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''</ins>The<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' </ins>'''solar wind''' particles (mostly protons, electrons and helium nuclei) are swept up by the Earth's magnetosphere forming the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Van Allen </ins>Belts. They take a spiral path, until they hit the Earth's atmosphere over the north or south polar regions, forming the aurorae. However, Eskimo are not constantly dying of radiation poisoning. The thick Earth's atmosphere completely protects life from these electrons, protons, and alpha particles. These VanAllen Belts are a concern to space travellers moving thru them; either a path should be picked that avoids the worst of them, or they should be traveled thru quickly, to minimize the radiation exposure.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-- </del>'''Cosmic rays''' are charged particles <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>mostly electrons, protons, and helium nuclei<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but </del>are accelerated to tremendous speeds <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>close to that of the speed of light<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tho </del>they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. For example: on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 8 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 8 meters to the east are deflected <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in to </del>you. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (</del>Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: some </del>charged <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>and thus are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effected </del>by the magnetic field<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del>and some uncharged <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>which ignore the magnetic field<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del> Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have </del>significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the cosmic ray dose <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>at sea level<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del>from the south of the country <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to </del>the north which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was </del>much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the Cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Cosmic rays''' are charged particles<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>mostly electrons, protons, and helium nuclei, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that </ins>are accelerated to tremendous speeds<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>close to that of the speed of light, by poorly understood processes deep in space. They are found everywhere in space moving in all directions. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Though </ins>they are deflected by magnetic fields, they are only deflected slightly since they are moving so quickly. For example: on Earth, a cosmic ray from deep space is heading towards you. The Earth's magnetic field deflects it (say) 8 meters to the west. That sounds great, except that cosmic rays that would have missed you 8 meters to the east are deflected <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">into </ins>you. Normally, the principle particle of a cosmic ray hits some atom in the Earth's atmosphere and explodes into a shower of secondary particles<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Some are </ins>charged<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and thus are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">affected </ins>by the magnetic field<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and some uncharged<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>which ignore the magnetic field. However, these secondary charged particles are also slightly deflected, just as described above. Airline pilots and people living on mountains have less air above them, and thus <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">receive </ins>significantly higher levels of cosmic rays. A Norwegian study measured the cosmic ray dose at sea level from the south of the country <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and at </ins>the north<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is </ins>much closer to the Earth's magnetic pole. They found no difference between the Cosmic ray doses. Finally, scientists who wish to conduct experiments away from cosmic rays do not make a magnetic bubble. A cosmic ray that can get thru the sun's magnetic field, and the Earth's magnetic field, is not going to be deflected by a tiny magnet close to the Earth's surface. Scientists go deep underground, down mine shafts, to avoid cosmic rays.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SUMMARY:</del>''' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Non-ionizing radiation is not effected by magnetic fields. A Martian magnetic field would protect against the solar wind, but have very little effect against the high energy cosmic rays. The key protection against ionizing radiation from space will be mass, either the air above you, sandbags, water, plastics, or other radiation shielding built into your habitat. The cosmic ray dose on Mars' surface will be half of what it is in deep space (Mars' mass blocks out half the sky), but no reasonable amount of shielding (and no tiny magnetic bubble) will block them. This cosmic ray dose will simply be taken by Mars explorers during their couple year long mission. Mars settlers will likely spend much of their time in habitats with thick shielding, or simply accept the higher yearly radiation dose. If Mars is [[terraformed]] the thicker atmosphere will reduce cosmic ray doses, and pretty much stop completely the solar wind particles.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== </ins>'''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Summary</ins>''' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Non-ionizing radiation is not effected by magnetic fields. A Martian magnetic field would protect against the solar wind, but have very little effect against the high energy cosmic rays. The key protection against ionizing radiation from space will be mass, either the air above you, sandbags, water, plastics, or other radiation shielding built into your habitat. The cosmic ray dose on Mars' surface will be half of what it is in deep space (Mars' mass blocks out half the sky), but no reasonable amount of shielding (and no tiny magnetic bubble) will block them. This cosmic ray dose will simply be taken by Mars explorers during their couple year long mission. Mars settlers will likely spend much of their time in habitats with thick shielding, or simply accept the higher yearly radiation dose. If Mars is [[terraformed]] the thicker atmosphere will reduce cosmic ray doses, and pretty much stop completely the solar wind particles.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetic shield could be included in a habitat to direct solar wind particles (during a coronal mass ejection) into the ground some distance away from the habitat, but adding shielding made out of local dirt or water may be better. See [[Radiation]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A magnetic shield could be included in a habitat to direct solar wind particles (during a coronal mass ejection) into the ground some distance away from the habitat, but adding shielding made out of local dirt or water may be better. See [[Radiation]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Creation of an </del>Artificial <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Magnetic Field</del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Artificial <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Magnetosphere</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It has been suggested that it may be worthwhile to give Mars an artificial magnetic field by placing a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">super </del>magnet at Sol-Mars L1 point, or by putting a superconducting loop around the planet. The L1 orbit is unstable and the slightest deviation from this ideal location will result in the magnet drifting off into solar orbit independent of Mars. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(And with </del>the solar wind pushing against the magnet, it <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">WILL </del>be constantly deviated away from this ideal spot. Thus, significant mass would be required constantly for station keeping.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del> In 2021 April 8, published in the International Journal of Astrobiology, Marcus DuPont and Jeremiah W. Murphy studied these two options. They found that fundamental physical constraints and the amount of materials needed made a superconducting loop around the equator more practical. <ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/fundamental-physical-and-resource-requirements-for-a-martian-magnetic-shield/600798772F8D2C2898A8F3D4058204A6 </ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It has been suggested that it may be worthwhile to give Mars an artificial magnetic field<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and thus a magnetosphere, </ins>by placing a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">large </ins>magnet at Sol-Mars L1 point, or by putting a superconducting loop around the planet. The L1 orbit is unstable and the slightest deviation from this ideal location will result in the magnet drifting off into solar orbit independent of Mars. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">With </ins>the solar wind pushing against the magnet, it <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''will'' </ins>be constantly deviated away from this ideal spot. Thus, significant mass would be required constantly for station keeping. In 2021 April 8, published in the International Journal of Astrobiology, Marcus DuPont and Jeremiah W. Murphy studied these two options. They found that fundamental physical constraints and the amount of materials needed made a superconducting loop around the equator more practical. <ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/fundamental-physical-and-resource-requirements-for-a-martian-magnetic-shield/600798772F8D2C2898A8F3D4058204A6 </ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Atmospheric Sciences]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Atmospheric Sciences]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
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</table>Michel Lamontagne