Difference between revisions of "Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle"

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The Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle contains a few very interesting craters.  One contains a strange white rock in the center.  Another crater, Schiaparelli, is a large, easily located crater on the equator.  There are several neat exposures of layers in the region.  Most of the region contains heavily cratered highlands.
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The Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle contains a few very interesting craters.  One contains a strange white rock in the center.  Another crater, Schiaparelli, is a large, easily located crater on the equator.  There are several neat exposures of layers in this quadrangle.  Most of the region contains heavily cratered highlands.
 
In this article, some of the best pictures from a number of spacecraft will show what the landscape looks like in this region.  The origins and significance of all features will be explained as they are currently understood.
 
In this article, some of the best pictures from a number of spacecraft will show what the landscape looks like in this region.  The origins and significance of all features will be explained as they are currently understood.
 
The Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). It is also referred to as MC-20 (Mars Chart-20).<ref>Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. “Geodesy and Cartography” in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. ''Mars.'' University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.</ref>
 
The Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). It is also referred to as MC-20 (Mars Chart-20).<ref>Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. “Geodesy and Cartography” in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. ''Mars.'' University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.</ref>
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Image:Bouguercraterhirise.jpg|Close up of layers in eroded deposits on the floor of Bouguer Crater, as seen by HiRISE.  This image is in a different part of the crater than the previous image.
 
Image:Bouguercraterhirise.jpg|Close up of layers in eroded deposits on the floor of Bouguer Crater, as seen by HiRISE.  This image is in a different part of the crater than the previous image.
  
Image:Layers in Monument Valley.jpg|Layers in Monument Valley.  These are accepted as being formed, at least in part, by water deposition.  Since Mars contains similar layers, water remains as a major cause of layering on Mars.
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Image:Layers in Monument Valley.jpg|Layers in Monument Valley.  These are accepted as being formed, at least in part, with the aid of water.  Since Mars contains similar layers, water remains as a major cause of layering.
  
 
Image:26876whitelayers.jpg|White layers that may be related to the white material in Pollack Crater, as seen by HiRISE under [[HiWish program]].
 
Image:26876whitelayers.jpg|White layers that may be related to the white material in Pollack Crater, as seen by HiRISE under [[HiWish program]].
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                   Layers in crater found within the Schiaparelli Crater basin as seen by Mars Global Surveyor
 
                   Layers in crater found within the Schiaparelli Crater basin as seen by Mars Global Surveyor
  
Schiaparelli is an impact crater located near Mars's equator. It is 461 km in diameter and located at latitude 3° south and longitude 344° W.  Some places within Schiaparelli show many layers that may have formed by the wind, volcanoes, or deposition under water.  Some are quite beautiful as shown in the pictures below.  People often seek to travel to our national parks like the Grand Canyon to see layers like the ones in Schiaparelli.
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Schiaparelli is an impact crater located near Mars's equator. It is 461 km in diameter and located at latitude 3° south and longitude 344° W.  Some places within Schiaparelli show many layers that may have formed by the wind, volcanoes, or deposition under water.  Some are quite beautiful as shown in the pictures above and below.  People often seek to travel to our national parks like the Grand Canyon to see layers like the ones in Schiaparelli.
  
 
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Image:ESP 028511rings.jpg|Circular structures on floor of Schiaparelli Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Image:ESP 028511rings.jpg|Circular structures on floor of Schiaparelli Crater
  
  
46814 1785layeredmound.jpg|Layered mound in Schiaparelli Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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46814 1785layeredmound.jpg|Layered mound in Schiaparelli Crater
  
File: 46814 1785layeredmound2.jpg|Layers in Schiaparelli Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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File: 46814 1785layeredmound2.jpg|Layers in Schiaparelli Crater
  
46814 1785layeresleft.jpg|Layers in Schiaparelli Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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46814 1785layeresleft.jpg|Layers in Schiaparelli Crater
  
  
46814 1785layerscloseleftbottom.jpg|Close view of layers in Schiaparelli Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Dark sand is visible on some layers.
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46814 1785layerscloseleftbottom.jpg|Close view of layers in Schiaparelli Crater, as seen by HiRISE under[[ HiWish ]]  Dark sand is visible on some layers.
ESP 046814 1785layersclosecolor.jpg|Close, color view of layers in Schiaparelli Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Dark sand is visible on some layers.
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ESP 046814 1785layersclosecolor.jpg|Close, color view of layers in Schiaparelli Crater Dark sand is visible on some layers.
  
 
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== Other Craters ==
 
== Other Craters ==
  
When a comet or asteroid collides at a high rate of speed with the surface of Mars, it creates a primary impact crater. The primary impact may also eject significant numbers of rocks which eventually fall back to make secondary craters.<ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/science_themes/impact.php</ref> Secondary craters may be arranged in clusters. All of the craters in the cluster would appear to be equally eroded; since they have the same age.  If these secondary craters formed from a single, large, nearby impact, then they would have formed at roughly the same instant in time.  The image below of Denning Crater shows a cluster of secondary craters.
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When a comet or asteroid collides at a high rate of speed with the surface of Mars, it creates a primary impact crater. The primary impact may also eject significant numbers of rocks which eventually fall back to make secondary craters.<ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/science_themes/impact.php</ref> Secondary craters may be arranged in clusters.   If secondary craters formed from a single, large, nearby impact, then they would have formed at roughly the same instant in time and be of the same age--which is how they appear below in the image of Denning Crater.
  
 
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Wikibakhuysen.jpg|Bakhuysen Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Channels are visible on the north (top) and south (bottom) rims of crater.
 
Wikibakhuysen.jpg|Bakhuysen Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Channels are visible on the north (top) and south (bottom) rims of crater.
Wikibakhuysenchannels.jpg|Channels on south rim of Bakhuysen Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Bakhuysen Crater.
 
  
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[[File:Wikibakhuysenchannels.jpg |600pxr|Channels on south rim of Bakhuysen Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Bakhuysen Crater.]]
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Channels on south rim of Bakhuysen Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Bakhuysen Crater.
  
 
== White rock in Pollack crater ==
 
== White rock in Pollack crater ==
  
Within the region is Pollack crater, which has light-toned rock deposits. Mars has an old surface compared to Earth. While much of Earth's land surface is just a few hundred million years old, large areas of Mars are billions of years old.  Some surface areas have been formed, eroded away, and then covered over with new layers of rocks.  The [[Mariner 9]] spacecraft in the 1970s photographed a feature that was called "White Rock." Newer images revealed that the rock is not really white, but that the area close by is so dark that the white rock looks really white.<ref> Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.) 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM</ref>  It was thought that this feature could have been a salt deposit, but information from the instruments on [[Mars Global Surveyor]] demonstrated rather that it was probably volcanic ash or dust.  Today, it is believed that White Rock represents an old rock layer that once filled the whole crater that it's in, but today it has since been mostly eroded away.  The picture below shows white rock with a spot of the same rock some distance from the main deposit, so it is thought that the white material once covered a far larger area.<ref>http://space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_daily_020419.html</ref>
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Within this quadrangle is Pollack crater, which has light-toned rock deposits. Mars has an old surface compared to Earth. While much of Earth's land surface is just a few hundred million years old, large areas of Mars are billions of years old.  Some surface areas have been formed, eroded away, and then covered over with new layers of rocks.  The [[Mariner 9]] spacecraft in the 1970s photographed a feature that was called "White Rock." Newer images revealed that the rock is not really white, but that the area close by is so dark that the white rock looks really white.<ref> Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.) 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM</ref>  It was thought that this feature could have been a salt deposit, but information from the instruments on [[Mars Global Surveyor]] demonstrated rather that it was probably volcanic ash or dust.  Today, it is believed that White Rock represents an old rock layer that once filled the whole crater that it's in, but today the whitish rock has since been mostly eroded away.  The picture below shows white rock with a spot of the same rock some distance from the main deposit, so it is thought that the white material once covered a far larger area.<ref>http://space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_daily_020419.html</ref>
  
 
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==Channels in Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle==
 
==Channels in Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle==
  
There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars.<ref>Baker, V., et al.  2015.  Fluvial geomorphology on Earth-like planetary surfaces: a review.  Geomorphology.  245, 149–182.</ref> <ref>Carr, M.  1996.  in Water on Mars.  Oxford Univ. Press.</ref>  Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early seventies with the [[Mariner 9]] orbiter.<ref>Baker, V.  1982.  The Channels of Mars. Univ. of Tex. Press, Austin, TX</ref> <ref>Baker, V., R. Strom, R., V. Gulick, J. Kargel, G. Komatsu, V. Kale.  1991.  Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature 352, 589–594.</ref> <ref>Carr, M.  1979.  Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2995–300.</ref> <ref>Komar, P.  1979. Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth. Icarus 37, 156–181.</ref>  Indeed, a study published in June 2017, calculated that the volume of water needed to carve all the channels on Mars was even larger than the proposed ocean that the planet may have had.  Water was probably recycled many times from the ocean to rainfall around Mars.<ref>http://spaceref.com/mars/how-much-water-was-needed-to-carve-valleys-on-mars.html</ref> <ref>Luo, W., et al.  2017.  New Martian valley network volume estimate consistent with ancient ocean and warm and wet climate.  Nature Communications 8.  Article number:  15766 (2017).  doi:10.1038/ncomms15766</ref>
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There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars.<ref>Baker, V., et al.  2015.  Fluvial geomorphology on Earth-like planetary surfaces: a review.  Geomorphology.  245, 149–182.</ref> <ref>Carr, M.  1996.  in Water on Mars.  Oxford Univ. Press.</ref>  Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early seventies with the [[Mariner 9]] orbiter.<ref>Baker, V.  1982.  The Channels of Mars. Univ. of Tex. Press, Austin, TX</ref> <ref>Baker, V., R. Strom, R., V. Gulick, J. Kargel, G. Komatsu, V. Kale.  1991.  Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature 352, 589–594.</ref> <ref>Carr, M.  1979.  Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2995–300.</ref> <ref>Komar, P.  1979. Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth. Icarus 37, 156–181.</ref> As Mars has been studied in the decades since Mariner 9, more and more river-like forms have been seen. Indeed, a study published in June 2017, calculated that the volume of water needed to carve all the channels on Mars was even larger than the proposed ocean that the planet may have had.  Water was probably recycled many times from the ocean to rainfall around Mars.<ref>http://spaceref.com/mars/how-much-water-was-needed-to-carve-valleys-on-mars.html</ref> <ref>Luo, W., et al.  2017.  New Martian valley network volume estimate consistent with ancient ocean and warm and wet climate.  Nature Communications 8.  Article number:  15766 (2017).  doi:10.1038/ncomms15766</ref>
  
 
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ESP 041974 1740channel.jpg|Winding channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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ESP 041974 1740channel.jpg|Winding channel
ESP 045813 1510channels.jpg|Channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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ESP 045813 1510channels.jpg|Channels
ESP 051192 1555channel.jpg|Channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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ESP 051192 1555channel.jpg|Channels, as seen by HiRISE under [[HiWish program]]
  
  
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File:ESP 057415 1740ridge.jpg|This straight ridge may be a dike that has been exposed by erosion.  It was initially formed by magma moving under the surface along weak spots.  The picture was taken with HiRISE under the HiWish program.
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File:ESP 057415 1740ridge.jpg|This straight ridge may be a dike that has been exposed by erosion.  It was initially formed by magma moving under the surface along weak spots.   
  
ESP 047368 1665ridge.jpg|This long, straight ridge may be a dike that has been exposed by erosion.  It was initially formed by magma moving under the surface.  The picture was taken with HiRISE under the HiWish program.
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ESP 047368 1665ridge.jpg|Another long, straight ridge may be a dike that has been exposed by erosion.  It was initially formed by magma moving under the surface.  The picture was taken with HiRISE under the HiWish program.
 
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File:ESP 054976 1685dunes.jpg|Dunes, as seen with HiRISE under the HiWish program.
 
File:ESP 054976 1685dunes.jpg|Dunes, as seen with HiRISE under the HiWish program.

Revision as of 10:13, 26 March 2020

MC-20 Sinus Sabaeus 0–30° S 0–45° E Quadrangles Atlas

The Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle contains a few very interesting craters. One contains a strange white rock in the center. Another crater, Schiaparelli, is a large, easily located crater on the equator. There are several neat exposures of layers in this quadrangle. Most of the region contains heavily cratered highlands. In this article, some of the best pictures from a number of spacecraft will show what the landscape looks like in this region. The origins and significance of all features will be explained as they are currently understood. The Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). It is also referred to as MC-20 (Mars Chart-20).[1] The Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle covers the area from and 0° to 30° degrees south latitude and 315° to 360° west longitude (45-0 E). The Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle contains parts of regions that have classical names: Noachis Terra and Terra Sabaea. The name comes from an incense-rich location south of the Arabian peninsula (the Gulf of Aden).[2]

Layers

Wislicenus Crater and the Schiaparelli basin crater contain layers, also called strata. Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers.[3] Sometimes the layers are of different colors. Light-toned rocks on Mars have been associated with hydrated minerals like sulfates. The Mars Rover Opportunity examined such layers close-up with several instruments and detected clay (also called phyllosilicates if you like big words) and found out that light-toned rocks often contain hydrated minerals. Both need water to form. These minerals were mapped with instruments on orbiting spacecraft, but the rover on the ground supplied ground truth. Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as sulfates and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water.[4] Places that contain clays and/or other hydrated minerals would be good places to look for evidence of life.[5] In plain words, if we see light-toned materials, we suspect water once existed there.

Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.[6] Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of salts and other minerals. Sometimes water flows through Earth's aquifers, and then evaporates at the surface just as is hypothesized for Mars. One location this occurs on Earth is the Great Artesian Basin of Australia.[7] On Earth the hardness of many sedimentary rocks, like sandstone, is largely due to the cement that was put in place as water passed through.

Schiaparelli Crater

Layers in crater found within the Schiaparelli Crater basin as seen by Mars Global Surveyor

                 Layers in crater found within the Schiaparelli Crater basin as seen by Mars Global Surveyor

Schiaparelli is an impact crater located near Mars's equator. It is 461 km in diameter and located at latitude 3° south and longitude 344° W. Some places within Schiaparelli show many layers that may have formed by the wind, volcanoes, or deposition under water. Some are quite beautiful as shown in the pictures above and below. People often seek to travel to our national parks like the Grand Canyon to see layers like the ones in Schiaparelli.

Other Craters

When a comet or asteroid collides at a high rate of speed with the surface of Mars, it creates a primary impact crater. The primary impact may also eject significant numbers of rocks which eventually fall back to make secondary craters.[8] Secondary craters may be arranged in clusters. If secondary craters formed from a single, large, nearby impact, then they would have formed at roughly the same instant in time and be of the same age--which is how they appear below in the image of Denning Crater.

Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. Sometimes craters expose layers that were buried. Rocks from deep underground are tossed onto the surface. Hence, craters can show us what lies deep under the surface.

Channels on south rim of Bakhuysen Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Bakhuysen Crater. Channels on south rim of Bakhuysen Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of Bakhuysen Crater.

White rock in Pollack crater

Within this quadrangle is Pollack crater, which has light-toned rock deposits. Mars has an old surface compared to Earth. While much of Earth's land surface is just a few hundred million years old, large areas of Mars are billions of years old. Some surface areas have been formed, eroded away, and then covered over with new layers of rocks. The Mariner 9 spacecraft in the 1970s photographed a feature that was called "White Rock." Newer images revealed that the rock is not really white, but that the area close by is so dark that the white rock looks really white.[9] It was thought that this feature could have been a salt deposit, but information from the instruments on Mars Global Surveyor demonstrated rather that it was probably volcanic ash or dust. Today, it is believed that White Rock represents an old rock layer that once filled the whole crater that it's in, but today the whitish rock has since been mostly eroded away. The picture below shows white rock with a spot of the same rock some distance from the main deposit, so it is thought that the white material once covered a far larger area.[10]

Channels in Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle

There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars.[11] [12] Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early seventies with the Mariner 9 orbiter.[13] [14] [15] [16] As Mars has been studied in the decades since Mariner 9, more and more river-like forms have been seen. Indeed, a study published in June 2017, calculated that the volume of water needed to carve all the channels on Mars was even larger than the proposed ocean that the planet may have had. Water was probably recycled many times from the ocean to rainfall around Mars.[17] [18]

Ridges

Dunes

See also

References

Further reading

  • Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.

External links

  1. Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. “Geodesy and Cartography” in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. Mars. University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.
  2. Blunck, J. 1982. Mars and its Satellites. Exposition Press. Smithtown, N.Y.
  3. Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.) 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM
  4. http://themis.asu.edu/features/nilosyrtis
  5. http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_004046_2080
  6. http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP_008437_1750
  7. Habermehl, M. A. (1980) The Great Artesian Basin, Australia. J. Austr. Geol. Geophys. 5, 9–38.
  8. http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/science_themes/impact.php
  9. Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.) 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM
  10. http://space.com/scienceastronomy/solarsystem/mars_daily_020419.html
  11. Baker, V., et al. 2015. Fluvial geomorphology on Earth-like planetary surfaces: a review. Geomorphology. 245, 149–182.
  12. Carr, M. 1996. in Water on Mars. Oxford Univ. Press.
  13. Baker, V. 1982. The Channels of Mars. Univ. of Tex. Press, Austin, TX
  14. Baker, V., R. Strom, R., V. Gulick, J. Kargel, G. Komatsu, V. Kale. 1991. Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature 352, 589–594.
  15. Carr, M. 1979. Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2995–300.
  16. Komar, P. 1979. Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth. Icarus 37, 156–181.
  17. http://spaceref.com/mars/how-much-water-was-needed-to-carve-valleys-on-mars.html
  18. Luo, W., et al. 2017. New Martian valley network volume estimate consistent with ancient ocean and warm and wet climate. Nature Communications 8. Article number: 15766 (2017). doi:10.1038/ncomms15766