Marspedia - User contributions [en]

Mars mission duration

2018-05-01T13:49:20Z

Denis nyrkov:

[[File:Conjunction_and_opposition_trajectory.jpg|thumb|center|1000x400px|alt=Conjunction and opposition mission trajectory.|Conjunction and opposition mission trajectory.]]

Manned missions to Mars split in two different types. They are named after astronomical names of the moments of departure of the ships from Mars: [[conjunction]] and opposition. Opposition type mission have less total time but more time spent travel in weightless conditions, conjunction mission have much more time spent in Mars surface. Сonjunction and opposite mission type examples:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mission type <ref name=Opposition_and_Conjunction> Bryan Mattfeld, Chel Stromgren - ''Trades Between Opposition and Conjunction Class Trajectories for Early Human Mission to Mars'' in AIAA Space 2014; 4-7 Aug. 2014; San Diego, California</ref>!! Total mission duration, days !! Earth-Mars trip, days !! Time spent at destination !! Mars-Earth trip, days !! Total ∆V, km/s !! Trans-Mars Injection, km/s !! Mars Orbital Insertion, km/s !! Trans-Earth Injection, km/s
|-
| Conjuction || 1005 || 198 || 558 || 197 || 2.81 || 0.50 || 1.25 || 1.06
|-
| Opposition || 560 || 177 || 40 || 342 || 5.69 || 0.61 || 1.75 || 3.33
|}

[[File:Conjunction_and_opposition_duration.jpg|thumb|center|1000x500px|alt=Conjunction and opposition Mars mission duration.|Conjunction and opposition Mars mission duration comparison.]]

Mars have very elliptical orbit relatively to Earth. The eccentricity of the orbit of Mars is 0.0935 – second among the planets after Mercury. Launch windows to Mars opened approximately every 2.14 years (26 months) but because of Mars orbit eccentricity and differences in his orbital speed this time changes a little bit from time. The same way changes a distance between Earth and Mars in moment of [[Conjunction|oppositions]], time travel to Mars and necessary for this delva-V.

[[File:Mars_oppositions.jpg|thumb|center|1000x770px|alt=Mars Oppositions from 1995 to 2007 year|Mars Oppositions from 1995 to 2007 year]]

The required parameters change at intervals of 15-17 years<ref name=Interplanetary_Mission> L.E. George, L.D. Kos - ''Interplanetary Mission Design Handbook: Earth-to-Mars Mission Opportunities and Mars-to-Earth Return Opportunities 2009-2024'' in NASA Center for AeroSpace Information July 1998; Linthicum, Maryland</ref>.

[[File:Mars_oppositions_2012-2061.png|thumb|center|740x400px|alt=Mars oppositions from 2012 to 2061 year.|Mars oppositions from 2012 to 2061 year.]]

<big>Examples of the near-future missions opportunities:</big>

Mars short-stay (opposition) mission

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies'' in AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 19-Jul-2020 || 1.50 || 1 month || 14.5/3.87 || 2.80 || 1.41/6.2 || 0.86/11.8
|-
| 22-Oct-2021 || 1.39 || 1 month || 14.4/3.86 || 2.80 || 3.48/8.2 || 0.47/11.4
|-
| 14-Sep-2023 || 1.64 || 1 month || 25.7/4.34 || 0.99 || 3.29/8.0 || 0.48/11.4
|}

Mars long-stay (conjunction) mission

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies'' in AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 4-Aug-2020 || 2.53 || 1.40 years || 15.7/3.92 || 1.45 || 0.70/5.5 || 0.80/11.7
|-
| 15-Sep-2022 || 2.63 || 0.85 years || 14.4/3.86 || 0.94 || 0.88/5.6 || 0.50/11.4
|-
| 14-Oct-2024 || 2.62 || 0.87 years || 12.1/3.76 || 0.82 || 0.73/5.5 || 0.58/11.5
|}

For reducing crew time exposure to weightless, interplanetary radiation and the risk of being hit by solar flare it is possible to use increasing delta-V. For some of these variants it is possible to use the option of free-return trajectory - trajectory with ability return back to Earth with small amount of delta-V spending safe if the main spacecraft engine will fail to start. Options for free-return trajectories<ref name=The_Cafe_for_Mars> Robert Zubrin - ''The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must'' in Touchstone, 1996, New York.</ref>:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Velocity, km/s !! Orbit Period, years !! Time to Earth Return, years !! Transit to Mars, days !! Mars Aeroentry possibility
|-
| 3.34 || 1.5 || 3.0 || 250 || Easy
|-
| 5.08 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 180 || Acceptable
|-
| 6.93 || 3.0 || 3.0 || 140 || Dangerous
|-
| 7.93 || 4.0 || 4.0 || 130 || Impossible
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Logistics]]

File:Mars oppositions 2012-2061.png

2018-05-01T13:17:43Z

Denis nyrkov: Mars oppositions from 2012 to 2061 year

Mars oppositions from 2012 to 2061 year

Mars mission duration

2018-05-01T07:16:50Z

Denis nyrkov:

Manned missions to Mars split in two different types. They are named after astronomical names of the moments of departure of the ships from Mars: [[conjunction]] and opposition. Opposition type mission have less total time but more time spent travel in weightless conditions, conjunction mission have much more time spent in Mars surface.

[[File:Conjunction_and_opposition_trajectory.jpg|thumb|center|1000x400px|alt=Conjunction and opposition mission trajectory.|Conjunction and opposition mission trajectory.]]

Comparison conjunction and opposite mission type:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mission type <ref name=Opposition_and_Conjunction> Bryan Mattfeld, Chel Stromgren - ''Trades Between Opposition and Conjunction Class Trajectories for Early Human Mission to Mars'' in AIAA Space 2014; 4-7 Aug. 2014; San Diego, California</ref>!! Total mission duration, days !! Earth-Mars trip, days !! Time spent at destination !! Mars-Earth trip, days !! Total ∆V, km/s !! Trans-Mars Injection, km/s !! Mars Orbital Insertion, km/s !! Trans-Earth Injection, km/s
|-
| Conjuction || 1005 || 198 || 558 || 197 || 2.81 || 0.50 || 1.25 || 1.06
|-
| Opposition || 560 || 177 || 40 || 342 || 5.69 || 0.61 || 1.75 || 3.33
|}

[[File:Conjunction_and_opposition_duration.jpg|thumb|center|1000x500px|alt=Conjunction and opposition Mars mission duration.|Conjunction and opposition Mars mission duration comparison.]]

Mars have very elliptical orbit relatively to Earth. The eccentricity of the orbit of Mars is 0.0935 – second among the planets after Mercury. Launch windows to Mars opened approximately every 2.14 years (26 months) but because of Mars orbit eccentricity and differences in his orbital speed this time changes a little bit from time. The same way changes a distance between Earth and Mars in moment of [[Conjunction|oppositions]], time travel to Mars and necessary for this delva-V.

[[File:Mars_oppositions.jpg|thumb|center|1000x770px|alt=Mars Oppositions from 1995 to 2007 year|Mars Oppositions from 1995 to 2007 year]]

<big>Examples of the near future missions opportunities</big>

Mars short-stay (opposition) mission:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies'' in AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 19-Jul-2020 || 1.50 || 1 month || 14.5/3.87 || 2.80 || 1.41/6.2 || 0.86/11.8
|-
| 22-Oct-2021 || 1.39 || 1 month || 14.4/3.86 || 2.80 || 3.48/8.2 || 0.47/11.4
|-
| 14-Sep-2023 || 1.64 || 1 month || 25.7/4.34 || 0.99 || 3.29/8.0 || 0.48/11.4
|}

Mars long-stay (conjunction) mission:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies'' in AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 4-Aug-2020 || 2.53 || 1.40 years || 15.7/3.92 || 1.45 || 0.70/5.5 || 0.80/11.7
|-
| 15-Sep-2022 || 2.63 || 0.85 years || 14.4/3.86 || 0.94 || 0.88/5.6 || 0.50/11.4
|-
| 14-Oct-2024 || 2.62 || 0.87 years || 12.1/3.76 || 0.82 || 0.73/5.5 || 0.58/11.5
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Logistics]]

File:Mars oppositions.jpg

2018-05-01T06:36:07Z

Denis nyrkov: Mars Oppositions from 1995 to 2007 year

Mars Oppositions from 1995 to 2007 year

File:Force relative mass.svg

2018-02-25T17:31:28Z

Denis nyrkov: Force relative mass formula

== Summary ==
Force relative mass formula
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}

Mars mission duration

2018-02-25T17:10:31Z

Denis nyrkov:

[[File:Conjunction_and_opposition_trajectory.jpg|thumb|center|1000x400px|alt=Conjunction and opposition mission trajectory.|Conjunction and opposition mission trajectory.]]

Comparison conjunction and opposite mission type:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mission type <ref name=Opposition_and_Conjunction> Bryan Mattfeld, Chel Stromgren - ''Trades Between Opposition and Conjunction Class Trajectories for Early Human Mission to Mars'' in AIAA Space 2014; 4-7 Aug. 2014; San Diego, California</ref>!! Total mission duration, days !! Earth-Mars trip, days !! Time spent at destination !! Mars-Earth trip, days !! Total ∆V, km/s !! Trans-Mars Injection, km/s !! Mars Orbital Insertion, km/s !! Trans-Earth Injection, km/s
|-
| Conjuction || 10005 || 198 || 558 || 197 || 2.81 || 0.50 || 1.25 || 1.06
|-
| Opposition || 560 || 177 || 40 || 342 || 5.69 || 0.61 || 1.75 || 3.33
|}

[[File:Conjunction_and_opposition_duration.jpg|thumb|center|1000x500px|alt=Conjunction and opposition Mars mission duration.|Conjunction and opposition Mars mission duration comparison.]]

<big>Examples of the near future missions opportunities</big>

Mars short-stay (opposition) mission:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies'' in AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 19-Jul-2020 || 1.50 || 1 month || 14.5/3.87 || 2.80 || 1.41/6.2 || 0.86/11.8
|-
| 22-Oct-2021 || 1.39 || 1 month || 14.4/3.86 || 2.80 || 3.48/8.2 || 0.47/11.4
|-
| 14-Sep-2023 || 1.64 || 1 month || 25.7/4.34 || 0.99 || 3.29/8.0 || 0.48/11.4
|}

Mars long-stay (conjunction) mission:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies'' in AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 4-Aug-2020 || 2.53 || 1.40 years || 15.7/3.92 || 1.45 || 0.70/5.5 || 0.80/11.7
|-
| 15-Sep-2022 || 2.63 || 0.85 years || 14.4/3.86 || 0.94 || 0.88/5.6 || 0.50/11.4
|-
| 14-Oct-2024 || 2.62 || 0.87 years || 12.1/3.76 || 0.82 || 0.73/5.5 || 0.58/11.5
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Logistics]]

File:Conjunction and opposition trajectory.jpg

2018-02-25T17:02:39Z

Denis nyrkov: Conjunction and opposition mission trajectory

== Summary ==
Conjunction and opposition mission trajectory
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}

File:Conjunction and opposition duration.jpg

2018-02-25T16:55:26Z

Denis nyrkov: Conjunction and opposition Mars mission duration

== Summary ==
Conjunction and opposition Mars mission duration
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}

Terraforming

2018-02-25T16:03:26Z

Denis nyrkov:

[[File:Logo-Mars-in-a-shell.jpg|thumb|The planet Mars under a global glas dome. This is certainly not an idea of terraforming, but it gives an idea of the dimensions of the topic.]]
'''Terraforming''', or ''Earth-shaping'', is a theoretical process of modifying a planet's atmosphere to make it habitable for humans. In the case of Mars, terraforming would require artificial thickening of the atmosphere to intensify the process of [[greenhouse effect|greenhouse warming]] (heating the frozen landscape), [[water|ice]] melting to increase the H2O content of the atmosphere (creating [[clouds|water clouds]]) and greatly increasing the [[oxygen|O2]] density to ultimately make the atmosphere breathable.

==Mars and the "Triple Point" of water==

[[Image:Phase_diagram_water.png|thumb|right|200px|The phase diagram for water, clearly displaying water's [[triple point]].]]

Presently, [[water|ice]] on Mars [[sublimation|sublimes]] as the atmospheric pressure is so low, ice bypasses the liquid phase when heated. Sublimation occurs allowing ice to turn directly into gas (steam). One of the main challenges for future terraforming efforts would be to increase the atmospheric pressure significantly so water can exist as a liquid on the surface of Mars. The atmospheric pressure will therefore need to be greater than the [[triple point]] of water (thereby existing as ice, liquid and gas).

==Methods==
A life supporting atmosphere needs to contain a "buffer gas", such as nitrogen. Mars is currently lacking in nitrogen, but nitrogen could be sourced from Venus, Saturn's moon Titan, or from comets.
Mars could be warmed up using greenhouse gases such as perflurocarbons, which are stable in the atmosphere for long periods of time. Mirrors could be placed in orbit to increase the amount of insolation Mars receives.

Other greenhouse gasses include sulfur hexafluoride and 1,1,1-Trichloro ethane. These are very stable and highly effective greenhouse gasses. Use of such gasses to warm the atmosphere would allow the Carbon dioxide frozen into the polar caps and some of the water to evaporate adding to the mass of the atmosphere.If 4 hundredths of a microbar of manufactured greenhouse gas is needed to warm Mars to the point of runaway greenhouse effect, then a mass of manufactured greenhouse gasses equal to about 5.73 times the cargo capacity of the Edmund Fitzgerald every week for twenty years would be required for the project.

==Pioneer Organisms==
Certain organisms, such as [[archaea]], [[lichen]], and [[tardigrades]] have been proven capable of surviving extreme environments, such as the vacuum of space. They could gain a foothold on the martian surface after minimal terraforming. The byproducts of their metabolism would contribute to the terraforming efforts.

==Long term prospect==

The ultimate results of terraforming are disputed. Terraforming may have only a temporary effect, even if the effect lasts for some hundred or thousand years. Eventually, the [[solar wind]] may carry away most of the new atmosphere due to the insufficient [[magnetosphere|magnetic field]]s of Mars. It has been suggested that the cost of terraforming a planet would be prohibative, however to a growing population on the surface of that planet it would most likely be considered a normal colonial function to ensure that daily colonial endeavours have a positive effect on the atmosphere.

==Partial terraforming==

{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:1em;
|+ Present gas abundance on Mars and required limits for plants and humans
|-
! Parameter !! Mars<ref name=Abundance> Mahaffy, P. R.; Webster, C. R.; Atreya, S. K.; Franz, H.; Wong, M.; Conrad, P. G.; Harpold, D.; Jones, J. J.; Leshin, L. A.; Manning, H.; Owen, T.; Pepin, R. O.; Squyres, S.; Trainer, M.; Kemppinen, O.; Bridges, N.; Johnson, J. R.; Minitti, M.; Cremers, D.; Bell, J. F.; Edgar, L.; Farmer, J.; Godber, A.; Wadhwa, M.; Wellington, D.; McEwan, I.; Newman, C.; Richardson, M.; Charpentier, A. - ''Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Gases in the Martian Atmosphere from the Curiosity Rover'', Nature 341, pp. 263-266. DOI:10.1126/science.1237966</ref>, mbar !! Plants<ref name=Making_Mars_habitable> Christopher P. McKay, Owen B. Toon & James F. Kasting - ''Making Mars habitable'', Nature 352, pp. 489-496. DOI:10.1038/352489a0</ref>, mbar !! Humans, mbar
|-
| Total pressure || 0.30-11.55 (6 average) || >10 || >250
|-
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) || 0.29-11.09 (5.76 average) || >0.15 || <10
|-
| Nytrogen (N2) || 0.01-0.22 (0.114 average) || >1-10 || -
|-
| Oxygen (O2) || <0.015 || 1 || >130
|}

When full terraforming to make Mars atmosphere suitable for breathable condition for humans can take around 100,000 years, transformation to the atmosphere suitable to plants can take time from 100 years to several thousands. Current requirements for plants for growth on Mars are based on the boiling point of the water. Mars polar caps have enough amount CO2 to provide 100 mbar additional atmospheric pressure enough for the sustainable growth condition to the plants - it's a relatively simple and fast way to fill the atmosphere. To make using pressure suit unnecessary for humans atmosphere pressure need to rise at least 250 mbar (which are composed from of 50 mbar CO2 and 60 mbar water vapour pressure on the lungs and the 130 mbar minimal requirement oxygen pressure), it's requirement extraction some part of the regolith deposits of the CO2 which are estimated in 300 mbar additional pressure, but but require significantly greater time to extract.

==References==
<references />

[[category:Terraforming Mars]]
[[category:climate]]
[[category:settlements]]

Greenhouse effect

2018-02-25T11:35:30Z

Denis nyrkov:

==Definition==

Short-wave electromagnetic [[radiation]] from the [[Sun]] passes through the transparent atmosphere
unhindered (except for the effect that [[albedo]] has on the mean reflectivity of a planet). On heating the planet's surface, long-wave radiation (i.e. Infrared radiation) is emitted into the atmosphere. Long-wave radiation will not escape into space if the [[atmosphere]] is dense enough, and contains [[greenhouse gases]] (such as [[carbon dioxide]], [[water]] vapour, [[methane]] etc.) which reflect long-wave radiation back to the surface, heating the atmosphere further. This shortwave input, long-wave emission, long-wave reflection, atmospheric heating process is known as the '''Greenhouse Effect'''.

==[[Terraforming]] Mars==

The Greenhouse Effect is an essential process to heat a planet's atmosphere to habitable temperatures. To make life sustainable on the surface of Mars, the process of [[:category:Terraforming Mars|terraforming]] would require a thickening of the tenuous Martian atmosphere and injection of selected [[greenhouse gases]]. Decreasing the planet's [[albedo]] would also be beneficial.

==Artificial Greenhouse Effect==

[[greenhouse|Greenhouses]] are artificial structures that harness heating from the greenhouse effect. Greenhouses will be an essential addition to future colonies on Mars if they are to be [[Manned One-way Mission|long-term and self-sufficient]]. Essential for growing [[food]], greenhouses will also provide immense [[morale|feelings of well-being]] for [[humans]] living away from Earth, so the psychological effects on colonists will be invaluable.

==Examples of the Greenhouse Effect==

*[[Venus]] has a very dense atmosphere, causing a ''runaway'' greenhouse effect. Temperatures on Venus' surface are increased by 400 degrees by this extreme heating creating a surface temperature of over 700 Kelvin and surface pressure of 90 times that of the Earth's atmosphere (about 1350 pounds per square inch).
*[[earth|Earth's]] [[global warming]] is believed to be in direct correlation with carbon emissions from industrial burning of [[fossil fuels]] and other human activity. It is believed the planet will reach a "tipping point" where the heating cannot be sustained by the atmosphere causing a catastrophic collapse in [[weather systems]] and climate shift. Now Earth greenhouse effect is 33ºK.
*[[mars|Mars]] [[global warming]] at present have very thin atmosphere producing only 6ºK<ref name=Making_Mars_habitable> Christopher P. McKay, Owen B. Toon & James F. Kasting - ''Making Mars habitable'', Nature 352, pp. 489-496. DOI:10.1038/352489a0</ref> greenhouse effect.

==References==
<references />

[[category:Terraforming Mars]]
[[category:Climate]]

Mars mission duration

2018-02-20T07:56:34Z

Denis nyrkov:

Comparison conjunction and opposite mission type:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mission type <ref name=Opposition_and_Conjunction> Bryan Mattfeld, Chel Stromgren - ''Trades Between Opposition and Conjunction Class Trajectories for Early Human Mission to Mars'' in AIAA Space 2014; 4-7 Aug. 2014; San Diego, California</ref>!! Total mission duration, days !! Earth-Mars trip, days !! Time spent at destination !! Mars-Earth trip, days !! Total ∆V, km/s !! Trans-Mars Injection, km/s !! Mars Orbital Insertion, km/s !! Trans-Earth Injection, km/s
|-
| Conjuction || 10005 || 198 || 558 || 197 || 2.81 || 0.50 || 1.25 || 1.06
|-
| Opposition || 560 || 177 || 40 || 342 || 5.69 || 0.61 || 1.75 || 3.33
|}

<big>Examples of near future missions</big>

Mars short-stay (opposition) mission:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies'' in AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 19-Jul-2020 || 1.50 || 1 month || 14.5/3.87 || 2.80 || 1.41/6.2 || 0.86/11.8
|-
| 22-Oct-2021 || 1.39 || 1 month || 14.4/3.86 || 2.80 || 3.48/8.2 || 0.47/11.4
|-
| 14-Sep-2023 || 1.64 || 1 month || 25.7/4.34 || 0.99 || 3.29/8.0 || 0.48/11.4
|}

Mars long-stay (conjunction) mission:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies'' in AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 4-Aug-2020 || 2.53 || 1.40 years || 15.7/3.92 || 1.45 || 0.70/5.5 || 0.80/11.7
|-
| 15-Sep-2022 || 2.63 || 0.85 years || 14.4/3.86 || 0.94 || 0.88/5.6 || 0.50/11.4
|-
| 14-Oct-2024 || 2.62 || 0.87 years || 12.1/3.76 || 0.82 || 0.73/5.5 || 0.58/11.5
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Logistics]]

Mars mission duration

2018-02-20T05:15:05Z

Denis nyrkov: Created page with "Mars short-stay (opposition-class) mission {| class="wikitable" |- ! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities f..."

Mars short-stay (opposition-class) mission

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies.'' in AIA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 19-Jul-2020 || 1.50 || 1 month || 14.5/3.87 || 2.80 || 1.41/6.2 || 0.86/11.8
|-
| 22-Oct-2021 || 1.39 || 1 month || 14.4/3.86 || 2.80 || 3.48/8.2 || 0.47/11.4
|-
| 14-Sep-2023 || 1.64 || 1 month || 25.7/4.34 || 0.99 || 3.29/8.0 || 0.48/11.4
|}

Mars long-stay (conjunction-class) mission

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Departure Date <ref name=Mission_opportunities> Cyrus Foster, Matthew Daniels - ''Mission Opportunities for Human Exploration of Nearby Planetary Bodies.'' in AIA SPACE 2010 Conference & Exposition, 30 August - 2 September 2010, Anaheim, California ISBN AIAA 2010-8609</ref>!! Mission Duration (years) !! Time spent at destination !! Injection (C3/∆v), km/s !! Post-escape ∆v, km/s !! Destination Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s !! Earth Aerocapture (∆V/Inertial), km/s
|-
| 4-Aug-2020 || 2.53 || 1.40 years || 15.7/3.92 || 1.45 || 0.70/5.5 || 0.80/11.7
|-
| 15-Sep-2022 || 2.63 || 0.85 years || 14.4/3.86 || 0.94 || 0.88/5.6 || 0.50/11.4
|-
| 14-Oct-2024 || 2.62 || 0.87 years || 12.1/3.76 || 0.82 || 0.73/5.5 || 0.58/11.5
|}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Logistics]]

Aerobraking

2018-02-13T22:05:01Z

Denis nyrkov:

'''Aerobraking''' is a technique used by mission scientists to reduce the height of spacecraft orbits by allowing atmospheric drag to slow the spacecraft's velocity. Often the [[solar panel|solar panels]] onboard orbiters can be used to maximize and control the amount of drag applied to the craft. This technique will ultimately minimize the requirement for the use of [[propellant|propellants]] (to slow the craft down), thereby optimizing cost effectiveness.

This technique was used to great effect on missions such as the [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]] in 2017, [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] in 2006 and [[Mars Odyssey]] in 2001, and is standard practice when spacecraft are being inserted into orbit or when a reduction in velocity is required.

[[category:Spaceflight science]]

List of current missions

2018-02-13T22:03:05Z

Denis nyrkov:

{{Stub}}

'''Missions currently ''en-route'' to, landed on, or orbiting the planet are listed below.'''

{|
|style="width:200px"|'''Mission'''
|style="width:70px"|'''Type'''
|style="width:100px"|'''Launch date'''
|style="width:100px"|'''Arrival date'''
|style="width:100px"|'''Principal organization'''
|-
|'''[[Mars Odyssey|2001 Mars Odyssey]]'''
|[[:category:orbiters|Orbiter]]
|7 April 2001
|24 October 2001
|[[NASA]]
|-
|'''[[Mars Express]]'''
|[[:category:orbiters|Orbiter]]
|2 June 2003
|25 December 2003
|[[ESA]]
|-
|'''[[Opportunity]]'''
|[[:category:rovers|Rover]]
|7 July 2003
|25 January 2004
|[[NASA]]
|-
|'''[[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'''
|[[:category:orbiters|Orbiter]]
|12 August 2005
|10 March 2006
|[[NASA]]
|-
|'''[[Phoenix]]'''
|[[:category:landers|Lander]]
|4 August 2007
|''May 2008''
|[[NASA]]
|-
|'''[[Curiosity]]'''
|[[:category:landers|Lander]]
|26 November 2011
|''6 August 2012''
|[[NASA]]
|-
|'''[[Mars Orbiter Mission]]'''
|[[:category:orbiter|Orbiter]]
|5 November 2013
|''24 Septemer 2014''
|[[ISAC]]
|-
|'''[[MAVEN]]'''
|[[:category:landers|Lander]]
|18 November 2013
|''22 September 2014''
|[[NASA]]
|-
|'''[[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]]'''
|[[:category:landers|Lander]]
|14 March 2016
|''19 October 2016''
|[[ESA/Roscosmos]]
|}

[[category:Missions]]