Marspedia - User contributions [en]

Photobioreactor

2009-02-20T23:15:24Z

Laertes: New page: A '''Photobioreactor''' is a special type of bioreactor which provides light energy to the organisms grown inside. Algae and other photoautrophic [[microbes|microo...

A '''Photobioreactor''' is a special type of [[bioreactor]] which provides light energy to the organisms grown inside. [[Algae]] and other [[photoautroph|photoautrophic]] [[microbes|microorganisms]] may be grown for many purposes including [[food]], [[hydrocarbons]], industrial chemicals, and [[medicine]]. Possible sources of light include [[Light Emitting Diode|LEDs]] and [[solar concentrator|concentrated solar energy]].

[[category:greenhouse]]
[[category:concepts]]

User:Laertes

2009-02-20T22:05:36Z

Laertes: Workload

I am currently living in the state of Georgia in the US with my beautiful wife and neurotic dachshund. I have a deep interest in astronomy and space exploration. Though my education and experience is geared more towards terrestrial interests, I will contribute as able (mostly by editing for grammar - at least untill I get more comfotable with this whole wiki thing.)

I have a BA in Cross-Cultural Studies, and currently work as a technical writer and training developer for Navitor ( http://www.navitor.com ) while my wife attends graduate school.

10/13/08 - I am back after a extended pause due to workload and connection issues.

Workload is increasing, I may be in and out a bit over the next few months... --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 22:05, 20 February 2009 (UTC)

==Exoplatz Stars, Nebulae, ''et c''.==
Thank you for your additions to Exoplatz. Question: can you find any public domain databases, or similar for these? We could then set up a script to automatically generate stubs for them in bulk, as was done with Exodictionary, the chemical elements on Lunarpedia (and should also be done with Marspedia), and the still not completed script for generating articles on locations on Luna (which could then be applied to Mars with a different data set plugged in and presumably with support for competing longitudinal systems removed).

Examples:
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Lunarpedia:Autostub1_test_1 test Lunar feature article by Autostub1]
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Iridium Autostub2 article on the element Iridium]

Presumably nebulae won't have the sorts of challenges I had working out how to categorize dictionary entries with a script from the text of the entries. 8)

-- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 00:23, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

==Public Domain Databases==
After a quick search, I found two that may work. I am not sure of the licence status of the exoplanet database. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 14:33, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
===United States Geological Survey===
* USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/]
===NASA===
* Extrasolar Planets [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/atlas/atlas_search.cfm]
* Mars Atlas [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/images.html] - Images and text
===National Library of Medicine===
* PubChem [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/]

Integrated energy generation

2009-02-16T23:31:01Z

Laertes: Organization and other methods

'''Integrated energy generation''' is the strategy of embedding small-scale generators throughout a [[settlement]]. The daily activities of residents generate [[electricity]] or other forms of [[energy]]. While power produced by single devices will be small, all devices together may be able to supply a signifigant amount of energy.
==Sources==
===Settlement Hardware===
Doors could have small generators as hinges. Floors could be fitted with [[piezoelectricity|piezoelectric]] materials. The weight of residents sitting in chairs could help pressurize [[hydraulics|hydraulic]] or [[pneumatics|pneumatic]] systems.
===Exercise Equipment===
Exercise equipment is a perfect fit for energy generation. Otherwise, the effort is wasted as heat or movement. Exercise may be encouraged by allowing colonists to sell their energy.
===Clothing===
[[Clothing]] can harness natural movements. Targets include knees, elbows, shoes, and hips.
==Challenges==
Integrated energy devices introduce added complexity to any item, increasing cost and maintenance needs.

[[category:Energy]]

Atomic battery

2009-02-06T00:05:34Z

Laertes: New page: An '''atomic battery''' is any device that converts Radioactive Decay into electricity. They are typically simpler than fission or fusion reactors, and requir...

An '''atomic battery''' is any device that converts [[exd:radioactive decay|Radioactive Decay]] into [[electricity]]. They are typically simpler than fission or fusion reactors, and require less maintenance and monitoring.
==Importance to Martian Settlement==
Atomic batteries offer a short term solution to power generation needs. They show the most promise for initial [[settlement|settlements]] and [[outpost|outposts]]. Their high power to mass ratio makes them ideal for shipment with the initial settlement materials, where they can provide power while other generation methods are developed. Unless significant deposits of radioactive material are discovered on [[Mars]], the only way to build them is to import the material from [[Earth]].
==Types of Atomic Battery==
{{expandsec}}
Atomic batteries can be classified by the decay product they utilize. Some devices may make use of multiple methods.
===Heat===
Radioactive decay produces heat.
=====Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator=====
:''Main Article:'' '''''[[Radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]'''''
RTGs use [[thermocouple|thermocouples]] to convert the heat energy directly to electrical energy.
=====Thermionic Converter=====

===Photovoltaics===
Heated materials, such as the radioactive core, emit infrared [[light]] which can be captured by specialized [[photovoltaics|photovoltaic cells]].

===Beta Particle Radiation===
Beta Particles (electrons) can be converted directly into electricity.

==See Also==
* [[exd:Atomic Battery|Atomic Battery on ExoDictionary]]
* [[Radiation]]
[[category:concepts]]
[[category:energy]]

User:Laertes

2009-02-02T22:24:32Z

Laertes:

I am currently living in the state of Georgia in the US with my beautiful wife and neurotic dachshund. I have a deep interest in astronomy and space exploration. Though my education and experience is geared more towards terrestrial interests, I will contribute as able (mostly by editing for grammar - at least untill I get more comfotable with this whole wiki thing.)

I have a BA in Cross-Cultural Studies, and currently work as a technical writer and training developer for Navitor ( http://www.navitor.com ) while my wife attends graduate school.

10/13/08 - I am back after a extended pause due to workload and connection issues.

==Exoplatz Stars, Nebulae, ''et c''.==
Thank you for your additions to Exoplatz. Question: can you find any public domain databases, or similar for these? We could then set up a script to automatically generate stubs for them in bulk, as was done with Exodictionary, the chemical elements on Lunarpedia (and should also be done with Marspedia), and the still not completed script for generating articles on locations on Luna (which could then be applied to Mars with a different data set plugged in and presumably with support for competing longitudinal systems removed).

Examples:
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Lunarpedia:Autostub1_test_1 test Lunar feature article by Autostub1]
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Iridium Autostub2 article on the element Iridium]

Presumably nebulae won't have the sorts of challenges I had working out how to categorize dictionary entries with a script from the text of the entries. 8)

-- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 00:23, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

==Public Domain Databases==
After a quick search, I found two that may work. I am not sure of the licence status of the exoplanet database. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 14:33, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
===United States Geological Survey===
* USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/]
===NASA===
* Extrasolar Planets [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/atlas/atlas_search.cfm]
* Mars Atlas [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/images.html] - Images and text
===National Library of Medicine===
* PubChem [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/]

User:Laertes

2009-02-02T22:24:03Z

Laertes:

I am currently living in the state of Georgia in the US with my beautiful wife and neurotic dachshund. I have a deep interest in astronomy and space exploration. Though my education and experience is geared more towards terrestrial interests, I will contribute as able (mostly by editing for grammar - at least untill I get more comfotable with this whole wiki thing.)

I have a BA in Cross-Cultural Studies, and currently work as a technical writer and training developer for Navitor ( http://www.navitor.com ) while my wife attends graduate school.

10/13/08 - I am back after a extended pause due to workload and connection issues.

==Exoplatz Stars, Nebulae, ''et c''.==
Thank you for your additions to Exoplatz. Question: can you find any public domain databases, or similar for these? We could then set up a script to automatically generate stubs for them in bulk, as was done with Exodictionary, the chemical elements on Lunarpedia (and should also be done with Marspedia), and the still not completed script for generating articles on locations on Luna (which could then be applied to Mars with a different data set plugged in and presumably with support for competing longitudinal systems removed).

Examples:
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Lunarpedia:Autostub1_test_1 test Lunar feature article by Autostub1]
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Iridium Autostub2 article on the element Iridium]

Presumably nebulae won't have the sorts of challenges I had working out how to categorize dictionary entries with a script from the text of the entries. 8)

-- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 00:23, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

==Public Domain Databases==
After a quick search, I found two that may work. I am not sure of the licence status of the exoplanet database. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 14:33, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
===United States Geological Survey===
* USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/]
===NASA===
* Extrasolar Planets [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/atlas/atlas_search.cfm]
* Mars Atlas [http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/images.html]
===National Library of Medicine===
* PubChem [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/]

User:Laertes

2009-02-01T01:08:52Z

Laertes: NIH PubChem database

I am currently living in the state of Georgia in the US with my beautiful wife and neurotic dachshund. I have a deep interest in astronomy and space exploration. Though my education and experience is geared more towards terrestrial interests, I will contribute as able (mostly by editing for grammar - at least untill I get more comfotable with this whole wiki thing.)

I have a BA in Cross-Cultural Studies, and currently work as a technical writer and training developer for Navitor ( http://www.navitor.com ) while my wife attends graduate school.

10/13/08 - I am back after a extended pause due to workload and connection issues.

==Exoplatz Stars, Nebulae, ''et c''.==
Thank you for your additions to Exoplatz. Question: can you find any public domain databases, or similar for these? We could then set up a script to automatically generate stubs for them in bulk, as was done with Exodictionary, the chemical elements on Lunarpedia (and should also be done with Marspedia), and the still not completed script for generating articles on locations on Luna (which could then be applied to Mars with a different data set plugged in and presumably with support for competing longitudinal systems removed).

Examples:
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Lunarpedia:Autostub1_test_1 test Lunar feature article by Autostub1]
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Iridium Autostub2 article on the element Iridium]

Presumably nebulae won't have the sorts of challenges I had working out how to categorize dictionary entries with a script from the text of the entries. 8)

-- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 00:23, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

==Public Domain Databases==
After a quick search, I found two that may work. I am not sure of the licence status of the exoplanet database. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 14:33, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
===United States Geological Survey===
* USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/]
===NASA===
* Extrasolar Planets [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/atlas/atlas_search.cfm]
===National Library of Medicine===
* PubChem [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/]

User:Laertes

2009-01-31T14:33:05Z

Laertes: databases

I am currently living in the state of Georgia in the US with my beautiful wife and neurotic dachshund. I have a deep interest in astronomy and space exploration. Though my education and experience is geared more towards terrestrial interests, I will contribute as able (mostly by editing for grammar - at least untill I get more comfotable with this whole wiki thing.)

I have a BA in Cross-Cultural Studies, and currently work as a technical writer and training developer for Navitor ( http://www.navitor.com ) while my wife attends graduate school.

10/13/08 - I am back after a extended pause due to workload and connection issues.

==Exoplatz Stars, Nebulae, ''et c''.==
Thank you for your additions to Exoplatz. Question: can you find any public domain databases, or similar for these? We could then set up a script to automatically generate stubs for them in bulk, as was done with Exodictionary, the chemical elements on Lunarpedia (and should also be done with Marspedia), and the still not completed script for generating articles on locations on Luna (which could then be applied to Mars with a different data set plugged in and presumably with support for competing longitudinal systems removed).

Examples:
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Lunarpedia:Autostub1_test_1 test Lunar feature article by Autostub1]
*[http://www.lunarpedia.org/index.php?title=Iridium Autostub2 article on the element Iridium]

Presumably nebulae won't have the sorts of challenges I had working out how to categorize dictionary entries with a script from the text of the entries. 8)

-- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 00:23, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

==Public Domain Databases==
After a quick search, I found two that may work. I am not sure of the licence status of the exoplanet database. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 14:33, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
===United States Geological Survey===
* USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/]
===NASA===
* Extrasolar Planets [http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/atlas/atlas_search.cfm]

User talk:Rfc

2009-01-29T23:05:27Z

Laertes:

==Messages==

Welcome to Marspedia! I look forward to seeing more of you in the future. You seem familiar with wikis but if you need any help, look at http://www.marspedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page#New_Users_Start_Here.21 or contact one of the admins. Enjoy! [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 16:37, 1 November 2007 (UTC)

:Hi Ian, thank you very much for your warm welcome. I have started to write articles, and I should like to know your opinion. Is this the kind of article this project wants, or is it too fantastic, all-too much pointed to a speculative future? [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:55, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

Hi Rfc (do you have a first name, or are you staying anonymous?), it's good to see you contributing in such a positive way. The content you have provided so far is great - any speculative future is fine in my books. Also, you can include your ''personal opinion'' (so long as you clearly state "<nowiki>{{PersPosArticle}} ~~~</nowiki>" which prints "{{PersPosArticle}} [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]]") - personal opinions are fine. Besides, it may create some good discussion. For the main part, article creation is positive step regardless of opinion, speculation or ideas as long as you are fine with a good debate! Anyhow, you seem to have experience with wikis and the content is looking good, so keep it up :-) [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 19:48, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

===Site development===
Hi, I'm just messaging the active contributers to Marspedia to get their views on the redesign of the front page. I've tried to highlight the important links and made the page more accessible to newcomers. Also I've created a Wikipedia-style "featured articles" section. I'd be really interested to hear your views on this. It's going to take a lot more work, but this is a good start. Primarily I want to extract the important info and cut down on the excessive text that may cause confusion (as suggested by a couple of you). However, I haven't removed anything as yet, simply jigged it around a bit. I'll look forward to getting your input :-) -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 08:51, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
:You did a great job, Ian! It really looks better. How about [[Main Page|my changes]]? It is just a proposal, so if you see a problem, please redo it. I am not entirely sure about the place for the "Notice" section. Is it required to stay on top of the page? [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:18, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
::Hi Rfc! Thank you, glad you like the redesign :-) I really like your changes too, but for now the copyright notice needs to stay where it is - although I'm getting confirmation from the developers. We are able to change certain things on the front page, but I'm worried about the copyright notice. I love the fact you've moved the "mission statement", that will stay where it is, but for now the copyright will have to stay unmoved. Nice work though! I will let you know when I get a reply to my email about further changes and we can take it from there. Also, suggestions for the slogan after "Welcome to Marspedia!" will be gratefully received, not sure if "''The collaborative resource for building a colony on the Red Planet.''" reads that well... Keep up the superb work! I've been reading your new articles and they are superb, I look forward to seeing more! Did you take a major in Mars settlement design?? Certainly looks like it ;-) Cheers, -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 20:08, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
:::Does a "major in Mars settlement design" really exist? No, I am not, but I am used to design complex telecommunication systems, including some system engineering. I would love to do "Mars settlement design" fulltime, but I guess this is not good for earning the money I need for living (on Earth for the time beeing;-). -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 09:13, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

::::I really wish it did exist! I think the Mars Foundation once had a volunteer who took an engineering course in settlement design, but I dont think he's with us any more. There are ways to make a little cash from Mars settlement concepts, but it's mainly educational. Have a look at our site: [http://www.marshome.org/grants.php http://www.marshome.org/grants.php] to see what can be awarded. Really only useful for students at the moment, but we are hoping to develop funding eventually. -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 20:47, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

===List of Lists===
The List of Lists exists solely for site development. I've hopefully answered some of your questions about it and copied the discussion over to the talk page for List of Lists. Ask more questions and propose things (or leap into action for that matter), just note that I may not respond for quite a few hours. It's daybreak here and I've been up since yesterday... --[[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 12:46, 22 November 2007 (UTC)
:Thanks for explaining. Sweet dreams ... -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 14:50, 22 November 2007 (UTC)

===Blocking repeated bot offenders===
Hey Rfc. Thanks for the idea to block the MER category and Exobiology page - only registered users can edit them now. Between us we probably reverted a hundred edits! At least these pages should be quiet for a month (I put a 1 month limit on the block to see if that is enough).

Sorry I've been a little quiet of late, my laptop crashed last week and it looks like it's dead now, so i'm limited to using the family backup PC for now until I get a new machine. Any problems, I always have access to my email and will be checking Marspedia daily.

Hope you are well and having a nice Christmas in Germany :-) -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 12:48, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

===Featured Article===
Hi Rfc. Thanks for the info on the MarsDrive article, will get to the bottom of who posted it :-)

I have changed the featured article on the front page to the [[Greenhouse]] article you added a lot of new concepts to. Have a look. I used one of your diagrams as I thought it was most descriptive :-) Enjoy!

Take care and catch you soon [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 16:13, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

:Yes, it sprang into my eye, and I feel it's a great honor:-) Besides, "funerals and burials" seems to be double. Perhaps, ''burial'' is the better word, for it is closer to the act carried out in the greenhouse. Hope you had a great season, as well! -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 07:35, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Hi Rfc! Long time no see! I've been away for so long, I was forgetting how to wiki... looks like things have been moderately quiet over here, but I thought I'd change the "featured article" on the front page. Now I'm back, I think it's high time to re-invigorate this project, especially with Phoenix landing on Mars last week. Will hopefully see you soon! Hope you are well :-) -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 00:55, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

:Hi Ian, welcome back! I too had not much time during the last few months, but I tried to keep an eye on Marspedia at least. I have tried to find a payed job in the planetary research field, but I was not successful near my home. Besides I have talked to many people about the topic, but most people are simply not interested, some even find it a waste of money. So I guess we have to continue with only a few enthusiasts in our spare time, and hopefully we can generate additional attraction by our work here. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 09:17, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

===General===
Hi Rfc. Good news, I now have a new laptop up and running so I hope to be a bit more active on Marspedia! I have some catching up to do, some superb articles have appeared, I'd better get reading. Hope all is good with you. -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 12:38, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
:Hi Ian, congratulations! Laptops are pretty useful, but I don't like their keyboard layout. A bunch of new ''open issues'' have appeared too. It's funny to see how little we know, once we go a little deeper into realization aspects. We could need the help of some specialists (e.g. geologists, chemists, biologists, etc.). And my impression is, the global number of people interested in Martian settlements is less than a hundred, or so. Very few of them seem to have even recognized the emerging of the Marspedia project.
:I am looking forward to January 30th, when the asteroid ''2007 WD5'' crosses the Martian orbital trajectory. There is a tiny chance to hit Phobos ... -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 15:14, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

==captcha code==

Dear RFC, thanks for the captcha code on lunarpedia. Alas I do not have php access, so cannot do anything with it. Only MikeD has php access. Thanks. [[User:Cfrjlr|Charles F. Radley]] 03:38, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

:Hi Charles, I have asked [[user:Ioneill|Ioneill]] to install the PHP code, for he ‎is a Bureaucrat too. --[[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 09:37, 26 January 2008 (UTC)
::You need to be way more than a Bureaucrat to install or upgrade extensions. And if I recall correctly, [[user:Ioneill|Ioneill]] is way more than a Bureaucrat, he can correct me if I'm wrong or get reminders of usernames and passwords if I'm right.
::However, I will be conducting some long overdue maintenance this weekend.
::- [[User:Mdelaney|Mdelaney]] 06:11, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi James, can you please help with [[Marsp:User_talk:Ioneill#gibberish from bot net|this]]? --[[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 09:13, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Hi again, there are new bot attacks in both Lunarpedia and Marspedia, and I wonder whether it is less work to install the [[Marsp:Marspedia:Captcha|new captcha trigger]] or to revert the bot's edits over and over. As fas as I understand you are the only person keeping the passwords for php access. It should take only a few minutes to insert the green parts:
# Logon to the machine where the wikimedia software is running.
# Find the files ConfirmEdit.php, ConfirmEdit.i18n.php, ConfirmEdit_body.php.
# Be sure the contents of the files match.
# Create a backup copy of the files.
# Insert the green parts using vi or prepare the files on your PC and ftp them.
# Check the effect. If you try to change the first letter in a page a captcha should pop up on clicking the "save page" button.
That should be all. You can count on my assistance, if needed. Cheers! -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:23, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I ''don't'' have them. They're all in a text file on a hard drive that may be complete toast that can only run on a specific notebook of mine that may also be complete toast. {{lunarp|User:Dcarson|Dana Carson}} and {{lunarp|User:Mdelaney|Mike Delaney}} both have these passwords last I checked, however. -- [[User:Strangelv|Strangelv]] 10:43, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

== vacation ==

I'll be on vacation for a few days, without access to the internet. Don't worry about my temporary absence. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 18:44, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
:Have a good time! A break from the internet is a good thing now and then. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 23:05, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

Inter-settlement commerce

2009-01-29T02:13:43Z

Laertes: transportation

{{stub}}
Once more than one [[settlement]] or [[outpost]] has been established on [[Mars]], '''inter-settlement commerce''' becomes a possibility. Settlements can trade excess goods, rather than using valuable space for storage or [[recycling]]/wasting the goods. Once stable commerce has been established, some settlements may be able to specialize in a particular area, such as [[mining]], [[manufacturing]], or [[agriculture]].

==Inter-Settlement Transportation==
Trade involving physical goods necessitates a transport infrastructure. Initial transport between young settlements may involve [[rover|rovers]]. Larger settlements may be able to invest in a [[railroad]] or similar dedicated transportation method.

==See Also==
* [[Intra-settlement commerce]]
* [[Interplanetary commerce]]

[[category:commerce]]

Solar panel

2009-01-27T00:19:11Z

Laertes: Dust accumulation, removal, and prevention

[[Image:Beagle2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An artists impression of the ill-fated [[Beagle 2]] lander. The prominent '''solar panels''' are deployed.]]

'''Solar Panels''' generate electric [[energy]] out of [[sunlight]]. Usually they are constructed from a semi-conductor such as [[silicon]]. Solar panels are frequently used in space primarily for [[:category:orbiters (Terrestrial)|satellites and space stations in Earth orbit]] and is the prime source of energy for [[Mars]] [[:category:orbiters|satellites]], [[:category:landers|landers]] and [[:category:rovers|rovers]]. Solar panels begin to lose usefulness for deep space and outer solar system missions (i.e. the [[Cassini]] mission to Saturn or the [[Voyager]] program) where [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s are the favoured (if controversial) means to generate [[electricity]].

[[Image:Iss.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The [[International Space Station]] in Earth orbit. The huge solar arrays provide the station's electrical power.]]

On [[Mars]] the sunlight is bright enough to use solar panels. The famous rovers [[Spirit]] and [[Opportunity]] have them. The experiences are terrific: Since July 2003 they are working fine, and the Martian [[wind]]s have kept the surfaces clear of dust. However, the rovers cannot operate at full capacity during the Martian winter when the intensity of the sunlight is reduced, and [[dust storms]] have from time to time caused severe reductions in the available power, requiring the rovers to go into a low-power "hibernation" mode.

[[solar concentrator|Solar concentrators]] increase the efficiency of solar panels by focusing the sunlight.

A major drawback to using solar power is the requirement for some form of [[energy storage]] to keep power available during the Martian night.

==Net energy gain (NEG)==

The production of photovoltaic cells consumes an amount of energy. This amount must be taken into account to find out, whether or not photovoltaic cells can be a long term source of energy. With current technology the breakeven energy payback time is about 2 to 4 years. Thin film cells have a better NEG than crystalline cells. Additionally, the [[wear lifespan]] of the cells must be considered. Due to the higher [[radiation]] damage on Mars compared with a terrestrial environment the wear lifespan is shorter.

==Dust Accumulation==
The vulnerability of solar panels to windblown dust has been well demonstrated. Over time, a panel may be covered completely. Methods must be developed to remove this dust or prevent its accumulation in the first place. Near a [[settlement]], humans or robots may remove this dust. Panels in outlying locations must be cleaned automatically.
===Prevention===
Prevention is typically more energy efficient than removal, though both are needed.
=====Location=====
Proper location of the panels is the first step in preventing dust accumulation. Low lying areas should be avoided, as should the leeward side of structures and rocks.
=====Angle=====
If panels are stationary, they should be installed at an angle. If they are motorized, they should be oriented perpendicular to the ground at night and during dust storms. This allows [[gravity]] to pull the dust off the panels.
=====Dust Covers=====
Dust covers can be deployed over the panels at night or during dust storms.
===Removal===
Dust may be removed by several means. Care must be given not to scratch the surface of the panel during removal.
=====Blown Air=====
Air movement seems to pose the least risk of damage to the panels themselves. This may be accomplished with simple bellows or fans.
=====Brushing=====
The use of a brush or a rubber squeegee (what is the international term for this?) would be more energy efficient than blown air, but poses a greater risk of damage to the panel. A brushing mechanism could be installed along with the panels, and programmed to clean on command, or upon detection of decreased energy output.

==External links==
*[http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy05osti/37322.pdf U.S. Department of Energy: What is the energy payback for PV?]
*[http://www.clca.columbia.edu/papers/Photovoltaic_Energy_Payback_Times.pdf Wiley InterScience: Photovoltaics Energy Payback Times, ...]
*[http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/RT/2003/6000/6920gustafson.html NASA: International Space Station Solar Array Wing On-Orbit Electrical Performance Degradation Measured]
*[http://www.dodsbir.net/SITIS/archives_display_topic.asp?Bookmark=20380 U.S. Department Of Defense: Radiation Hardening of Solar Cells and Arrays]
*[http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=1018164&id=9&qs=N%3D4294814561 NASA: The viability of photovoltaics on the Martian surface]
*[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995sprt.nasa...17M NASA ADS: Photo-recovery of electron-irradiated GaAs solar cells]
*[http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?N=0&Ntk=all&Ntx=mode%20matchall&Ntt=degradation ... more NASA reports upon degradation]

==Open issues==

*By which factor is the wear lifespan of photovoltaic cells shorter? What is the exact NEG for a Martian environment?

[[category:technology]]
[[category:energy]]

Lichen

2009-01-25T23:52:20Z

Laertes: New page: Lichen'''Lichen''' are symbiotic organisms containing both algae and fungi. The fungal cells provide structure and shelter for the...

[[Image:Lichen.jpg|thumb|right|px|Lichen]]'''Lichen''' are [[symbiosis|symbiotic]] organisms containing both [[algae]] and [[fungi]]. The fungal cells provide structure and shelter for the algae. The algae, in turn, provide energy to the fungi through photosynthesis.

==Survivability==
Lichens can survive in some of the most barren and severe regions of the world. They tolerate extreme cold and dry conditions through dormancy and the ability to recover quickly when conditions are favorable. Although lichens can grow in regions with more rainfall, they actually require little rainfall to survive.<ref>http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Experiments/Biome/seedlichen.php</ref>

The [[ESA]] launched lichen samples into Earth [[orbit]], where they were exposed to the full [[vacuum]] of space for 14.6 days. Despite the intense [[radiation]] and vacuum, the samples returned alive and unharmed.<ref>http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUJM638FE_index_0.html</ref>

Though it is unlikely that lichen can grow on the current [[surface composition|surface]] of Mars, they will be some of the first organisms able to colonize durring [[terraforming]].

==Use==
Lichen is an important food source for reindeer and some species of [[moth]]. [[Rock tripe]] is a species of that is eaten by humans, and is used in the cuisine of Korea. Chemicals produced by certain species are useful in [[medicine]] and industry.

==References==
<references/>

[[category:biospherics]]

File:Lichen.jpg

2009-01-25T23:40:02Z

Laertes: NASA image of Lichen

NASA image of Lichen

Biomass

2009-01-25T23:16:30Z

Laertes: New page: The '''biomass''' of a settlement includes all plants, animals, and humans living within its confines. It also includes organic waste generated by the organisms, and ...

The '''biomass''' of a [[settlement]] includes all [[plants]], [[animals]], and [[human|humans]] living within its confines. It also includes organic waste generated by the organisms, and any dead remains.

==Origin and Growth==

Initial biomass must be imported from [[Earth]], and is limited to the interior of settlements. Once a self-sustaining ecosystem is established within a settlement, the net biomass can increase naturally through the utilization of Martian resources.

==Waste Biomass==
:''Main article: [[waste biomass recycling]]''
All living organisms generate waste products, and eventually their dead remains. This waste must be recycled back into the [[ecosystem]] so that no [[resources]] are wasted. Even human remains, following a [[funeral]] should be recycled.

[[category:biospherics]]
[[category:agriculture]]

Compressed-air

2009-01-24T02:36:26Z

Laertes: storage in caves

'''Compressed-air''' is a versatile commodity for [[energy storage]] and [[automation]]. Compressed air is a vital part of [[pneumatics|pneumatic]] systems.

==Storage in Caves==
Natural [[cave|caves]] and [[lava tube|lava tubes]] are possible locations for compressed air storage. If the walls are lined with an impermiable membrane, the structure of the surrounding rock may be sufficient to contain the pressure. The entrances to the cave or tube are the only areas that need to be strengthened.

==Condensaton==
Methods to manage [[condensation]] must be included in any design, and may even be integrated into [[in-situ resource utilization|ISRU]] plans.

[[Category:Lo-tech]]

{{stub}}

Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator

2009-01-24T01:31:21Z

Laertes: New page: A '''Radioisotope thermoelectric generator''' (RTG) is a type of atomic battery which generates electricity from heat generated by the decay of radioactive material. [[thermocouple...

A '''Radioisotope thermoelectric generator''' (RTG) is a type of [[atomic battery]] which generates [[electricity]] from heat generated by the decay of radioactive material. [[thermocouple|Thermocouples]] are generally used for the energy conversion, though [[heat engine|heat engines]] could convert the heat directly into mechanical energy to be used as-is or converted into electricity.

==Benefit to Martian Settlement==
===Reliable Power===
RTGs offer reliable power to a [[settlement]]. While the available energy decreases over time, it is steady. This is in contrast to [[solar panel|solar]] or [[wind turbine|wind]] power, which vary based on the weather.
===Low Maintenance===
RTGs are a low maintenance power source, as evidenced by their use in space probes and unmanned locations on [[Earth]].

==Challenges==
===Useful Life===
The useful life of an RTG is limited both by the [[half life]] of the radioactive material and the [[wear lifespan]] of the energy conversion hardware.
===Hazard to Life===
The [[radiation]] emitted by the RTG pose a hazard to life. Shielding and an isolated location should be sufficient to protect settlements.

==Open Issues==
* Are there significant quantities of radioactive material available on Mars?

[[category:technology]]

Alba Patera

2009-01-24T00:45:35Z

Laertes: New page: '''Alba Patera''' is a large shield volcano in the Tharsis region. Its summit is low, only six kilometers above the surrounding terrain, but it covers an are...

'''Alba Patera''' is a large [[shield volcano|shield]] [[volcano]] in the [[Tharsis]] region. Its [[summit]] is low, only six kilometers above the surrounding terrain, but it covers an area greater than [[Olympus Mons]].

{{stub}}
[[category:volcano]]

Albor Tholus

2009-01-24T00:21:03Z

Laertes: New page: '''Albor Tholus''' is a volcano in the Elysium Volcanic Region. {{stub}} category:Volcano

'''Albor Tholus''' is a [[volcano]] in the [[Elysium Volcanic Region]].

{{stub}}
[[category:Volcano]]

Hecates Tholus

2009-01-24T00:16:41Z

Laertes: New page: clouds]]'''Hecates Tholus''' is a volcano in the Elysium Volcanic Region. It is thought that the caldera...

File:Hecates Tholus.jpg

2009-01-24T00:14:29Z

Laertes: Cropped from NASA image

Cropped from NASA image

Arsia Mons

2009-01-24T00:05:36Z

Laertes: cat+

'''Arsia Mons''' is an extinct [[shield volcano|shield]] [[volcano]] in the [[Tharsis]] region near the equator. It is part of the [[Tharsis Montes]] group of volcanos.
[[Image:Arsia_Mons.jpg|thumb|right|px|Two views of Arsia Mons]]
===Caves===
Seven [[cave]] entrances have been discovered on the sides of Arsia Mons. These caves could contain reserves of [[water ice]] or even life. They are possible locations for a [[volcanic cave settlement|cave settlement]].
[[category:geography]]
[[category:volcano]]
{{stub}}

Volcano

2009-01-24T00:04:37Z

Laertes: cat+

A '''volcano''' is a point on a moon or planet's surface where the hot material from the interior of the body erupts onto the surface. Volcanos have been discovered on planets such as Venus, Earth, and Mars. Several moons also show signs of volcanism.

== Types of Volcano ==
*[[shield volcano]]
*[[rift volcano]]

== Volcanos on Mars ==
The [[Tharsis]] region contains a number of extinct volcanos. Notable examples include [[Olympus Mons]], [[Ascraeus Mons]], [[Pavonis Mons]], [[Arsia Mons]], and [[Alba Patera]]. 
The [[lava tube|lava tubes]] of an extinct volcano may provide an ideal [[volcanic cave settlement|settlement location]].
[[category:geology]]
[[category:volcano]]
{{stub}}

Pavonis Mons

2009-01-24T00:03:58Z

Laertes: cat+

[[Image:Pavonis_Mons.jpg|thumb|right|px|Pavonis Mons]]'''Pavonis Mons''' is an extinct [[shield volcano|shield]] [[volcano]] in the [[Tharsis]] region.
[[category:geography]]
[[category:volcano]]
{{stub}}

Ascraeus Mons

2009-01-24T00:02:49Z

Laertes: cat+

'''Ascraeus Mons''' is an extinct [[shield volcano|shield]] [[volcano]] in the [[Tharsis]] region.
[[category:Geography]]
[[category:volcano]]
{{stub}}

Olympus Mons

2009-01-23T23:55:35Z

Laertes: cat+

'''Olympus Mons''' is a dormant [[shield volcano|shield]] [[volcano]] in the [[Tharsis]] region. It is the highest point on Mars.
[[Image:Olympus_Mons.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Olympus Mons as seen by [[Mars Global Surveyor]]]]

{{stub}}
[[Category:Aerography]]
[[Category:Geography]]
[[category:volcano]]

Elysium Mons

2009-01-23T23:52:09Z

Laertes: New page: Elysium Mons'''Elysium Mons''' is a volcano in the Elysium Volcanic Region. It has a roughly circular caldera with deep channels runni...

[[Image:Elysium_Mons.gif|thumb|right|px|Elysium Mons]]'''Elysium Mons''' is a [[volcano]] in the [[Elysium Volcanic Region]]. It has a roughly circular [[caldera]] with deep channels running down the sides. It was discovered by [[Mariner 9]].

[[category:geography]]
[[category:volcano]]

File:Elysium Mons.gif

2009-01-23T23:48:58Z

Laertes: Cropped from NASA image.

Cropped from NASA image.

User:Laertes/Mars Links

2009-01-23T02:05:21Z

Laertes: Burt Rutan on Space Exploration

This is for interesting (mostly) mars links that may not fit into a encyclopedia page.

==Videos==
* JPL Director Charles Elachi: The story of the Mars Rovers
[http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/charles_elachi_on_the_mars_rovers.html]
* Penelope Boston: Life on Mars? Let's look in the caves
[http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/penelope_boston.html]
* Burt Rutan: Entrepreneurs are the future of space flight
[http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/burt_rutan_sees_the_future_of_space.html]

User:Laertes/Mars Links

2009-01-23T01:35:28Z

Laertes: video discussing possability of life in caves

This is for interesting mars links that may not fit into a encyclopedia page.

==Videos==
* JPL Director Charles Elachi: The story of the Mars Rovers
[http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/charles_elachi_on_the_mars_rovers.html]
* Penelope Boston: Life on Mars? Let's look in the caves
[http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/penelope_boston.html]

User:Laertes/Mars Links

2009-01-23T01:18:19Z

Laertes: New page: This is for interesting mars links that may not fit into a encyclopedia page. ==Videos== * JPL Director Charles Elachi: The story of the Mars Rovers [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/ch...

User talk:Laertes

2009-01-23T01:14:58Z

Laertes: adding link to links page

Hi Laertes! Welcome to Marspedia! My name is Ian O'Neill, one of the admins here and I'm available most of the time if you need any assistance. We're hoping for a big 2008 for lots of new additions to the Marspedia wiki, so it's great to have you on board. Hopefully see you soon -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 06:53, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi, you are doing a great job here:-) My English is not so good, and I really appreciate every enhancement. Don't worry about lack in space experience. Nobody went to Mars so far, and hence nobody knows how to do it. There are many challenges that are completely new, and every contribution is welcome. Enjoy! -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:34, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Welcome back! - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 06:38, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

[[User:Laertes/Mars Links | Mars related links]]

== Vital Technology ==

Hi Laertes, my understanding of a Martian settlement is a rather spartan economy, that can be run by a limited number of persons. Which technology is really vital? This seems to be a very important questions. Recently I have been thinking a lot about this question.

First of all, I wonder how big such a colony must be, in oder to produce everything on their own. Probably, an autonomous colony can not be run by 5 people. It requires more manpower, but how much more? I am trying to get an idea how the start of an autonomous colony may look like. There is probably a certain minimum of technology, and therefore a minimum of persons necessary. In order to find that out, I am trying to leave out all comfort and all unnecessary dead freight. Just keeping the inevitable. Pure survival. This is what I am trying to find out at the moment.

Because of the vast effort of shipment, I am pretty sure that the start of a Martian colony will be a rather small one. Let's say, a group of 5 persons make the start. They can start to build an autonomous colony, based upon technology shipped from Earth to Mars. But they can not maintain all systems including production of all spare parts from local resources. At least I am really in doubt about that. May be, we can bring 20 persons to Mars, which is very very expensive. May be, we can bring 50 people to Mars, in a time frame of 20 years. This is an optimistic (and may be an unrealistic) imagination, though. And with this limited number of persons we have to find a way to build a livelihood from scratch, albeit with settlers with a huge amount of enthusiasm, but still with heavy limitations in maintenance manpower.

I am still not sure whether or not such an autonomous colony is possible at all. If it is possible with such a limited manpower, it can not include complex chemical and microelectronic factories. I think, the settlers will be busy primarily with energy and food production, which is extremely cheap on Earth, and which is hard on Mars. On Earth we can afford doing further business, because the food is growing almost of its own volition.

That is what I am mostly concerned about at the moment, and I just want to explain my thoughts to you. Probably, I will not be able to contribute much to Marspedia during the holidays, but I'm back next Monday. I am happy about your being part of the team. Merry X-mas to you and your family. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 21:55, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

==The Need for Advanced Technology==
Merry Christmas to you and yours too, RFC :). I tend to think more long term (both views are critical).
I think the critical mass for a sustainable, self reliant colony will be a little larger. At a minimum, they will need to replace or repair critical components, such as life support, medical technology, food production, etc. Many of these require complex electronics and chemistry. In addition, there need to be enough reproducing individuals to avoid inbreeding (frozen embreyos/sperm are alternatives, of course). An initial colony could be the size you are suggesting, as long as more colonists arrive later.

In my mind, an autonomous settlement is not a closed system without any outside input, but rather an independent sovereign state, fully in control of its destiny. In that regard, it need not supply all of its needs locally. Even on Earth, no sovereign state would think of eliminating all trade with other nations. Napoleon tried such a strategy, which ultimately failed. Until critical mass is attained, the autonomous settlement will need to buy certain advanced technology.
--[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 01:08, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

:Obviously, there are two strategies to build an autonomous settlement. Your favored strategy has some interesting advantages, indeed. It allows starting much simpler and earlier. However, if I was asked to go to Mars as part of the first group, with a promise for further technology and more settlers to be shipped some years later, I would not accept. I would be afraid. I would fear the abortion of the colonization program at some stage, due to some reason. And there are a lot of reasons. The full [[independence from Earth]] is something I find very important. I will try to start an article about all the possible colonization strategies. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 20:11, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

==Financing Imported Technology==
A successful business model will be the key to success, so that more people and resources can be afforded. I propose a model similar to those used by many small nations, such as the Vatican, Monaco, San Marino, and some Pacific islands. These states also lack the infrastructure to manufacture advanced technology.

My amazing gnomish three-step PowerMoney™ model involves:
::# Massive amounts of regolith
::# ?????????
::# PROFIT!!!
:::(Still working on the second step...)

Seriously, though:
::*'''Tourism''' - Certain people with a lot of money have historically been interested in Space Tourism, even when there are significant risks.
::*'''Scientific Lease''' - A settlement can lease space and sell resources to governments or institutions that want to send their scientists to Mars. Alternately, settlers could be paid to do the work for them.
::*'''Offworld Backup''' - Offsite backup is a vital aspect of data security for any business. It ensures data backup in the event of natural disasters. No location could be more offsite than Mars!
::*'''Internet Domain Sale''' - People could buy the .mars domain.
::*'''Licensed Merchandise''' - While Mars itself cannot be trademarked, likenesses of the settlement/settlers could be. Possibilities include stamps, coins, playsets, etc. First colonists would likely gain celebrity status.
::*'''Land Speculation''' - While historically not the most respectable business, an actual presence on Mars lends much more credibility to the transaction.
::*'''Tax Shelter''' - Legality may vary by your location...
::*'''Consultancy''' - Advising governments in their own exploration/colonization efforts.
::*'''Martian Cemetery''' - People might pay to have their ashes buried on Mars.
::*'''Investment''' - I don't know much about this , but I hear that your mileage may vary...
::*'''Host Hazardous Research''' - Nothing says bio-secure like an irradiated near-vacuum environment. Any facility would necessarily be isolated from the colony, of course. It would be the perfect location for biotechnology research without the risk to terrestrial life.
::*'''Genetic Legacy''' - Ensure your genetic legacy by sending your sperm/eggs/embryos to Mars. Having descendants on two worlds is more secure.
::*'''Commercial Sponsorship''' - Pay to place a logo on a wall, use "the official << ''insert commercial product here'' >> of Mars" in advertising.
More to follow if I can think of them...

The eventual goal, of course, is to get to a state where Martian settlements can rely on each other for most, if not all, technology. I think that the realization of such a goal will likely take several generations of colonists. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 01:08, 23 December 2008 (UTC)
:Many of the aspects listed here also apply to Lunar business models. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 10:47, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

:The financing ideas are brilliant! I think we need an article with this contents ... -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 20:11, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

:Thanks. They are not all original, I can remember seeing similar ideas elsewhere. I will research to see what I can throw together. Lets call this [[interplanetary commerce]]. Feel free to give it a better title. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 00:22, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

==Help==
Are there style guides for the wikis? I am looking for information on recommended colors, table styles, and any other formatting info besides the standard mediawiki stuff. I am kind of winging it, with oranges and reds for Marspedia, etc...

:None that I am aware of. We all wing it using whatever looks best. If you would like to generate your own, it may become standard. When I think of a tool/template that is needed on lunarpedia to make articles easier, I generally make it as a subpage of my own user page. Its my cheatsheet method. If people like it and want to use it, it gets moved and becomes standard. Do you know how to make subpages? By the way, new message on Lunarpedia. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 20:10, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

::I am not familiar with subpages. I am still in the process of learning the wiki syntax. Any help/advice is appreciated. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 22:52, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Do it just like [[User:Laertes/subpage | this]]. <nowiki>[["page"/"desired subpage" | "visible text"]]</nowiki> I always do mine as a link on my page so that I can always get back to them. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 23:07, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

Spices

2009-01-22T22:48:18Z

Laertes: New page: {{stub}} '''Spices''' are dried plant powders or seeds that are added to food to impart flavor. They do not typically add nutrition, but some show antimicrobial properties, possib...

{{stub}}

'''Spices''' are dried [[plant]] powders or [[seeds]] that are added to food to impart flavor. They do not typically add nutrition, but some show antimicrobial properties, possibly aiding in [[food preservation]]. Many spices are easily grown in [[greenhouse|greenhouses]] or [[container garden|small containers]]. Like [[Herbs]], spices will be an important part of life for settlers, raising [[morale]] by adding variety to food. Spices are a possible [[commodity]] for [[inter-settlement commerce]].

{| style="font-size:8pt; margin:0; clear:both;padding:4px 4px 4px 4px;background:#98FB98;border: solid 1px #006400;width:500px" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor=green
! <big>Useful Spices</big> !! <big></big> !!
|-
! Common Name
! Scientific Name
! Use
|-
! [[Garlic]]
| ''Allium sativum''
| Flavoring, [[Medicine]]
|-
! [[Tumeric]]
| ''Curcuma longa''
| Flavoring, Preservative
|-
! [[Vanilla]]
| ''Vanilla''
| Flavoring
|}

[[category:plants]]

Herbs

2009-01-20T23:23:59Z

Laertes: Herb table

{{stub}}
'''Herbs''' are [[plants]] grown for their flavor, smell, or medicinal properties. They improve [[morale]] by adding variety to [[food]]. Some herbs have medicinal properties. Whole leaves and sometimes stems and berries are used, in contrast to [[spices]], which are dried [[seeds]] or powdered parts of a variety of plants.

==Cultivation==
Most herbs are small, hardy plants. They grow readily in small [[container garden|containers]] or [[hydroponics|hydroponic]] rigs.

{| style="font-size:8pt; margin:0; clear:both;padding:4px 4px 4px 4px;background:#98FB98;border: solid 1px #006400;width:500px" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor=green
! <big>Useful Herbs</big> !! <big></big> !!
|-
! Common Name
! Scientific Name
! Use
|-
! Basil
| ''Ocimum basilicum''
| Flavoring
|-
! [[Mint]]
| ''Mentha''
| Flavoring, [[Menthol]], [[Medicine]]
|-
! St John's wort
| ''Hypericum perforatum''
| Medicine
|}

[[category:plants]]

User talk:Laertes

2009-01-19T22:52:41Z

Laertes:

Hi Laertes! Welcome to Marspedia! My name is Ian O'Neill, one of the admins here and I'm available most of the time if you need any assistance. We're hoping for a big 2008 for lots of new additions to the Marspedia wiki, so it's great to have you on board. Hopefully see you soon -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 06:53, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi, you are doing a great job here:-) My English is not so good, and I really appreciate every enhancement. Don't worry about lack in space experience. Nobody went to Mars so far, and hence nobody knows how to do it. There are many challenges that are completely new, and every contribution is welcome. Enjoy! -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:34, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Welcome back! - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 06:38, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

== Vital Technology ==

Hi Laertes, my understanding of a Martian settlement is a rather spartan economy, that can be run by a limited number of persons. Which technology is really vital? This seems to be a very important questions. Recently I have been thinking a lot about this question.

First of all, I wonder how big such a colony must be, in oder to produce everything on their own. Probably, an autonomous colony can not be run by 5 people. It requires more manpower, but how much more? I am trying to get an idea how the start of an autonomous colony may look like. There is probably a certain minimum of technology, and therefore a minimum of persons necessary. In order to find that out, I am trying to leave out all comfort and all unnecessary dead freight. Just keeping the inevitable. Pure survival. This is what I am trying to find out at the moment.

Because of the vast effort of shipment, I am pretty sure that the start of a Martian colony will be a rather small one. Let's say, a group of 5 persons make the start. They can start to build an autonomous colony, based upon technology shipped from Earth to Mars. But they can not maintain all systems including production of all spare parts from local resources. At least I am really in doubt about that. May be, we can bring 20 persons to Mars, which is very very expensive. May be, we can bring 50 people to Mars, in a time frame of 20 years. This is an optimistic (and may be an unrealistic) imagination, though. And with this limited number of persons we have to find a way to build a livelihood from scratch, albeit with settlers with a huge amount of enthusiasm, but still with heavy limitations in maintenance manpower.

I am still not sure whether or not such an autonomous colony is possible at all. If it is possible with such a limited manpower, it can not include complex chemical and microelectronic factories. I think, the settlers will be busy primarily with energy and food production, which is extremely cheap on Earth, and which is hard on Mars. On Earth we can afford doing further business, because the food is growing almost of its own volition.

That is what I am mostly concerned about at the moment, and I just want to explain my thoughts to you. Probably, I will not be able to contribute much to Marspedia during the holidays, but I'm back next Monday. I am happy about your being part of the team. Merry X-mas to you and your family. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 21:55, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

==The Need for Advanced Technology==
Merry Christmas to you and yours too, RFC :). I tend to think more long term (both views are critical).
I think the critical mass for a sustainable, self reliant colony will be a little larger. At a minimum, they will need to replace or repair critical components, such as life support, medical technology, food production, etc. Many of these require complex electronics and chemistry. In addition, there need to be enough reproducing individuals to avoid inbreeding (frozen embreyos/sperm are alternatives, of course). An initial colony could be the size you are suggesting, as long as more colonists arrive later.

In my mind, an autonomous settlement is not a closed system without any outside input, but rather an independent sovereign state, fully in control of its destiny. In that regard, it need not supply all of its needs locally. Even on Earth, no sovereign state would think of eliminating all trade with other nations. Napoleon tried such a strategy, which ultimately failed. Until critical mass is attained, the autonomous settlement will need to buy certain advanced technology.
--[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 01:08, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

:Obviously, there are two strategies to build an autonomous settlement. Your favored strategy has some interesting advantages, indeed. It allows starting much simpler and earlier. However, if I was asked to go to Mars as part of the first group, with a promise for further technology and more settlers to be shipped some years later, I would not accept. I would be afraid. I would fear the abortion of the colonization program at some stage, due to some reason. And there are a lot of reasons. The full [[independence from Earth]] is something I find very important. I will try to start an article about all the possible colonization strategies. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 20:11, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

==Financing Imported Technology==
A successful business model will be the key to success, so that more people and resources can be afforded. I propose a model similar to those used by many small nations, such as the Vatican, Monaco, San Marino, and some Pacific islands. These states also lack the infrastructure to manufacture advanced technology.

My amazing gnomish three-step PowerMoney™ model involves:
::# Massive amounts of regolith
::# ?????????
::# PROFIT!!!
:::(Still working on the second step...)

Seriously, though:
::*'''Tourism''' - Certain people with a lot of money have historically been interested in Space Tourism, even when there are significant risks.
::*'''Scientific Lease''' - A settlement can lease space and sell resources to governments or institutions that want to send their scientists to Mars. Alternately, settlers could be paid to do the work for them.
::*'''Offworld Backup''' - Offsite backup is a vital aspect of data security for any business. It ensures data backup in the event of natural disasters. No location could be more offsite than Mars!
::*'''Internet Domain Sale''' - People could buy the .mars domain.
::*'''Licensed Merchandise''' - While Mars itself cannot be trademarked, likenesses of the settlement/settlers could be. Possibilities include stamps, coins, playsets, etc. First colonists would likely gain celebrity status.
::*'''Land Speculation''' - While historically not the most respectable business, an actual presence on Mars lends much more credibility to the transaction.
::*'''Tax Shelter''' - Legality may vary by your location...
::*'''Consultancy''' - Advising governments in their own exploration/colonization efforts.
::*'''Martian Cemetery''' - People might pay to have their ashes buried on Mars.
::*'''Investment''' - I don't know much about this , but I hear that your mileage may vary...
::*'''Host Hazardous Research''' - Nothing says bio-secure like an irradiated near-vacuum environment. Any facility would necessarily be isolated from the colony, of course. It would be the perfect location for biotechnology research without the risk to terrestrial life.
::*'''Genetic Legacy''' - Ensure your genetic legacy by sending your sperm/eggs/embryos to Mars. Having descendants on two worlds is more secure.
::*'''Commercial Sponsorship''' - Pay to place a logo on a wall, use "the official << ''insert commercial product here'' >> of Mars" in advertising.
More to follow if I can think of them...

The eventual goal, of course, is to get to a state where Martian settlements can rely on each other for most, if not all, technology. I think that the realization of such a goal will likely take several generations of colonists. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 01:08, 23 December 2008 (UTC)
:Many of the aspects listed here also apply to Lunar business models. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 10:47, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

:The financing ideas are brilliant! I think we need an article with this contents ... -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 20:11, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

:Thanks. They are not all original, I can remember seeing similar ideas elsewhere. I will research to see what I can throw together. Lets call this [[interplanetary commerce]]. Feel free to give it a better title. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 00:22, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

==Help==
Are there style guides for the wikis? I am looking for information on recommended colors, table styles, and any other formatting info besides the standard mediawiki stuff. I am kind of winging it, with oranges and reds for Marspedia, etc...

:None that I am aware of. We all wing it using whatever looks best. If you would like to generate your own, it may become standard. When I think of a tool/template that is needed on lunarpedia to make articles easier, I generally make it as a subpage of my own user page. Its my cheatsheet method. If people like it and want to use it, it gets moved and becomes standard. Do you know how to make subpages? By the way, new message on Lunarpedia. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 20:10, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

::I am not familiar with subpages. I am still in the process of learning the wiki syntax. Any help/advice is appreciated. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 22:52, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

User talk:Laertes

2009-01-19T02:15:19Z

Laertes: Looking for style guides

Hi Laertes! Welcome to Marspedia! My name is Ian O'Neill, one of the admins here and I'm available most of the time if you need any assistance. We're hoping for a big 2008 for lots of new additions to the Marspedia wiki, so it's great to have you on board. Hopefully see you soon -- [[User:Ioneill|Ioneill]] 06:53, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

Hi, you are doing a great job here:-) My English is not so good, and I really appreciate every enhancement. Don't worry about lack in space experience. Nobody went to Mars so far, and hence nobody knows how to do it. There are many challenges that are completely new, and every contribution is welcome. Enjoy! -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 10:34, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Welcome back! - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 06:38, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

== Vital Technology ==

Hi Laertes, my understanding of a Martian settlement is a rather spartan economy, that can be run by a limited number of persons. Which technology is really vital? This seems to be a very important questions. Recently I have been thinking a lot about this question.

First of all, I wonder how big such a colony must be, in oder to produce everything on their own. Probably, an autonomous colony can not be run by 5 people. It requires more manpower, but how much more? I am trying to get an idea how the start of an autonomous colony may look like. There is probably a certain minimum of technology, and therefore a minimum of persons necessary. In order to find that out, I am trying to leave out all comfort and all unnecessary dead freight. Just keeping the inevitable. Pure survival. This is what I am trying to find out at the moment.

Because of the vast effort of shipment, I am pretty sure that the start of a Martian colony will be a rather small one. Let's say, a group of 5 persons make the start. They can start to build an autonomous colony, based upon technology shipped from Earth to Mars. But they can not maintain all systems including production of all spare parts from local resources. At least I am really in doubt about that. May be, we can bring 20 persons to Mars, which is very very expensive. May be, we can bring 50 people to Mars, in a time frame of 20 years. This is an optimistic (and may be an unrealistic) imagination, though. And with this limited number of persons we have to find a way to build a livelihood from scratch, albeit with settlers with a huge amount of enthusiasm, but still with heavy limitations in maintenance manpower.

I am still not sure whether or not such an autonomous colony is possible at all. If it is possible with such a limited manpower, it can not include complex chemical and microelectronic factories. I think, the settlers will be busy primarily with energy and food production, which is extremely cheap on Earth, and which is hard on Mars. On Earth we can afford doing further business, because the food is growing almost of its own volition.

That is what I am mostly concerned about at the moment, and I just want to explain my thoughts to you. Probably, I will not be able to contribute much to Marspedia during the holidays, but I'm back next Monday. I am happy about your being part of the team. Merry X-mas to you and your family. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 21:55, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

==The Need for Advanced Technology==
Merry Christmas to you and yours too, RFC :). I tend to think more long term (both views are critical).
I think the critical mass for a sustainable, self reliant colony will be a little larger. At a minimum, they will need to replace or repair critical components, such as life support, medical technology, food production, etc. Many of these require complex electronics and chemistry. In addition, there need to be enough reproducing individuals to avoid inbreeding (frozen embreyos/sperm are alternatives, of course). An initial colony could be the size you are suggesting, as long as more colonists arrive later.

In my mind, an autonomous settlement is not a closed system without any outside input, but rather an independent sovereign state, fully in control of its destiny. In that regard, it need not supply all of its needs locally. Even on Earth, no sovereign state would think of eliminating all trade with other nations. Napoleon tried such a strategy, which ultimately failed. Until critical mass is attained, the autonomous settlement will need to buy certain advanced technology.
--[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 01:08, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

:Obviously, there are two strategies to build an autonomous settlement. Your favored strategy has some interesting advantages, indeed. It allows starting much simpler and earlier. However, if I was asked to go to Mars as part of the first group, with a promise for further technology and more settlers to be shipped some years later, I would not accept. I would be afraid. I would fear the abortion of the colonization program at some stage, due to some reason. And there are a lot of reasons. The full [[independence from Earth]] is something I find very important. I will try to start an article about all the possible colonization strategies. -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 20:11, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

==Financing Imported Technology==
A successful business model will be the key to success, so that more people and resources can be afforded. I propose a model similar to those used by many small nations, such as the Vatican, Monaco, San Marino, and some Pacific islands. These states also lack the infrastructure to manufacture advanced technology.

My amazing gnomish three-step PowerMoney™ model involves:
::# Massive amounts of regolith
::# ?????????
::# PROFIT!!!
:::(Still working on the second step...)

Seriously, though:
::*'''Tourism''' - Certain people with a lot of money have historically been interested in Space Tourism, even when there are significant risks.
::*'''Scientific Lease''' - A settlement can lease space and sell resources to governments or institutions that want to send their scientists to Mars. Alternately, settlers could be paid to do the work for them.
::*'''Offworld Backup''' - Offsite backup is a vital aspect of data security for any business. It ensures data backup in the event of natural disasters. No location could be more offsite than Mars!
::*'''Internet Domain Sale''' - People could buy the .mars domain.
::*'''Licensed Merchandise''' - While Mars itself cannot be trademarked, likenesses of the settlement/settlers could be. Possibilities include stamps, coins, playsets, etc. First colonists would likely gain celebrity status.
::*'''Land Speculation''' - While historically not the most respectable business, an actual presence on Mars lends much more credibility to the transaction.
::*'''Tax Shelter''' - Legality may vary by your location...
::*'''Consultancy''' - Advising governments in their own exploration/colonization efforts.
::*'''Martian Cemetery''' - People might pay to have their ashes buried on Mars.
::*'''Investment''' - I don't know much about this , but I hear that your mileage may vary...
::*'''Host Hazardous Research''' - Nothing says bio-secure like an irradiated near-vacuum environment. Any facility would necessarily be isolated from the colony, of course. It would be the perfect location for biotechnology research without the risk to terrestrial life.
::*'''Genetic Legacy''' - Ensure your genetic legacy by sending your sperm/eggs/embryos to Mars. Having descendants on two worlds is more secure.
::*'''Commercial Sponsorship''' - Pay to place a logo on a wall, use "the official << ''insert commercial product here'' >> of Mars" in advertising.
More to follow if I can think of them...

The eventual goal, of course, is to get to a state where Martian settlements can rely on each other for most, if not all, technology. I think that the realization of such a goal will likely take several generations of colonists. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 01:08, 23 December 2008 (UTC)
:Many of the aspects listed here also apply to Lunar business models. - [[User:Jarogers2001|Jarogers2001]] 10:47, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

:The financing ideas are brilliant! I think we need an article with this contents ... -- [[User:Rfc|Rfc]] 20:11, 28 December 2008 (UTC)

:Thanks. They are not all original, I can remember seeing similar ideas elsewhere. I will research to see what I can throw together. Lets call this [[interplanetary commerce]]. Feel free to give it a better title. --[[User:Laertes|Nate]] 00:22, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

==Help==
Are there style guides for the wikis? I am looking for information on recommended colors, table styles, and any other formatting info besides the standard mediawiki stuff. I am kind of winging it, with oranges and reds for Marspedia, etc...

Radiation

2009-01-19T02:10:10Z

Laertes: radiation type table

Natural '''Radiation''' on [[Mars]] is much higher compared with [[Earth]]. The thin [[atmosphere]] provides only a small shielding effect against harmful [[solar radiation]] and [[cosmic radiation]]. Mars also lacks the [[magnetosphere]] that protects Earth.

==Types of Radiation==
Radiation comes in a variety of forms:<ref>http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/designer/needs.html#SHIELDING</ref>
{| border=1
|-
!Name
!Relative Biological Effectiveness RBE
!Source
|-
|'''[[X-ray|X-Rays]] and [[gamma ray|Gamma Rays]]'''
|1
|[[Radiation belts]], [[solar radiation]], and bremsstrahlung electrons
|-
|'''[[electron|Electrons]]''' 
1.0 MeV 
0.1 MeV
| 
1 
1.08
|Radiation belts
|-
|'''[[proton|Protons]]''' 
100 MeV 
1.5 MeV 
0.1 MeV
| 
1-2 
8.5 
10
|Cosmic rays, inner-radiation belts, and solar [[cosmic rays]]
|-
|'''[[neutron|Neutrons]]''' 
0.05 ev (thermal) 
1.0 MeV 
10 MeV
| 
2.8 
10.5 
6.4
|Nuclear interactions in the [[sun]]
|-
|'''[[alpha particles|Alpha Particles]]''' 
5.0 MeV 
1.0 MeV 
Heavy Primaries
| 
15 
20 
varies widely
|Cosmic rays
|}

==Danger==
Exposure to dangerous levels of radiation causes [[radiation sickness]] and cancer. Any exposure to radiation, no matter how slight, poses some risk. Small dose - small risk of cancer. High dose - high risk of cancer.

Nevertheless, there are defined legal limits for exposure during work for several professional activities, such as for X-ray assistants, airplane personnel, etc.

==Effect on material==
Radiation can change the properties of [[plastics]] and metals, making them brittle after a period of time.

==Protection==
[[House]]s should be equipped with a shielding, thick enough to reduce the radiation to a level equal to Earth, that is, almost zero. Best protection may be achieved with houses built in natural [[caves]] or set into cliffs or hillsides.

[[Space suit]]s must be designed with radiation in mind. The suit should provide adequate shielding for the occupant. It may be necessary to design suits with several grades of protection. Suits designed for short-term use can carry lighter shielding which would reduce weight and improve maneuverability.

During severe radiation events, such as [[solar flare|solar flares]], surface [[settlement|settlements]] may use [[storm shelter|storm shelters]] with heavier than normal shielding.

==Open issues==
*How much higher is the UV and cosmic radiation?
*What is the required thickness of a [[regolith]] or [[water]] layer upon a house for radiation shielding?
*What are the legal limits for radiation exposure for some professional activities?
*Does regolith emit an own portion of radiation, some kind of secondary radiation due to the long exposure to cosmic and solar radiation?

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.ips.gov.au/ IPS:] [http://www.ips.gov.au/Category/Educational/Space%20Weather/Space%20Weather%20Effects/guide-to-space-radiation.pdf A Guide to Space Radiation]
*[http://www.niauk.org/radiation-and-safety.html Nuclear Industry Association: Radiation, health and nuclear safety]

[[Category:Hazards]]

Human

2009-01-19T01:45:15Z

Laertes: Table of daily human Needs and Waste

The '''Human Race''' is considered the most intelligent species on [[Earth]]. If the colonization of [[Mars]] is successful, the human race will be the only known species living on more than one planet.

==What makes humans different from other species?==
Unlike other known species, the human race has created artificial means for a great variety of activities. The accumulation and distribution of knowledge in written form and the global communication with nearly the [[speed of light]] is a special ability. The human race is also the only known species capable of [[space travel]].

==Biological==
Adult human individuals on Earth have the following properties:
*Height: about 155..190 cm
*Weight: about 50..80 kg
*Maximum age: about 80 years
*Energy consumption by [[food]]: 6000 to 16000 kJ (1,66 to 4,44 kWh) (depends on size and activity)
*[[Air]] consumption: (to be completed)
*[[Water]] consumption: 2 to 4 liters per day
*Blood heat: 37°C
*Preferred environmental temperature: 20°C
*[[Symbiosis|Symbiotic relationship]] with a number of [[microbes|microorganisms]] (especially in the gut.)

The metabolism of human beings depends, just like [[animals]] and various microbes, on [[water]]. The human body contains about 70% water.

==Social==
The social behavior on Mars will be subject to conditions that are different from those on Earth. The following issues should be considered:

*The human brain needs frequent access to information. Experiments have revealed heavy psychological consequences after a period of information deprivation.

*A group of male individuals tend to be more [[amok|aggressive]] than a mixed group of males and females.

*Humans are social creatures, and long periods of isolation can be detrimental to health. In addition to fellow colonists, animals kept as [[pets]] can provide some level of social interaction. [[Pixel]] is a cat that has been adopted by the crews of the [[Mars Desert Research Station]].

==Facts and figures==
*"Daily Kilojoule Intake" (14-16 year old boys) while moderate active: "11900-13200" kJ <ref>[http://www.vssec.vic.edu.au/downloads/outreach/uniafworkshop/activity1astronaughtnutrition.pdf at Strathmore Secondary College: activity1astronaughtnutrition.pdf]</ref>

*"Energy expenditure of an average day for a healthy male": "2640" kcal, daily kJoule intake with "three hours of hard work": "3630" kcal <ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/W0073e/w0073e04.htm AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS: Human nutrition in the developing world]</ref>
 
{| border=1 align=left
|+ <big>Average Human Needs</big> <ref>Space Station Freedom Design Parameters - NASA SSP 30362 (1990)</ref>
|-
! INPUTS !! kg/person/day
|- align=left
| Oxygen
| 0.83
|- align=left
| Dry Food
| 0.62
|- align=left
| Water in Food
| 1.15
|- align=left
| [[food preparation|Food Preparation]] Water
| 0.79
|- align=left
| Drinking Water
| 1.61
|- align=left
| Oral Hygiene Water
| 0.36
|- align=left
| Hand and Face Wash Water
| 1.81
|- align=left
| Shower Water
| 5.44
|- align=left
| Clothes Wash Water
| 12.47
|- align=left
| Dish Wash Water
| 5.44
|- align=left
| Urinal/Commode Flush Water
| 0.49
|- align=left
! Total:
! 31.0 kg/person/day
|-
|}

{| border=1 align=center
|+ <big>Average Human Outputs</big> <ref>Space Station Freedom Design Parameters - NASA SSP 30362 (1990)</ref>
|-
! OUTPUTS !! kg/person/day
|- align=left
| Carbon Dioxide
| 1.00
|- align=left
| Water from Respiration and Perspiration
| 2.28
|- align=left
| [[Urine]]
| 1.50
|- align=left
| Urine Solids
| 0.06
|- align=left
| Hygiene Water
| 7.18
|- align=left
| Latent (Evaporated) Hygiene Water
| 0.44
|- align=left
| Clothes Wash Water
| 11.87
|- align=left
| Latent (Evaporated) Clothes Wash Water
| 0.60*
|- align=left
| Latent (Evaporated) Food Preparation Water
| 0.04
|- align=left
| Dish Wash Water
| 5.41
|- align=left
| Latent (Evaporated) Dish Wash Water
| 0.03
|- align=left
| Feces Solids
| 0.03
|- align=left
| Feces Water
| 0.09
|- align=left
| Sweat Solids
| 0.02
|- align=left
| Urinal and Commode Flush Water
| 0.49
|- align=left
! Total:
! 31.0 kg/person/day
|}

==Open issues==
*What is the optimum temperature in the artificial habitat to minimize the energy consumption by food (may be different at day and night, during work and leisure)?

==References==
<references/>

[[Category: Human Considerations]]

Copper

2009-01-18T23:13:52Z

Laertes: cat+

{{element
|float=right
|elementName=Copper
|elementSymbol=Cu
|protons=29
|abundance=???% ([[crust]])
}}

{{stub}}

'''Copper''' is a [[metal]] that is ductile and an excellent conductor of [[electricity]] and heat. Until more of the Martian surface has been prospected, it is impossible to know how much [[settlement|settlements]] will be able to rely on this metal.
==Use==
===Electrical Wire and Cables===
Due to its excellent conductivity, copper is widely used to transmit electricity. Copper is easily drawn into [[wire]].
===Construction Material===
{{expandsec}}
===Industry===
Copper is used in many [[alloys]] such as [[Bronze]] (with [[Tin]]).
===Consumer Goods===
Copper is used in jewelry and [[food]] preparation utensils.

[[category:elements]]
[[category:metal]]

Herbs

2009-01-18T19:20:47Z

Laertes: New page: {{stub}} '''Herbs''' are plants grown for their flavor, smell, or medicinal properties. They improve morale by adding variety to food. Some herbs have medicinal properties. Who...

Caves

2009-01-18T16:48:07Z

Laertes: link to lava tube

[[Image:sevensisters_strip.jpg|thumb|right|200px|several black spots near Arsia Mons, suspected to be caves]]

[[Image:188159main_PSP_004847_1745.crop-516.jpg|thumb|right|200px|cave with sunlit wall]]

Natural '''Caves''' have been found near the [[volcano]] ''[[Arsia Mons]]'' on [[Mars]].

The caves are a possible location to establish a human [[settlement]]. They could be re-constructed to become big [[habitat]]s. The caves would provide shelter and plenty of space for [[house|housing]]. They could, perhaps, also be a source for [[water]] and rare [[minerals]].

[[Nadine Barlow]] said: "Caves on Mars could be good places for long-term ice accumulation and that would make them ideal locations to look for life on Mars as well as valuable reservoirs for water to support future human exploration of the planet."

==Open Issue==
*Is there a danger to occupy volcanic caves for human settlements due to possible volcanic activity?
*Nobody knows the actual geometry of the Martian caves and whether they are usable or not. An [[needed explorations#Caves|exploration]] is necessary to find it out before the start of detailed planning.

==See also==
*[[Lava tube]]
*[[Volcanic cave settlement]]

==External links==
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070402153116.htm ScienceDaily: Are These Caves On Mars?]
*[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070921163609.htm ScienceDaily: NASA Orbiter Finds Possible Cave Skylights On Mars]
*[http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/21sep_caves.htm NASA: Cave Skylights Spotted on Mars]
*[[Lunarp:Lava Tubes|Lunarpedia:Lava Tubes]]

[[Category: Geology]]
[[Category: Settlements]]

Lava tube

2009-01-18T16:45:52Z

Laertes: fixed interwiki link

During long-lived eruptions, lava flows tend to become "channeled" into a few main streams. Overflows of lava from these streams solidify quickly and plaster on to the channel walls, building natural levees or ramparts that allow the level of the lava to be raised. Lava streams that flow steadily in a confined channel for many hours to days may develop a solid crust or roof and thus change gradually into streams within '''lava tubes'''. Because the walls and roofs of such tubes are good thermal insulators, lava flowing through them can remain hot and fluid much longer than surface flows. Tube-fed lava can be transported for great distances from the eruption sites.<ref>http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/LavaTubes/description_lava_tubes.html</ref> Once the eruption ends, the remaining lava drains from the tube, leaving an empty [[caves|cave]].

==Settlement==
:''Main article: [[Volcanic cave settlement]]''
Lava tubes are an ideal site for a [[settlement]], providing shelter from [[radiation]] and space that can be converted into habitable areas.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* Virtual Lava Tube[http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtual_tube/virtube.html]
* Lava Tubes on USGS site[http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/LavaTubes/description_lava_tubes.html]

==See Also==
* [[Caves]]
* [[lunarp:Lava_Tubes|Lunarpedia:Lava Tubeslunarp]]

[[category:geology]]

Lava tube

2009-01-18T16:43:08Z

Laertes: Added links and USGS description of lava tubes (public domain - U.S. government)

During long-lived eruptions, lava flows tend to become "channeled" into a few main streams. Overflows of lava from these streams solidify quickly and plaster on to the channel walls, building natural levees or ramparts that allow the level of the lava to be raised. Lava streams that flow steadily in a confined channel for many hours to days may develop a solid crust or roof and thus change gradually into streams within '''lava tubes'''. Because the walls and roofs of such tubes are good thermal insulators, lava flowing through them can remain hot and fluid much longer than surface flows. Tube-fed lava can be transported for great distances from the eruption sites.<ref>http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/LavaTubes/description_lava_tubes.html</ref> Once the eruption ends, the remaining lava drains from the tube, leaving an empty [[caves|cave]].

==Settlement==
:''Main article: [[Volcanic cave settlement]]''
Lava tubes are an ideal site for a [[settlement]], providing shelter from [[radiation]] and space that can be converted into habitable areas.

==References==
<references/>

==External Links==
* Virtual Lava Tube[http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtual_tube/virtube.html]
* Lava Tubes on USGS site[http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/LavaTubes/description_lava_tubes.html]

==See Also==
* [[Caves]]
* [[lunarp:Lava_Tubes|Article Captionlunarp]]

[[category:geology]]

Lava tube

2009-01-18T16:31:09Z

Laertes: New page: {{stub}} Erupting lava flows often form a '''lava tube''' as the outer surfaces of the flow are cooled by the atmosphere and surrounding rock. Once the eruption ends, the remaining lav...

{{stub}}
Erupting [[lava]] flows often form a '''lava tube''' as the outer surfaces of the flow are cooled by the atmosphere and surrounding rock. Once the eruption ends, the remaining lava drains from the tube, leaving an empty [[caves|cave]].

==Settlement==
:''Main article: [[Volcanic cave settlement]]''
Lava tubes are an ideal site for a [[settlement]], providing shelter from [[radiation]] and space that can be converted into habitable areas.

==See Also==
* [[Caves]]
* [[lunarp:Lava_Tubes|Article Captionlunarp]]

[[category:geology]]

Plants

2009-01-18T14:31:38Z

Laertes: Oats

'''Plants''' are multicellular organisms that gain [[energy]] through [[photosynthesis]], though some species are parasitic or carnivorous. Unlike [[:category:animals|animals]], [[fungi]] and other [[microbes]], plants have cell walls made from [[cellulose]].

==Significance to Martian Colonization==
Plants are a vital source of [[food]], [[:category:chemistry|chemicals]], and [[List of Construction Materials|construction materials]] such as [[wood]] and [[bamboo]].

==Plant Selection==
[[Greenhouse]] space and resources in a [[settlement]] are limited, and must be used carefully. Plants need to be selected carefully in order to provide the highest return on the resource investment.

===Ease of Propagation===
Selected plants must be easy to propagate through seeds, roots, or cuttings.

===Hybrid vs Natural Strains===
Hybrid plants, while common in terrestrial [[agriculture]], are less desirable than pure strains. Hybrids are often sterile, and those that do reproduce sexually yield offspring that resemble the original strains more than the hybrid. Any hybrids grown in settlements will likely be propagated asexually through cuttings.

===Genetic Diversity===
Plants that reproduce sexually need enough genetically distinct individuals to prevent harmful [[inbreeding depression|inbreeding]]. Though disease and parasites will likely be left behind, there is always a risk of accidental exposure, or even the emergence of new diseases. A genetically diverse population has historically fared better than one with low diversity.

===Ease of Farming===
Greenhouses provide residents a great deal of control over the growing environment. Even so, certain plants must be excluded due to the difficulties involved in their growth. Many [[trees]], for instance, grow too tall, and require extensive root systems that are impractical for small greenhouses.

===Value===
Plants should be selected based on the value they provide to the settlement. This could be in the form of [[food]], [[natural fiber]], chemicals, or even just raw [[biomass]]. Some plants, such as flax, provide multiple benefits.

{| style="font-size:8pt;margin:0 ; clear:both;padding:4px 4px 4px 4px;background:#98FB98;border: solid 1px #006400;width:500px" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor=green
! <big>Candidate Plants</big> !! <big>for Martian Greenhouses</big> !!
|-
! Common Name !! Scientific Name !! Uses
|-
! [[Aloe]]
| ''Aloe Vera, Aloe Barbadensis'' || Medicine
|-
! [[Bamboo]]
| ''Bambuseae'' || Construction, Fiber, and Food
|-
! [[Chamomile]]
| ''Matricaria Recutita'' || Tea and Medicine
|-
! [[Flax]]
| ''Linum Usitatissimum'' || Fiber, Oil, and Food
|-
! [[Hemp]]
| ''Cannabis Sativa'' || Fiber and Oil
|-
! [[Luffa]]
| ''Luffa Acutangula, Luffa Aegyptiaca'' || Food and Natural Sponge
|-
! [[Oats]]
| ''Avena sativa'' || Food and Skin Care
|-
! [[Quinoa]]
| ''Chenopodium Quinoa'' || Food
|-
! [[Soybean]]
| ''Glycine Max'' || Food and Oil
|-
! [[Water hyacinth]]
| ''Eichhornia Crassipes'' || Waste Water Treatment and Biomass
|-
! [[Wheat]]
| ''Triticum'' || Food
|-
! [[Rice]]
| ''Oryza Sativa, Oryza Glaberrima'' || Food and Edible Paper
|}

[[category:plants]]
[[category:biospherics]]
[[category:greenhouse]]

Plants

2009-01-17T18:32:23Z

Laertes: chamomile and water hyacinth

'''Plants''' are multicellular organisms that gain [[energy]] through [[photosynthesis]], though some species are parasitic or carnivorous. Unlike [[:category:animals|animals]], [[fungi]] and other [[microbes]], plants have cell walls made from [[cellulose]].

==Significance to Martian Colonization==
Plants are a vital source of [[food]], [[:category:chemistry|chemicals]], and [[List of Construction Materials|construction materials]] such as [[wood]] and [[bamboo]].

==Plant Selection==
[[Greenhouse]] space and resources in a [[settlement]] are limited, and must be used carefully. Plants need to be selected carefully in order to provide the highest return on the resource investment.

===Ease of Propagation===
Selected plants must be easy to propagate through seeds, roots, or cuttings.

===Hybrid vs Natural Strains===
Hybrid plants, while common in terrestrial [[agriculture]], are less desirable than pure strains. Hybrids are often sterile, and those that do reproduce sexually yield offspring that resemble the original strains more than the hybrid. Any hybrids grown in settlements will likely be propagated asexually through cuttings.

===Genetic Diversity===
Plants that reproduce sexually need enough genetically distinct individuals to prevent harmful [[inbreeding depression|inbreeding]]. Though disease and parasites will likely be left behind, there is always a risk of accidental exposure, or even the emergence of new diseases. A genetically diverse population has historically fared better than one with low diversity.

===Ease of Farming===
Greenhouses provide residents a great deal of control over the growing environment. Even so, certain plants must be excluded due to the difficulties involved in their growth. Many [[trees]], for instance, grow too tall, and require extensive root systems that are impractical for small greenhouses.

===Value===
Plants should be selected based on the value they provide to the settlement. This could be in the form of [[food]], [[natural fiber]], chemicals, or even just raw [[biomass]]. Some plants, such as flax, provide multiple benefits.

{| style="font-size:8pt;margin:0 ; clear:both;padding:4px 4px 4px 4px;background:#98FB98;border: solid 1px #006400;width:500px" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor=green
! <big>Candidate Plants</big> !! <big>for Martian Greenhouses</big> !!
|-
! Common Name !! Scientific Name !! Uses
|-
! [[Aloe]]
| ''Aloe Vera, Aloe Barbadensis'' || Medicine
|-
! [[Bamboo]]
| ''Bambuseae'' || Construction, Fiber, and Food
|-
! [[Chamomile]]
| ''Matricaria Recutita'' || Tea and Medicine
|-
! [[Flax]]
| ''Linum Usitatissimum'' || Fiber, Oil, and Food
|-
! [[Hemp]]
| ''Cannabis Sativa'' || Fiber and Oil
|-
! [[Luffa]]
| ''Luffa Acutangula, Luffa Aegyptiaca'' || Food and Natural Sponge
|-
! [[Quinoa]]
| ''Chenopodium Quinoa'' || Food
|-
! [[Soybean]]
| ''Glycine Max'' || Food and Oil
|-
! [[Water hyacinth]]
| ''Eichhornia Crassipes'' || Waste Water Treatment and Biomass
|-
! [[Wheat]]
| ''Triticum'' || Food
|-
! [[Rice]]
| ''Oryza Sativa, Oryza Glaberrima'' || Food and Edible Paper
|}

[[category:plants]]
[[category:biospherics]]
[[category:greenhouse]]

Category:Violation Templates

2009-01-17T16:20:38Z