Concrete - Revision history

RichardWSmith: /* Sulfur cement */ Added link.

2024-10-16T15:21:10Z

Sulfur cement: Added link.

RichardWSmith: /* Sulfur cement */ Added link to other page. Deleted duplicate material.

2024-10-16T15:18:37Z

Sulfur cement: Added link to other page. Deleted duplicate material.

Michel Lamontagne: /* Reinforcement */

2022-10-03T21:29:47Z

Reinforcement

Michel Lamontagne: /* Sulfur cement */

2022-10-03T21:29:09Z

Sulfur cement

Michel Lamontagne: /* Reinforcement */

2020-12-14T19:14:13Z

Reinforcement

Michel Lamontagne: /* Cement */

2020-12-11T19:15:23Z

Cement

Michel Lamontagne: /* Sulfur cement */

2020-12-11T19:12:06Z

Sulfur cement

Michel Lamontagne at 19:08, 11 December 2020

2020-12-11T19:08:04Z

Michel Lamontagne: /* Reinforcement */

2020-12-11T19:06:10Z

Reinforcement

Michel Lamontagne at 01:48, 4 August 2019

2019-08-04T01:48:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:21, 16 October 2024
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	See [[Sulphur Concrete]] for more information.		See [[Sulphur Concrete]] for more information.
		+
		+	===Starch concrete===
		+	On Mars, a tough concrete can be made out of starch mixed with regolith, (and with a pinch of salt). See [[StarCrete]] for more information.

	==Sand and stone==		==Sand and stone==

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 ===Sulfur cement===
 Waterless concrete can be produced from [[sulfur]] and [[regolith]]<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.05461.pdf "A Novel Material for In Situ Construction on Mars:
-*Experiments and Numerical Simulations." Lin Wan et al. 2016</ref>.  Some applications have been found on Earth, in particular for conditions requiring acid protection.
-*The ultimate strength and tensile strength was found to be best at a mixing ratio of 50% sulfur and 50% JSC Mars-1A regolith simulant sieved to a maximum particle size of 1 mm. The concrete was found to have a compression strength of > 50 MPa, a flexural strength of 1.75 MPa, and a splitting tensile strength of 3.9 MPa.
+See [[Sulphur Concrete]] for more information.
 ==Sand and stone==

@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 ==Reinforcement==
-The stability of concrete structures can be increased significantly by [[tension glass fibers|glass fibers]] or reinforcing [[steel]].  Concrete is almost always reinforced with rebar, steel bars that give it strength in tension.  Composite basalt fiber rebar is available on Earth, but problems with installation may reduce its adoption.  The binder required for the composite rebar may be expensive, in [[Embodied energy|embodied energy]] terms.
+The stability of concrete structures can be increased significantly by [[tension glass fibers|glass fibers]] or reinforcing [[steel]].
 ==See also==

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 ===Sulfur cement===
 Waterless concrete can be produced from [[sulfur]] and [[regolith]]<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.05461.pdf "A Novel Material for In Situ Construction on Mars:
-Experiments and Numerical Simulations." Lin Wan et al. 2016</ref>.  Some applications have been found on Earth, in particular for conditions requiring acid protection.
+*Experiments and Numerical Simulations." Lin Wan et al. 2016</ref>.  Some applications have been found on Earth, in particular for conditions requiring acid protection.
+*The ultimate strength and tensile strength was found to be best at a mixing ratio of 50% sulfur and 50% JSC Mars-1A regolith simulant sieved to a maximum particle size of 1 mm. The concrete was found to have a compression strength of > 50 MPa, a flexural strength of 1.75 MPa, and a splitting tensile strength of 3.9 MPa.
-The ultimate strength and tensile strength was found to be best at a mixing ratio of 50% sulfur and 50% JSC Mars-1A regolith simulant sieved to a maximum particle size of 1 mm. The concrete was found to have a compression strength of > 50 MPa, a flexural strength of 1.75 MPa, and a splitting tensile strength of 3.9 MPa.
+*Utilizing sulfur-regolith concrete is possible on Mars, but not the Moon. On the moon, the concrete mass would be gradually lost due to sublimation of sulfur in vacuum, and the large temperature swings between lunar day and night which compromise the structure. Sulfur-regolith concrete is stable under Martian conditions and would not experience a loss in mass due to sublimation.
+*Mars is considered a sulfur-rich planet, but it in unclear where sulfur may be and if it is present in a form suitable for the production of sulfur concrete.
-Utilizing sulfur-regolith concrete is possible on Mars, but not the Moon. On the moon, the concrete mass would be gradually lost due to sublimation of sulfur in vacuum, and the large temperature swings between lunar day and night which compromise the structure. Sulfur-regolith concrete is stable under Martian conditions and would not experience a loss in mass due to sublimation.
+*An important disadvantage of sulfur cement is that is is not fireproof.  The sulfur used as binder can melt at higher temperatures, and may emit  large amounts of smoke.
 ==Sand and stone==

@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 ==Reinforcement==
-The stability of concrete structures can be increased significantly by [[tension glass fibers|glass fibers]] or reinforcing [[steel]].  Concrete is almost always reinforced with rebar, steel bars that give it strength in tension.  Composite basalt fiber rebar is available on Earth, but problems with installation may reduce its adoption.
+The stability of concrete structures can be increased significantly by [[tension glass fibers|glass fibers]] or reinforcing [[steel]].  Concrete is almost always reinforced with rebar, steel bars that give it strength in tension.  Composite basalt fiber rebar is available on Earth, but problems with installation may reduce its adoption.  The binder required for the composite rebar may be expensive, in [[Embodied energy|embodied energy]] terms.
 ==See also==

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 ==Cement==
 ===Hydraulic (Portland) cement===
-There seems to be plenty of water on Mars, but hydraulic cement also requires [[calcium]], [[silicon]] oxide (sand) and [[aluminum]] oxide. It is unclear whether these substances can be found on Mars in a form that allows a simple processing.
+There seems to be plenty of water on Mars, but hydraulic cement also requires [[calcium]], [[silicon]] oxide (sand) and [[aluminum]] oxide. It is unclear whether these substances can be found on Mars in a form that allows a simple production process.
 ===[[Sorel Cement]]===

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Concrete''' is a well known material on Earth, and would be useful for building [[settlement facilities]] such as [[house]]s and [[infrastructure]] elements. It has excellent characteristics for protection against [[radiation]] and small [[meteorites]]. Possibly, concrete can be made in situ on [[Mars]], using [[local resources]].  Concrete is usually a mixture of water, Portland cement, sand and stone in various proportions.  Portland Cement ingredients may not exist on Mars, hence other types of binders have been explored over time.  The density of concrete depends on the mix and the density of the aggregate, but is usually about 2400 kg/m3.  Concrete has an [[embodied energy]] of about 1,1 to 2 MJ/kg.
+'''Concrete''' is a well known material on Earth, and would be useful for building [[settlement facilities]] such as [[house]]s and [[infrastructure]] elements. It has excellent characteristics for protection against [[radiation]] and small [[meteorites]]. Possibly, concrete can be made in situ on [[Mars]], using [[local resources]].  Concrete is usually a mixture of water, Portland cement, sand and stone in various proportions.  Portland Cement ingredients may not exist on Mars, hence other types of binders have been explored over time.  The density of concrete depends on the mix and the density of the aggregate, but is usually about 2400 kg/m3.  Concrete has an [[embodied energy]] of about 1,1 to 2 MJ/kg.  Steel Rebar is usually required and increases the embodied energy of the material.
-Concrete has the great advantage that it can be cast in place into practically any shape.  It is much cheaper than steel, although is is also much less tough.  Ih provides much better radiation protection than steel.
+Concrete has the great advantage that it can be cast in place into practically any shape.  It is much cheaper than steel, although is is also much less tough.  It provides much better radiation protection than steel.
 ==Mix==

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:48, 4 August 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	'''Concrete''' is a well known material on Earth, and would be useful for building [[settlement facilities]] such as [[house]]s and [[infrastructure]] elements. It has excellent characteristics for protection against [[radiation]] and small [[meteorites]]. Possibly, concrete can be made in situ on [[Mars]], using [[local resources]]. Concrete is usually a mixture of water, Portland cement, sand and stone in various proportions. Portland Cement ingredients may not exist on Mars, hence other types of binders have been explored over time. The density of concrete depends on the mix and the density of the aggregate, but is usually about 2400 kg/m3. Concrete has an [[embodied energy]] of about	+	'''Concrete''' is a well known material on Earth, and would be useful for building [[settlement facilities]] such as [[house]]s and [[infrastructure]] elements. It has excellent characteristics for protection against [[radiation]] and small [[meteorites]]. Possibly, concrete can be made in situ on [[Mars]], using [[local resources]]. Concrete is usually a mixture of water, Portland cement, sand and stone in various proportions. Portland Cement ingredients may not exist on Mars, hence other types of binders have been explored over time. The density of concrete depends on the mix and the density of the aggregate, but is usually about 2400 kg/m3. Concrete has an [[embodied energy]] of about 1,1 to 2 MJ/kg.

	Concrete has the great advantage that it can be cast in place into practically any shape. It is much cheaper than steel, although is is also much less tough. Ih provides much better radiation protection than steel.		Concrete has the great advantage that it can be cast in place into practically any shape. It is much cheaper than steel, although is is also much less tough. Ih provides much better radiation protection than steel.