Electrolysis - Revision history

Michel Lamontagne: /* Design parameters */

2023-10-11T13:30:56Z

Design parameters

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 11 October 2023
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	*Specific Weight 4.25 kg/kg/hr		*Specific Weight 4.25 kg/kg/hr
	*Specific Volume 0.06 m3/kg/hr		*Specific Volume 0.06 m3/kg/hr
	*The reference flow rate is the mass flow rate of water in kg/hr.		*The reference flow rate is the mass flow rate of input water in kg/hr.
	*These specific weight includes a mass allowance for radiant cooling of the electrolysis cell		*These specific weight includes a mass allowance for radiant cooling of the electrolysis cell

Michel Lamontagne: /* Design parameters */

2023-10-11T13:30:30Z

Design parameters

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 11 October 2023
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	===Design parameters===		===Design parameters===
	Solid polymer electrolyte system have been projected with the following characteristics (ASH et all. 1981):		Solid polymer electrolyte system for use in space have been projected with the following characteristics (ASH et all. 1981):
	*Conversion efficiencies of approx. 90%, with cell lives approaching 40,000hr. (Heald et al. (1978)0		*Conversion efficiencies of approx. 90%, with cell lives approaching 40,000hr. (Heald et al. (1978)0
	*Specific Power 4.47 kW/kg/hr		*Specific Power 4.47 kW/kg/hr

Michel Lamontagne at 13:30, 11 October 2023

2023-10-11T13:30:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 11 October 2023
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	===Electrolyte===		===Electrolyte===
	An electrolyte is usually required to increase the conductivity of water and increase the reaction rate. Both acid and basic solutions are possible. A solid polymer electrolyte can also be used such as Nafion and when applied with a special catalyst on each side of the membrane can efficiently split the water molecule with as little as 1.5 volts. There are also a number of other solid electrolyte systems that have been trialed and developed with a number of electrolysis systems now available commercially that use solid electrolytes<ref>Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water#Electrolyte_for_water_electrolysis</ref>.		An electrolyte is usually required to increase the conductivity of water and increase the reaction rate. Both acid and basic solutions are possible. A solid polymer electrolyte can also be used such as Nafion and when applied with a special catalyst on each side of the membrane can efficiently split the water molecule with as little as 1.5 volts. There are also a number of other solid electrolyte systems that have been trialed and developed with a number of electrolysis systems now available commercially that use solid electrolytes<ref>Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water#Electrolyte_for_water_electrolysis</ref>.

			===Design parameters===
			Solid polymer electrolyte system have been projected with the following characteristics (ASH et all. 1981):
			*Conversion efficiencies of approx. 90%, with cell lives approaching 40,000hr. (Heald et al. (1978)0
			*Specific Power 4.47 kW/kg/hr
			*Specific Weight 4.25 kg/kg/hr
			*Specific Volume 0.06 m3/kg/hr
			*The reference flow rate is the mass flow rate of water in kg/hr.
			*These specific weight includes a mass allowance for radiant cooling of the electrolysis cell

	===Efficiency===		===Efficiency===

Michel Lamontagne: /* Aluminum electrolysis */

2023-08-22T14:36:25Z

Aluminum electrolysis

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:36, 22 August 2023
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	==Aluminum electrolysis==		==Aluminum electrolysis==
	Aluminum electrolysis is presently accomplished using the Hall-Heroux process. Aluminum ~~producer~~ and Apple ~~computers~~ have announced a new process, ELYSIS, that does not produce CO2 and therefore does not require carbon anodes.<ref>https://www.alcoa.com/sustainability/en/elysis</ref> The process used proprietary anode materials to create free oxygen from the electrolytic process.		Aluminum electrolysis is presently accomplished using the Hall-Heroux process. Aluminum producers Alcoa and Rio Tinto, working with Apple, have announced a new process, ELYSIS, that does not produce CO2 and therefore does not require carbon anodes.<ref>https://www.alcoa.com/sustainability/en/elysis</ref> The process used proprietary anode materials to create free oxygen a the anode from the electrolytic process.
	Rio Tinto is presently (2023) building a prototype production unit to demonstrate the viability of the technology.		Rio Tinto is presently (2023) building a prototype production unit to demonstrate the viability of the technology.
			This would be interesting on Mars as it eliminates the need for carbon, that would need to be produced from CO2, to then be consumed by the smelting process to recreate CO2. The energy needs for aluminum production would then be significantly reduced, and the oxygen would be a useful byproduct.

	==References==		==References==

Michel Lamontagne: /* Aluminum electrolysis */

2023-08-22T14:33:23Z

Aluminum electrolysis

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:33, 22 August 2023
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	==Aluminum electrolysis==		==Aluminum electrolysis==
	Aluminum electrolysis is presently accomplished using the Hall-Heroux process. Aluminum ~~producers~~ and Apple computers have announced a new process that does not produce CO2 and therefore does not require carbon anodes.<ref>https://www.alcoa.com/sustainability/en/elysis</ref>		Aluminum electrolysis is presently accomplished using the Hall-Heroux process. Aluminum producer and Apple computers have announced a new process, ELYSIS, that does not produce CO2 and therefore does not require carbon anodes.<ref>https://www.alcoa.com/sustainability/en/elysis</ref> The process used proprietary anode materials to create free oxygen from the electrolytic process.
			Rio Tinto is presently (2023) building a prototype production unit to demonstrate the viability of the technology.

	==References==		==References==

Michel Lamontagne: /* Efficiency */

2023-08-22T14:28:44Z

Efficiency

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:28, 22 August 2023
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	===Efficiency===		===Efficiency===
	As of 2022, commercial electrolysis requires around 53 kWh of electricity to produce one kg of hydrogen, which holds 33.6 kWh of energy, for an efficiency of 63,4%.(Wikipedia. However, a number et new processes are under development that might achieves efficiencies of 95%.		As of 2022, commercial electrolysis requires around 53 kWh of electricity to produce one kg of hydrogen, which holds 33.6 kWh of energy, for an efficiency of 63,4%.(Wikipedia. However, a number et new processes are under development that might achieves efficiencies of 95%.
			For example, Hysata proposes a process using capillary membrane that would reach an efficiency of 95 to 98%. https://hysata.com/our-technology/

	==Aluminum electrolysis==		==Aluminum electrolysis==

Michel Lamontagne: /* Efficiency */

2023-08-22T14:25:47Z

Efficiency

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 22 August 2023
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	===Efficiency===		===Efficiency===
	As of 2022, commercial electrolysis requires around 53 kWh of electricity to produce one kg of hydrogen, which holds 33.6 kWh of energy.(Wikipedia. However, a number et new processes are under development that might achieves efficiencies of 95%.		As of 2022, commercial electrolysis requires around 53 kWh of electricity to produce one kg of hydrogen, which holds 33.6 kWh of energy, for an efficiency of 63,4%.(Wikipedia. However, a number et new processes are under development that might achieves efficiencies of 95%.

	==Aluminum electrolysis==		==Aluminum electrolysis==

Michel Lamontagne: /* Water electrolysis */

2023-08-22T14:25:08Z

Water electrolysis

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 22 August 2023
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	===Electrolyte===		===Electrolyte===
	An electrolyte is usually required to increase the conductivity of water and increase the reaction rate. Both acid and basic solutions are possible. A solid polymer electrolyte can also be used such as Nafion and when applied with a special catalyst on each side of the membrane can efficiently split the water molecule with as little as 1.5 volts. There are also a number of other solid electrolyte systems that have been trialed and developed with a number of electrolysis systems now available commercially that use solid electrolytes<ref>Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water#Electrolyte_for_water_electrolysis</ref>.		An electrolyte is usually required to increase the conductivity of water and increase the reaction rate. Both acid and basic solutions are possible. A solid polymer electrolyte can also be used such as Nafion and when applied with a special catalyst on each side of the membrane can efficiently split the water molecule with as little as 1.5 volts. There are also a number of other solid electrolyte systems that have been trialed and developed with a number of electrolysis systems now available commercially that use solid electrolytes<ref>Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water#Electrolyte_for_water_electrolysis</ref>.

			===Efficiency===
			As of 2022, commercial electrolysis requires around 53 kWh of electricity to produce one kg of hydrogen, which holds 33.6 kWh of energy.(Wikipedia. However, a number et new processes are under development that might achieves efficiencies of 95%.

	==Aluminum electrolysis==		==Aluminum electrolysis==

Michel Lamontagne at 17:39, 12 May 2021

2021-05-12T17:39:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:39, 12 May 2021
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	*[[Hydrogen]] and [[Oxygen]]		*[[Hydrogen]] and [[Oxygen]]

	There are a number of other industrial processes which are based on the same ~~principles~~.		There are a number of other industrial processes which are based on the same principle.

	==Water electrolysis==		==Water electrolysis==
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	Electrolytic cells for hydrogen production have an efficiency of about 70-80%. They may eventually reach [[w:Electrolysis_of_water#Efficiency\|96%]]. Preheating the water increases the efficiency of the electrolysis process. Combining electrolysis with the high temperature requirements of the [[Sabatier/Water Electrolysis Process\|Sabatier]] process (400°C) can improve efficiency. Using waste process heat might be an interesting alternative.		Electrolytic cells for hydrogen production have an efficiency of about 70-80%. They may eventually reach [[w:Electrolysis_of_water#Efficiency\|96%]]. Preheating the water increases the efficiency of the electrolysis process. Combining electrolysis with the high temperature requirements of the [[Sabatier/Water Electrolysis Process\|Sabatier]] process (400°C) can improve efficiency. Using waste process heat might be an interesting alternative.

			The three main technologies under development are<ref>BUTTLER, Alexander et SPLIETHOFF, Hartmut. Current status of water electrolysis for energy storage, grid balancing and sector coupling via power-to-gas and power-to-liquids: A review. ''Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews'', 2018, vol. 82, p. 2440-2454.</ref>:

			# AEL (alkaline electrolysis)
			# PEMEL (proton exchange membrane electrolysis)
			# SOEL solid oxide electrolysis

	===Electrolyte===		===Electrolyte===

Michel Lamontagne: /* Water electrolysis */

2021-01-19T21:40:49Z

Water electrolysis

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:40, 19 January 2021
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	Water is available in large quantities on [[Mars]]. Electrolysis can be used to produce oxygen as part of the atmosphere required for an artificial [[habitat]]. The oxygen can also be used in a propulsion system. The [[hydrogen]] produced can be used for [[hydrocarbon synthesis]], yielding [[synthetic materials]] for [[space suit]]s etc. However, the main use for the electrolysis of water is likely to be propellant production.		Water is available in large quantities on [[Mars]]. Electrolysis can be used to produce oxygen as part of the atmosphere required for an artificial [[habitat]]. The oxygen can also be used in a propulsion system. The [[hydrogen]] produced can be used for [[hydrocarbon synthesis]], yielding [[synthetic materials]] for [[space suit]]s etc. However, the main use for the electrolysis of water is likely to be propellant production.

	Electrolytic cells for hydrogen production have an efficiency of about 70-80%. They may eventually reach [[w:Electrolysis_of_water#Efficiency\|96%]]. Preheating the water increases the efficiency of the electrolysis process. Combining electrolysis with the high temperature requirements of the Sabatier process (400°C) can improve efficiency. Using waste process heat might be an interesting alternative.		Electrolytic cells for hydrogen production have an efficiency of about 70-80%. They may eventually reach [[w:Electrolysis_of_water#Efficiency\|96%]]. Preheating the water increases the efficiency of the electrolysis process. Combining electrolysis with the high temperature requirements of the [[Sabatier/Water Electrolysis Process\|Sabatier]] process (400°C) can improve efficiency. Using waste process heat might be an interesting alternative.

	===Electrolyte===		===Electrolyte===