Mare Australe quadrangle - Revision history

Suitupshowup: added image

2025-01-01T15:38:56Z

added image

Suitupshowup: /* Polygons */

2023-12-24T02:14:15Z

Polygons

Suitupshowup: /* Polygons */

2023-12-24T02:13:42Z

Polygons

Suitupshowup: /* Gullies */

2023-12-24T02:12:53Z

Gullies

Suitupshowup: /* Spiders */

2023-12-24T02:11:53Z

Spiders

Suitupshowup: /* Spiders */

2023-12-24T02:11:21Z

Spiders

Suitupandshowup: /* Layers in craters */ added image

2022-04-03T01:07:29Z

Layers in craters: added image

Suitupandshowup: /* Layers in craters */ added ref

2022-04-03T00:49:33Z

Layers in craters: added ref

Suitupandshowup: /* Layers in craters */ added info and ref

2022-04-03T00:48:08Z

Layers in craters: added info and ref

Suitupandshowup: /* Lake of liquid water */ added ref

2021-06-29T22:21:18Z

Lake of liquid water: added ref

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:38, 1 January 2025
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	File:PIA00190-MC-30-MareAustraleRegion-19980605.jpg		File:PIA00190-MC-30-MareAustraleRegion-19980605.jpg
	</gallery>Mare Australe is the south pole of Mars.		</gallery>Mare Australe is the south pole of Mars.
		+
		+	[[File:Collage Mare Australe 06.jpg\|Features of Mare Australe quadrangle, as seen by HiRISE under under HiWish program\|600pxr\| Features of Mare Australe quadrangle]]
		+
		+	Scenes of the Mare Australe quadrangle

@@ Line 217: / Line 217: @@
 [[File:56148 1145polygonsclose.jpg|600pxr|Close view of polygons with frost in the low parts, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program]]
-            Close view of polygons with frost in the low parts, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
+         Close view of polygons with frost in the low parts, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
 Much of the surface of Mars shows the ground arranged into polygons of various sizes.  Sometimes, during the right season the low areas of polygons are full of frost.  When this happens, the shapes are enhanced forming beautiful views.
@@ Line 228: / Line 228: @@
 [[File:56148 1145polygonsveryclosecircles.jpg|600pxr|Still closer view of polygons with frost in the low parts Circular shapes are also visible.]]
-               Still closer view of polygons with frost in the low parts Circular shapes are also visible.
+           Still closer view of polygons with frost in the low parts Circular shapes are also visible.
 ==Swiss  Cheese Terrain==

@@ Line 217: / Line 217: @@
 [[File:56148 1145polygonsclose.jpg|600pxr|Close view of polygons with frost in the low parts, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program]]
-                    Close view of polygons with frost in the low parts, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
+            Close view of polygons with frost in the low parts, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
 Much of the surface of Mars shows the ground arranged into polygons of various sizes.  Sometimes, during the right season the low areas of polygons are full of frost.  When this happens, the shapes are enhanced forming beautiful views.
@@ Line 228: / Line 228: @@
 [[File:56148 1145polygonsveryclosecircles.jpg|600pxr|Still closer view of polygons with frost in the low parts Circular shapes are also visible.]]
-                       Still closer view of polygons with frost in the low parts Circular shapes are also visible.
+               Still closer view of polygons with frost in the low parts Circular shapes are also visible.
 ==Swiss  Cheese Terrain==

@@ Line 164: / Line 164: @@
 [[File:Wikilyellgullies.jpg|600pxr|Gullies in Lyell crater, as seen by CTX camera]]
-                                                 Gullies in Lyell crater, as seen by CTX camera
+                           Gullies in Lyell crater, as seen by CTX camera
 ==Layers in craters==

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:11, 24 December 2023
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	[[File:47609 0985spiderlongclose.jpg\|600pxr\|Spiders]]		[[File:47609 0985spiderlongclose.jpg\|600pxr\|Spiders]]

−	Spiders	+	Spiders

@@ Line 44: / Line 44: @@
 [[File:47609 0985spiderlongclose.jpg|600pxr|Spiders]]
-                                                        Spiders
+                               Spiders
@@ Line 71: / Line 71: @@
 [[File:48845 1010spiderspolygons.jpg|600pxr|Close view of spider formations, as seen by HiRISE under [[HiWish program]] Polygon-shaped channels are also visible.]]
-                               Close view of spider formations, as seen by HiRISE under [[HiWish program]] Polygon-shaped channels are also visible.
+           Close view of spider formations, as seen by HiRISE Polygon-shaped channels are also visible.
 ==South polar cap==

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:07, 3 April 2022
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	Wikisoutheastlayers.jpg\|Layers in southern part of mound in South crater		Wikisoutheastlayers.jpg\|Layers in southern part of mound in South crater
		+
		+	File:Burroughslayers.jpg\|Layers in Burroughs Crater. These have been shown to be controlled by changes in the tilt of axis.

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:49, 3 April 2022
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	A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars.<ref>Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.</ref> A paper by Grotzinger and Milliken discusses the role of water and wind in forming layers of sedimentary rocks.<ref>Grotzinger, J.P. and R.E. Milliken (2012). The sedimentary rock record of Mars: Distribution, origins, and global stratigraphy, SEPM Special Publication, 102, 1-48.</ref> Since craters are low spots on the landscape material can more easily accumulate there and may resist erosion longer than other places.		A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars.<ref>Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.</ref> A paper by Grotzinger and Milliken discusses the role of water and wind in forming layers of sedimentary rocks.<ref>Grotzinger, J.P. and R.E. Milliken (2012). The sedimentary rock record of Mars: Distribution, origins, and global stratigraphy, SEPM Special Publication, 102, 1-48.</ref> Since craters are low spots on the landscape material can more easily accumulate there and may resist erosion longer than other places.

−	Some craters display layers in ice deposits that fill the crater. An ice deposit in Burroughs Crater contains strong evidence that recent Martian climate is influenced by changes in the planet's orbit and axial tilt.<ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL097450</ref> <ref>Sori, M., et al. 2022. Orbital Forcing of Martian Climate Revealed in a South Polar Outlier Ice Deposit. Geophysical Research Letters. 49:6. e2021GL097450</ref>	+	Some craters display layers in ice deposits that fill the crater. An ice deposit in Burroughs Crater contains strong evidence that recent Martian climate is influenced by changes in the planet's orbit and axial tilt.<ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL097450</ref> <ref>Sori, M., et al. 2022. Orbital Forcing of Martian Climate Revealed in a South Polar Outlier Ice Deposit. Geophysical Research Letters. 49:6. e2021GL097450</ref> <ref>https://phys.org/news/2022-03-mounds-ice-craters-insight-mars.html?fbclid=IwAR3NCXL54r5BWWevZhY1fusERFiIElBOpKmNxByP0auxi_ecPjF6oLHbBv0</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:48, 3 April 2022
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	Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. The study of layering on Mars greatly expanded when the Mars Global Surveyor sent back images.<ref>http://www.geo.brown.edu/research/Milliken/GEOL2920C_files/Week04_Summary_Jawin.pdf</ref> <ref>Malin, M. C., & Edgett, K. S. (2000). Sedimentary Rocks of Early Mars. Science, 290(5498), 1927–1937</ref> Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.<ref>https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast04dec_2.</ref> <ref>https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast23jan_1/</ref> <ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP_008437_1750 \|title=HiRISE \| High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment \|publisher=Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750 \|</ref>		Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. The study of layering on Mars greatly expanded when the Mars Global Surveyor sent back images.<ref>http://www.geo.brown.edu/research/Milliken/GEOL2920C_files/Week04_Summary_Jawin.pdf</ref> <ref>Malin, M. C., & Edgett, K. S. (2000). Sedimentary Rocks of Early Mars. Science, 290(5498), 1927–1937</ref> Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.<ref>https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2000/ast04dec_2.</ref> <ref>https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast23jan_1/</ref> <ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP_008437_1750 \|title=HiRISE \| High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment \|publisher=Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750 \|</ref>
	A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars.<ref>Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.</ref> A paper by Grotzinger and Milliken discusses the role of water and wind in forming layers of sedimentary rocks.<ref>Grotzinger, J.P. and R.E. Milliken (2012). The sedimentary rock record of Mars: Distribution, origins, and global stratigraphy, SEPM Special Publication, 102, 1-48.</ref> Since craters are low spots on the landscape material can more easily accumulate there and may resist erosion longer than other places.		A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars.<ref>Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.</ref> A paper by Grotzinger and Milliken discusses the role of water and wind in forming layers of sedimentary rocks.<ref>Grotzinger, J.P. and R.E. Milliken (2012). The sedimentary rock record of Mars: Distribution, origins, and global stratigraphy, SEPM Special Publication, 102, 1-48.</ref> Since craters are low spots on the landscape material can more easily accumulate there and may resist erosion longer than other places.
		+
		+	Some craters display layers in ice deposits that fill the crater. An ice deposit in Burroughs Crater contains strong evidence that recent Martian climate is influenced by changes in the planet's orbit and axial tilt.<ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL097450</ref> <ref>Sori, M., et al. 2022. Orbital Forcing of Martian Climate Revealed in a South Polar Outlier Ice Deposit. Geophysical Research Letters. 49:6. e2021GL097450</ref>

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 ==Lake of liquid water==
-Scientists reported in July 2018, the discovery of a lake of liquid water under the southern ice cap.  The measurements were gathered with the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) on board the European Space Agency's orbiting Mars Express spacecraft.  Radar reflections showed a bright spot in the ice layers that analysis later showed that it had to be a lake of liquid water.  It is believed that the water remains liquid, even at the temperature of -68 degrees Celsius because the water probably contains much dissolved salt that lowers the freezing point.  The lake is about 20 kilometers across and at least 10 centimeters deep.  It could contain 10 billion liters of liquid water.<ref>https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mars-may-have-lake-liquid-water-search-life</ref> <ref>R. Orosei et al. Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars. Science. Published online July 25, 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aar7268.</ref>  There could very well be many small bodies of water under the ice cap; however, they are difficult to detect with MARSIS.  Also, the raw date coverage needed for these detections is limited—only a few percent of the area has a full set of data. <ref>R. Orosei et al. Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars. Science. Published online July 25, 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aar7268.</ref>  More evidence for this lake was later reported in September 2020 in Nature Astronomy.  In addition more pools of water were nearby.<ref>S.E. Lauro et al. Multiple subglacial water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data. Nature Astronomy. Published online September 28, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41550-020-1200-6.</ref> <ref>https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mars-lake-south-pole-ice-surrounded-pools-water?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=latest-newsletter-v2&utm_source=Latest_Headlines&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest_Headlines</ref> <ref>M. Sori and A.M. Bramson. Water on Mars, with a grain of salt: Local heat anomalies are required for basal melting of ice at the south pole today. Geophysical Research Letters. Vol. 46, February 16, 2019, p. 1222. doi: 10.1029/2018GL080985.</ref> <ref>https://www.livescience.com/mars-hiding-salty-subsurface-lakes.html?utm_source=Selligent&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9160&utm_content=LVS_newsletter+&utm_term=2946561&m_i=NcWUmWPZCNUUBcfjrLEXvWUmBWslMd0nk6QTmc7rtrRAM8m0_rsoL4i8sG3PazmneinVTm0HeW%2B5rIL0NctkmEHjhsPMlx3u7APzefANNh</ref>  Additional supporting evidence for buried lakes was reported by A. Khuller and J. Plaut in 2021.  <ref>Khuller, A. and J. Plaut.  2021.  Characteristics of the Basal Interface of the Martian South Polar Layered Deposits.  Geophysical Research Letters. </ref>  <ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL093631</ref>
+Scientists reported in July 2018, the discovery of a lake of liquid water under the southern ice cap.  The measurements were gathered with the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) on board the European Space Agency's orbiting Mars Express spacecraft.  Radar reflections showed a bright spot in the ice layers that analysis later showed that it had to be a lake of liquid water.  It is believed that the water remains liquid, even at the temperature of -68 degrees Celsius because the water probably contains much dissolved salt that lowers the freezing point.  The lake is about 20 kilometers across and at least 10 centimeters deep.  It could contain 10 billion liters of liquid water.<ref>https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mars-may-have-lake-liquid-water-search-life</ref> <ref>R. Orosei et al. Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars. Science. Published online July 25, 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aar7268.</ref>  There could very well be many small bodies of water under the ice cap; however, they are difficult to detect with MARSIS.  Also, the raw date coverage needed for these detections is limited—only a few percent of the area has a full set of data. <ref>R. Orosei et al. Radar evidence of subglacial liquid water on Mars. Science. Published online July 25, 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aar7268.</ref>  More evidence for this lake was later reported in September 2020 in Nature Astronomy.  In addition more pools of water were nearby.<ref>S.E. Lauro et al. Multiple subglacial water bodies below the south pole of Mars unveiled by new MARSIS data. Nature Astronomy. Published online September 28, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41550-020-1200-6.</ref> <ref>https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mars-lake-south-pole-ice-surrounded-pools-water?utm_source=email&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=latest-newsletter-v2&utm_source=Latest_Headlines&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Latest_Headlines</ref> <ref>M. Sori and A.M. Bramson. Water on Mars, with a grain of salt: Local heat anomalies are required for basal melting of ice at the south pole today. Geophysical Research Letters. Vol. 46, February 16, 2019, p. 1222. doi: 10.1029/2018GL080985.</ref> <ref>https://www.livescience.com/mars-hiding-salty-subsurface-lakes.html?utm_source=Selligent&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9160&utm_content=LVS_newsletter+&utm_term=2946561&m_i=NcWUmWPZCNUUBcfjrLEXvWUmBWslMd0nk6QTmc7rtrRAM8m0_rsoL4i8sG3PazmneinVTm0HeW%2B5rIL0NctkmEHjhsPMlx3u7APzefANNh</ref>  Additional supporting evidence for buried lakes was reported by A. Khuller and J. Plaut in 2021.  <ref>Khuller, A. and J. Plaut.  2021.  Characteristics of the Basal Interface of the Martian South Polar Layered Deposits.  Geophysical Research Letters. </ref>  <ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL093631</ref>   The possible lakes  are in an area about 6 to 12 miles (10 to 20 kilometers) wide.<ref>https://outlook.live.com/mail/0/inbox/id/AQMkADAwATExAGNiNy00YzQ1LTM4MjMtMDACLTAwCgBGAAADdsmEa%2FgtIEmBK%2FX8yb671wcAkr%2FaXi2mwEKimhNbcs0ITQAAAgEMAAAAkr%2FaXi2mwEKimhNbcs0ITQ</ref> <ref>https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/study-looks-more-closely-at-mars-underground-water-signals?utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=Daily20210624-1</ref>
 ==Spiders==