Mining

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Mining is the process of fetching natural raw material from below the Martian surface for further processing. The fetched raw materials are frozen water, minerals and ore.

Technology

Mining is an energy consuming job. Due to the thin atmosphere the digging machines are supposed to work automated or remote controlled.

Surface Mining Methods

Strip Mining

When resources are available close to the surface, a strip mine is the most efficient method of extraction. The layers of regolith covering the resource are taken away, and the exposed ore is mined. This method is also called open-pit mining.

Subsurface Mining Methods

When the natural resource lies far underground, it is far more efficient to dig tunnels to access the ore than to remove the overlaying rock and regolith. Since Mars has only about 38% as much gravity as Earth[1] people should be able to extend mines to a depth about 2.6 times as deep as on earth without the tunnel collapsing from hydrostatic pressure. This should allow the search for valuable minerals to a depth of more than 5 miles. There are many subsurface mining methods, and they are often used in conjunction with each other.

Drift Mines

Drift mining consists of primarily horizontal tunnels. These are most often dug into a hillside.

Slope Mining

Slope mining uses diagonal tunnels to access ore.

Shaft Mining

Vertical shafts are used in shaft mining.

Room and Pillar Mining

In this method, large galleries are dug into the ore. Pillars of ore are left at regular intervals to support the celing. After all the ore has been removed, these pillars may be removed through retreat mining, leading to the collapse of the chamber. This collapse may lead to surface subsidence.

Longwall Mining

Longwall mining begins with a long horizontal shaft. The roof is held up mechanically by moveable supports. One side of the shaft is mined along its entire length. As this mine progresses, the mechanical supports move foreward with the face. The old area of the mine is left unsupported, and allowed to collapse under its own weight, often leading to surface subsidence.

Storage Hong Kong Mini StorageIncreasingly frequent cotoerapion between Hong Kong and the Mainland , has the central government to submit documents for the function of the co- orientation written into the 12 • 5 plan years, and supporting the consolidation of our economic and trade and shipping center.Mr Lam stressed that the framework for the Hong Kong-Guangdong co-operation into the 12 • 5 layout, is to ensure that Hong Kong s leading position , to avoid duplication of Hong Kong and Guangdong Province , vicious competition. Logistics industry welcomed the Government's approach . Development opportunities for national planning and Hong Kong symposium . Stressed in his speech , the Chief Executive in ○ ○ seven to eight years of policy reports have shown that support to the nation's 12 • 5 planning , he personally led a delegation to visit Beijing on three occasions , with the Development and Reform Commission to discuss how to meet the central development of Hong Kong .Lin refers to the Central Government has already submitted documents , the file mentioned in the three focus , first, that the Central Government support to consolidate Hong Kong trade and shipping center ; the second is the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement , the further To make our professional services into the Mainland ; third is to positioning the co- written into the 12 • 5 planning.The SCA early to Fuzhou , the nine provinces in the Mainland Development Conference held in the Pan- Pearl River Delta , the Pan- Pearl River Delta nine provinces have agreed to jointly fight for the Pan- PRD co-operation into the 12 • 5 planning.Hong Kong Logistics Association Chairman Mr Steve Welcome to the Central Government to fight , to consolidate Hong Kong's shipping center, he refers to Hong Kong and Mainland ports is highly competitive and , if able to control parts of the mainland terminal, the logistics industry in Hong Kong must have help .But he also hopes the Government will increase the container terminal logistics sites , such as parking , loading area , or else the industry does not have enough local business , can not improve throughput .Sponsored seminar Hong Kong storage by the mainland over the past three decades of reform and opening up of rapid economic development; how to make the economic division of the Pearl River Delta and other places , is our biggest challenge over the next three years .Mr Lam stressed that the framework for the Hong Kong-Guangdong co-operation into the 12 • 5 layout, is to ensure that Hong Kong s leading position , to avoid duplication of Hong Kong and Guangdong Province , vicious competition. Logistics industry welcomed the Government's approach .Lin refers to the Central Government has already submitted documents , the file mentioned in the three focus , first, that the Central Government support to consolidate Hong Kong trade and shipping center ; the second is the Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement , the further To make our professional services into the Mainland ; third is to positioning the co- written into the 12 • 5 planning.The SCA early to Fuzhou , the nine provinces in the Mainland Development Conference held in the Pan- Pearl River Delta , the Pan- Pearl River Delta nine provinces have agreed to jointly fight for the Pan- PRD co-operation into the 12 • 5 planning.Hong Kong Logistics Association Chairman Mr Steve Welcome to the Central Government to fight , to consolidate Hong Kong's shipping center, he refers to Hong Kong and Mainland ports is highly competitive and , if able to control parts of the mainland terminal, the logistics industry in Hong Kong must have help .But he also hopes the Government will increase the container terminal logistics sites , such as parking , loading area of , or else the industry does not have enough local business , can not improve throughput .

Reference

  1. McGRAW-HILL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Science & Technology, 8 th edition, vol. 10 (c) 1997 page 527