https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&feed=atom&action=history
Nuclear thermal propulsion - Revision history
2024-03-28T21:01:01Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.34.2
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=139911&oldid=prev
RichardWSmith: removed redundant reference (listed again below.)
2023-01-24T11:36:09Z
<p>removed redundant reference (listed again below.)</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:36, 24 January 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the late 1960's NASA explored nuclear propulsion with the NERVA program. It was expected that such nuclear rockets could achieve efficiencies of 900 seconds ISP. (This is twice the efficiency of chemical rockets where efficiently engineered hydrogen-oxygen engines are around 450 seconds ISP.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the late 1960's NASA explored nuclear propulsion with the NERVA program. It was expected that such nuclear rockets could achieve efficiencies of 900 seconds ISP. (This is twice the efficiency of chemical rockets where efficiently engineered hydrogen-oxygen engines are around 450 seconds ISP.)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, a little know technology, the wave rotor, can be used to further compress the hot gas from a nuclear rocket before it enters the rocket nozzle. This can boost the ISP to 1,400 to 2,000 seconds. If such a rocket with an ISP or 1,800 seconds could be created, missions to Mars would need 1/2 the reaction mass of a NERVA rocket, or 1/4 the reaction mass of a chemical rocket. This would allow much more payload to be sent to Mars, and increase the safety, and efficiency of such missions.<ref>https://www.egr.msu.edu/mueller/NMReferences/HirceagaIancuMueller_2005Timisoara_WaveRotorsTechnologyAndApplications.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2023/01/nuclear-wave-rotor-propulsion-could-get-ten-times-chemical-rocket-speeds.html<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref><ref>https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2023/New_Class_of_Bimodal/</del></ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, a little know technology, the wave rotor, can be used to further compress the hot gas from a nuclear rocket before it enters the rocket nozzle. This can boost the ISP to 1,400 to 2,000 seconds. If such a rocket with an ISP or 1,800 seconds could be created, missions to Mars would need 1/2 the reaction mass of a NERVA rocket, or 1/4 the reaction mass of a chemical rocket. This would allow much more payload to be sent to Mars, and increase the safety, and efficiency of such missions.<ref>https://www.egr.msu.edu/mueller/NMReferences/HirceagaIancuMueller_2005Timisoara_WaveRotorsTechnologyAndApplications.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2023/01/nuclear-wave-rotor-propulsion-could-get-ten-times-chemical-rocket-speeds.html</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wave Rotor Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (WRNTP) is an extremely interesting technology, but as of 2023, no working motors have been demonstrated.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Wave Rotor Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (WRNTP) is an extremely interesting technology, but as of 2023, no working motors have been demonstrated.</div></td></tr>
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RichardWSmith
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=139910&oldid=prev
RichardWSmith: Added Wave Rotor to list.
2023-01-24T11:35:19Z
<p>Added Wave Rotor to list.</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:35, 24 January 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Gas core<ref>https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/87734/585_1.pdf</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Gas core<ref>https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/87734/585_1.pdf</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear light bulb, open and closed<ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690014077.pdf</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear light bulb, open and closed<ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690014077.pdf</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Wave Rotor NTP<ref>https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2023/New_Class_of_Bimodal/</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear salt water rockets<ref>http://www.path-2.narod.ru/design/base_e/nswr.pdf</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear salt water rockets<ref>http://www.path-2.narod.ru/design/base_e/nswr.pdf</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
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RichardWSmith
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=139909&oldid=prev
RichardWSmith at 11:32, 24 January 2023
2023-01-24T11:32:36Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:32, 24 January 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Propulsion]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Propulsion]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) uses a nuclear reactor to heat [[propellant]] directly and exhaust it through a rocket nozzle. The nuclear reactor core is the hottest element in the engine and limits the effectiveness of the drive. (Tho nuclear reactors could be made to run hotter, removing waste heat is a great concern to prevent the reactor from melting. Radiating heat in space is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of great concern</del>.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) uses a nuclear reactor to heat [[propellant]] directly and exhaust it through a rocket nozzle. The nuclear reactor core is the hottest element in the engine and limits the effectiveness of the drive. (Tho nuclear reactors could be made to run hotter, removing waste heat is a great concern to prevent the reactor from melting. Radiating heat in space is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">more difficult than on a planet since there is no mass to dump heat into via convection</ins>.)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid hydrogen is usually used as the propellant as it has a higher velocity for the same input power, and therefore produces a faster final velocity according to the [[Propulsion|rocket equation]]. An animated illustration of nuclear thermal rockets can be found at <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aBOhC1c6m8</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid hydrogen is usually used as the propellant as it has a higher velocity for the same input power, and therefore produces a faster final velocity according to the [[Propulsion|rocket equation]]. An animated illustration of nuclear thermal rockets can be found at <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aBOhC1c6m8</ref>.</div></td></tr>
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RichardWSmith
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=139907&oldid=prev
RichardWSmith: Added 'Propulsion' category to this page.
2023-01-24T11:29:46Z
<p>Added 'Propulsion' category to this page.</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:29, 24 January 2023</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Category:Propulsion]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) uses a nuclear reactor to heat [[propellant]] directly and exhaust it through a rocket nozzle. The nuclear reactor core is the hottest element in the engine and limits the effectiveness of the drive. (Tho nuclear reactors could be made to run hotter, removing waste heat is a great concern to prevent the reactor from melting. Radiating heat in space is of great concern.)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) uses a nuclear reactor to heat [[propellant]] directly and exhaust it through a rocket nozzle. The nuclear reactor core is the hottest element in the engine and limits the effectiveness of the drive. (Tho nuclear reactors could be made to run hotter, removing waste heat is a great concern to prevent the reactor from melting. Radiating heat in space is of great concern.)</div></td></tr>
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RichardWSmith
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=139906&oldid=prev
RichardWSmith: Removed redundant sentence, and pointed out that Wave Rotor NTP is still theoretical.
2023-01-24T11:28:54Z
<p>Removed redundant sentence, and pointed out that Wave Rotor NTP is still theoretical.</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:28, 24 January 2023</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nuclear thermal propulsion uses a nuclear core to heat a propellant and provide propulsion to a space vehicle.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) uses a nuclear reactor to heat [[propellant]] directly and exhaust it through a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rocket </ins>nozzle. The nuclear reactor core is the hottest element in the engine and limits the effectiveness of the drive. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(Tho nuclear reactors could be made to run hotter, removing waste heat is a great concern to prevent the reactor from melting. Radiating heat in space is of great concern.)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid hydrogen is usually used as the propellant as it has a higher velocity for the same input power, and therefore produces a faster final velocity according to the [[Propulsion|rocket equation]]. An animated illustration of nuclear thermal rockets can be found at <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aBOhC1c6m8</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid hydrogen is usually used as the propellant as it has a higher velocity for the same input power, and therefore produces a faster final velocity according to the [[Propulsion|rocket equation]]. An animated illustration of nuclear thermal rockets can be found at <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aBOhC1c6m8</ref>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, a little know technology, the wave rotor, can be used to further compress the hot gas from a nuclear rocket before it enters the rocket nozzle. This can boost the ISP to 1,400 to 2,000 seconds. If such a rocket with an ISP or 1,800 seconds could be created, missions to Mars would need 1/2 the reaction mass of a NERVA rocket, or 1/4 the reaction mass of a chemical rocket. This would allow much more payload to be sent to Mars, and increase the safety, and efficiency of such missions.<ref>https://www.egr.msu.edu/mueller/NMReferences/HirceagaIancuMueller_2005Timisoara_WaveRotorsTechnologyAndApplications.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2023/01/nuclear-wave-rotor-propulsion-could-get-ten-times-chemical-rocket-speeds.html</ref><ref>https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2023/New_Class_of_Bimodal/</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, a little know technology, the wave rotor, can be used to further compress the hot gas from a nuclear rocket before it enters the rocket nozzle. This can boost the ISP to 1,400 to 2,000 seconds. If such a rocket with an ISP or 1,800 seconds could be created, missions to Mars would need 1/2 the reaction mass of a NERVA rocket, or 1/4 the reaction mass of a chemical rocket. This would allow much more payload to be sent to Mars, and increase the safety, and efficiency of such missions.<ref>https://www.egr.msu.edu/mueller/NMReferences/HirceagaIancuMueller_2005Timisoara_WaveRotorsTechnologyAndApplications.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2023/01/nuclear-wave-rotor-propulsion-could-get-ten-times-chemical-rocket-speeds.html</ref><ref>https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2023/New_Class_of_Bimodal/</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wave Rotor Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (WRNTP) is an extremely interesting technology, but as of 2023, no working motors have been demonstrated.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
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RichardWSmith
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=139905&oldid=prev
RichardWSmith: We had two Nuclear thermal propulsion pages. I've merged them, and deleted one.
2023-01-24T11:23:45Z
<p>We had two Nuclear thermal propulsion pages. I've merged them, and deleted one.</p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-content" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:23, 24 January 2023</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear thermal propulsion uses a nuclear core to heat a propellant and provide propulsion to a space vehicle.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear thermal propulsion uses a nuclear core to heat a propellant and provide propulsion to a space vehicle.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) uses a nuclear reactor to heat [[propellant]] directly and exhaust it through a nozzle. The nuclear reactor core is the hottest element in the engine and limits the effectiveness of the drive. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid hydrogen is usually used as the propellant as it has a higher velocity for the same input power, and therefore produces a faster final velocity according to the [[Propulsion|rocket equation]]. An animated illustration of nuclear thermal rockets can be found at <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aBOhC1c6m8</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid hydrogen is usually used as the propellant as it has a higher velocity for the same input power, and therefore produces a faster final velocity according to the [[Propulsion|rocket equation]]. An animated illustration of nuclear thermal rockets can be found at <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aBOhC1c6m8</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Nuclear thermal engines allow for shorter transit times and/or lower propellant requirements than chemical engines. They are usually planed for orbital operations only, and are in completion with alternative technologies such as [[Nuclear Electric Propulsion]] (NEP) and [[Solar Electric Propulsion]] (SEP).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the late 1960's NASA explored nuclear propulsion with the NERVA program. It was expected that such nuclear rockets could achieve efficiencies of 900 seconds ISP. (This is twice the efficiency of chemical rockets where efficiently engineered hydrogen-oxygen engines are around 450 seconds ISP.)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However, a little know technology, the wave rotor, can be used to further compress the hot gas from a nuclear rocket before it enters the rocket nozzle. This can boost the ISP to 1,400 to 2,000 seconds. If such a rocket with an ISP or 1,800 seconds could be created, missions to Mars would need 1/2 the reaction mass of a NERVA rocket, or 1/4 the reaction mass of a chemical rocket. This would allow much more payload to be sent to Mars, and increase the safety, and efficiency of such missions.<ref>https://www.egr.msu.edu/mueller/NMReferences/HirceagaIancuMueller_2005Timisoara_WaveRotorsTechnologyAndApplications.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2023/01/nuclear-wave-rotor-propulsion-could-get-ten-times-chemical-rocket-speeds.html</ref><ref>https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2023/New_Class_of_Bimodal/</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
</table>
RichardWSmith
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=136210&oldid=prev
Multivac at 09:51, 27 July 2020
2020-07-27T09:51:32Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:51, 27 July 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear thermal propulsion uses a nuclear core to heat a propellant and provide propulsion to a space vehicle.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nuclear thermal propulsion uses a nuclear core to heat a propellant and provide propulsion to a space vehicle.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid hydrogen is usually used as the propellant as it has a higher velocity for the same input power, and therefore produces a faster final velocity according to the [[Propulsion|rocket equation]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Liquid hydrogen is usually used as the propellant as it has a higher velocity for the same input power, and therefore produces a faster final velocity according to the [[Propulsion|rocket equation]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. An animated illustration of nuclear thermal rockets can be found at <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aBOhC1c6m8</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>__NOTOC__</div></td></tr>
</table>
Multivac
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=136209&oldid=prev
Multivac: /* Types */
2020-07-27T09:50:17Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Types</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:50, 27 July 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l74" >Line 74:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Types===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Types===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Solid core</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Solid core<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19960001947.pdf</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Gas core<ref>https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/87734/585_1.pdf</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Gas core<ref>https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/87734/585_1.pdf</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear light bulb, open and closed<ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690014077.pdf</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear light bulb, open and closed<ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690014077.pdf</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>
Multivac
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=136208&oldid=prev
Multivac: /* Types */
2020-07-27T09:47:35Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Types</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:47, 27 July 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l75" >Line 75:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 75:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Solid core</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Solid core</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Gas core</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Gas core<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/87734/585_1.pdf</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear light bulb, open and closed<ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690014077.pdf</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear light bulb, open and closed<ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690014077.pdf</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear salt water rockets<ref>http://www.path-2.narod.ru/design/base_e/nswr.pdf</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear salt water rockets<ref>http://www.path-2.narod.ru/design/base_e/nswr.pdf</ref></div></td></tr>
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Multivac
https://marspedia.org/index.php?title=Nuclear_thermal_propulsion&diff=136207&oldid=prev
Multivac: /* Types */
2020-07-27T09:44:10Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Types</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:44, 27 July 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l76" >Line 76:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Solid core</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Solid core</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Gas core</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Gas core</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear light bulb, open and closed</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear light bulb, open and closed<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690014077.pdf</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear salt water rockets<ref>http://www.path-2.narod.ru/design/base_e/nswr.pdf</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Nuclear salt water rockets<ref>http://www.path-2.narod.ru/design/base_e/nswr.pdf</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr>
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Multivac