View source for Greenhouse

[[File:Greenhouse_tile.JPG|link=Create_a_settlement|alt=|border|right|frameless|100x100px|[[Create a settlement]]]]
[[image:Eden_project.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[The Eden Project]]] (near St Austell, Cornwall, UK) is a terrestrial example of the possible use of large ''biomes'' as greenhouses and life support for Mars colonies. ''Image credit: Jürgen Matern'']] 
Greenhouses and grow rooms are types of agricultural facilities.  Growing [[:category:plants|plants]] in a '''Greenhouse''' delivers [[oxygen]] and [[food]]. It can play an important part in human recreation ([[Mars Garden Wins Gold at London’s Chelsea Flower Show (MarsHome.org)|Mars Garden]]) and may be the place for [[funeral]]s. The [[sunlight]] is not bright enough on Mars to allow most terrestrial plants to thrive, but it provides a valuable part of light energy for plants. Additional [[energy]] is necessary for [[lighting]] and [[heating]].  [[Food|Food production]] [[Settlement facilities|facilities]] may include biological reactors for bulk protein and carbohydrates production, sidestepping plant production altogether. 

[[image:TropicalIslandsInside.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Tropical Islands (Germany) is a terrestrial example of a huge dome to create an inhouse habitat.]]
The greenhouse may be constructed from transparent material, allowing maximum sunlight to pass, generating an artificial "[[greenhouse effect]]". This effect may be enhanced by filling the greenhouse with potent greenhouse gasses such as [[sulfur hexafluoride]] The spectral properties of the material should be optimized to match the absorption characteristics of chlorophyll, maximizing the energy gain, possibly using a layer of quantum dots<ref>http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2017-084</ref>. 

Plants need a mix of air pressure and temperature. The greenhouse must be strong enough to hold that air pressure, and it must be [[insulation|insulated]] to hold the temperature inside. Photosynthesis works only at fairly high temperatures.

==Side-lit Greenhouse Concept== 

[[Image:Greenhouse_marsfoundation.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The [[Mars Foundation]] concept for a side-lit greenhouse.]] 
The [[Mars Foundation]] concept for a greenhouse involves the maximum use of local materials to avoid waste, maximize energy input and optimize space. Spawned from the [[Hillside settlement]] design, the greenhouse would most likely be located inside/next to a hill side (possibly in the location of [[Candor Chasma]]). Therefore [[regolith]] or some other absorbent material could be suspended above the greenhouse to protect occupants and plants from [[solar radiation|harmful radiation]]. The source of light would therefore be directed from the side, via an array of adjustable mirrors. A system of vents and ducts would allow warm air to circulate, perhaps even used to heat the main habitat.  A significant part of sunlight on Mars is diffuse and cannot be reflected by a mirror, so the number of mirrors required must take this into account.

==Underground Greenhouse Concept (Grow room)==
[[Image:Underground Greenhouse.png|thumb|right|300px|Underground Greenhouse Concept]] 

If geothermal energy or [[nuclear power]] is not available the [[heating]] will consume large amounts of electrical energy. In this case the sum of energy used for [[lighting]] and heating must be considered. An underground greenhouse is easier to insulate to hold warmth inside. On the other hand the effort of lighting is higher, since no direct sunlight is used. This concept has some additional advantages: It is [[meteorites|meteorite]]-safe and [[radiation]]-safe.

[[caves|Natural caves]] and [[artificial cave]]s can be utilized to build such an underground greenhouse, which requires a preparation with high effort in either case. The maintenance is quite cheap, for the ambient temperatures are steady and the radiation levels are low, so it is a good long term solution. A combination of greenhouse and living space for the settlers is suggested.  In most cases, high productivity greenhouses will be warm, humid, richin CO2 and with very high lighting levels.  These are not necessarily the best conditions for humans, so grow rooms may need to be build as separate environments from the general habitat.

The [[Mars One]] concept for the initial settlement is an inflatable greenhouse with a thick cover of [[regolith]].

Artificial lighting equivalent to the average illumination level on Earth can reach 600 W/m2 and more.  With an insulated grow room this energy must be removed from the grow room to avoid overheating.  However, the lighting is required for proper growth.  Therefore a grow room will need to be cooled using mechanical cooling, as is the case on Earth.  Plant also evaporate a large quantity of water by evapotranspiration for their normal growth.  The water must be removed by cooling or some other method from the air, as saturated air will no longer allow evapotranspiration and the plants will not survive.  Compression work required to cool the air and remove the water is usually in the order or 25 to 33% of the light load to the area.  So beyond the 600W/*m2 of lighting up to another 200 W/m2 may be required to power the cooling of the grow rooms.  Alternatively, water cooled in the martian regolith or through surface radiators could be used to cool the grow rooms without the added energy of compression.  

==Water-shield Greenhouse Concept==

[[Image:WaterShieldGreenhouse.png|thumb|right|300px|Water-shield Greenhouse Concept]] 
[[Hydrogen]] does a good job absorbing [[cosmic radiation]]. [[Water]] contains highly concentrated hydrogen, and hence serves as a good radiation shield. On the other hand it is highly transparent for visible light and UV. The combination of both makes it an interesting material for greenhouse shielding.

Under a strong pressure resistant housing the water is placed in a thick layer. It absorbs the dangerous parts of cosmic radiation and [[sunlight]] and passes most of the spectral parts needed by [[human]]s and plants. Additionally, it helps to buffer daily temperature variations because of its high specific heat capacity.

The layering could be as follows: The outer layer is a construction of [[steel]] and [[glass]], providing enough strength for the difference in [[atmosphere|atmospheric pressure]]. It also serves as insulation for [[temperature]] differences. Additional sheets of glass or [[Synthetic materials|plastics]] improve the insulation effect. A [[self-healing puncture protection]] should be considered. The innermost layer is the water. It can be held by transparent canisters.

==Multiplying Sunlight==
[[Image:MultipleMirrorsForGreenhouse.png|thumb|left|300px|Multiple Mirrors for Greenhouse]] 

A [[solar concentrator‎]] is a set of mirrors that can be used to bring more sunlight into the greenhouse than the base area of the greenhouse receives directly from the sun. Three times the amount of Martian sunlight should be enough to serve terrestrial plants. During good weather periods this allows growing vegetables without additional energy.

However, 40% or more of martian light is diffuse light.  This light cannot be focused by a mirror and therefore the surface required may be much larger.

==Flora and fauna==
Plants can be grown either in liquid fertilizer ([[hydroponics]]) or in [[soil]]. Many plants live in symbiosis with [[microbes]] and [[insects]]. [[Bee]]s can be used to pollinate the blossoms for fruit plants. Probably, the greenhouse is less labor-intensive with as many natural processes as possible, including decay of dead parts of plants to [[compost]]. The growth of flora and fauna under the low Martian [[gravity]] bears some uncertainties.

==Nutrition and Energy Calculations==
Based upon the figures in the [[food]] and [[sunlight]] articles the following calculations can be carried out for an artificially lit greenhouse:

The minimum size of cropland per person is about 365 m<sup>2</sup>. The needed [[lighting|light energy]] can be assumed with 1000 kWh per m<sup>2</sup> and year. The result is an annual amount of 365 MWh per person. In other words: An average illumination power of 41,67 kW per person is required.

The usage of fluorescent lamps with an efficiency factor of 30% results in a requirement of about 140 kW per person in electrical energy. The overall efficiency of food production with artificially lit greenhouses is less then 1 permille, or in other words, to produce food with a content of 1 kWh the amount of more than 1 MWh in electricity must be spent.  Progress in LED lighting will increase the overall efficiency.

Parts of the required light can possibly be provided by direct or indirect sunlight. 

If spread out or poorly insulated against the cold ground, heating the greenhouse may require additional energy.  If stacked vertically for minimum volume usage, the energy added for lighting may cause the space to require active [[cooling]].

== Wind and air movement ==
Most plants need air circulation over the leaves to improve their evapotranspiration.  Plants, in particular genetically modified plants with large seeds or fruit, also need to be stirred using air circulation to increase the strength of their stalks.  Mars with its lower gravity might allow for weaker stalks.  Heat transfer in a greenhouse depends on air movement as well, as much of the heat is removed through convection, and the humid air must be moved over a cooling system to remove the humidity.  Practically all greenhouses on Earth have fans for extra air circulation and these will also be required on Mars.

==Open Issues== 

*How long can plants survive without sunlight (e.g. during a dust storm)?
*How many persons are needed to work in the greenhouse to produce enough food for a hundred persons?
*How much energy is required for heating, especially during long lasting dust storms? This question cannot be answered without an [[experimental setup#greenhouse heating|experimental setup]].
*What temperature and air pressure do plants need?
*What air pressure is needed for persons to work in the greenhouse?
*What transparent materials match the absorption characteristics of chlorophyll?
*What is known about radiation tolerance of food crops?
 
==See Also== 

*[[Research on greenhouses & assumptions]]
*[[Experimental setup]]

==External links==

*[http://www.marshome.org/archives/2007/03/sidelit_greenho.php The Mars Foundation Side-lit Greenhouse design.]

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[[category:Growing Methods]]
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