View source for Crew 205 - International Emerging Space Leaders


[[Category:Mars Desert Research Station]]

The International Emerging Space Leaders Crew is crew 205 to the Mars Desert Research Station in February of 2019.

==Crew Biographies==

==='''Natalia Larrea Brito, Commander'''===
Nationality: Spain

Natalia currently works as a Senior Consultant based in Montreal (Canada) managing and contributing to research activities and consulting missions for government and private organizations. She focuses on the assessment of government programs, new technologies and the strategic analysis of industrial and commercial space markets. Prior to that, Natalia worked as a Systems Engineer at MDA Corporation where she specialized in the design of satellite payloads, supporting the business development proposal team for a variety of international clients. In addition, she worked as a research associate at NASA Ames in the field of planetary exploration. Natalia became the first Spanish female to participate in the NASA Academy program. program. Moreover, she worked as trainee at the European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) in the field of infrared astronomy within the Herschel Space Observatory team. Natalia was also the president of the NASA Academy Alumni Association (NAAA) from 2016-2017. She was responsible for the strategic planning and implementation of existing and new projects and initiatives for the association and served as liaison to NASA Academy Directors and management. Natalia holds a Masters in Aerospace Engineering from McGill University, a Bachelor&amp;#39;s and Master&amp;#39;s in Telecommunications Engineering from Universidad Alfonso X El Sabio (Madrid, Spain) and a Diploma in Astronomy and Planetary Science from the Open University UK. She is also a graduate of the International Space University (ISU) Space Studies Program. She is recipient of numerous merit and academic awards, including the “35 under 35 Space Industry Award 2018” of the International Institute of Space Commerce (IISC), Satellite Society Professionals International (SSPI) scholarship award, La Caixa Fellowship, and Accreditations for Excellence awarded by the Government of Madrid, among others. Born in Madrid (Spain) she enjoys travelling, cooking tapas, wine, and live music. She is also a firm supporter of education, getting involved in her spare time in different activities to engage future generations into the space field.

==='''David Masaitis, Executive Officer'''===
Nationality: USA

Dave was born in 1983 and spent most of his childhood growing up along the Outer Banks of North Carolina. He was an avid outdoorsman and naturalist, constantly looking out to sea, and upwards towards the sky. He attended Space Camp three times between 1995 and 1997, and that lasting impression would resurface later in life. He graduated Oakton High School in Northern Virginia in 2001. Dave served in the US Army from 2002 to 2013, carrying out duties over a decade in Air Defense, Army Aviation, and later the Cavalry. He served in support of NATO operations in Afghanistan on two occasions; first in 2007 as a UH-60 Maintenance Section Leader and Downed Aircraft Recovery Team (DART) Leader, and again in 2010-2011 as a Scout Section Leader. His military education includes the Airborne School, Sniper School, Primary Leadership Development Course, Advanced Leadership Course, Army Combatives Instructor Course, Javelin Missile Instructor Course, among others. After leaving the Army in 2013, Dave spent a couple years as a certified gunsmith, before enrolling in Daytona State College in 2015 to study Marine Biology. While enrolled, he researched novel approaches to capturing dolphin vocalizations, before transferring to the Florida Institute of Technology in 2016. Upon arrival, he declared a double-major in Astrobiology, and served as the Founding President of the Astrobiological Research and Education Society (ARES) until the Spring of 2018. After stepping down from the board, he assumed leadership of the ARES Agricultural Robotics Team, where he presently remains. He is otherwise leading research in Recirculating Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (RIMTA) systems, intending to create a self-contained sustainable solution for food production on long-duration space exploration expeditions. Dave is a member of the Astrobiological Research and Education Society, Pi Lambda Phi Fraternity, the Planetary Society, The Mars Generation, the 82nd Airborne Division Association, the Army Sniper Association, and the Veterans of Foreign Wars.

==='''Ghanim Alotaibi, Crew Astronomer'''===
Nationality: Kuwait

Ghanim is the founder of Era’s Challenge Company. The newly founded Kuwaiti based company aims to send payloads from Kuwait to the lunar surface starting from 2019. The first payload is going to be passive payload for the pride of the country, while later payloads will have research and development objectives in the field of photovoltaics. The company also plans to organize a space outreach campaign in the country. As part time jobs, Ghanim is supporting a research about perovskite solar cells in Kuwait University and works as a physics teacher. The research is about investigating ferroelectric behaviors in perovskite solar cells. In addition, Ghanim is the Middle East Regional Coordinator of the Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC). As a member in SGAC, Ghanim is the event manager for the Space Generation Moon Village (SGMV). The aim of SGMV is to identify commercial, engineering and scientific opportunities for developing and non-space faring countries to contribute on the Moon Village. Ghanim has a truly multidisciplinary background. He worked in the oil industry for 6 years as a Well Surveillance Engineer. His work involved surface well testing and slickline operations. As he resigned in 2015, Ghanim did his master thesis in Fraunhofer ISE in the field of photovoltaics. The thesis was about optimizing a solar simulator to measure up to six junctions’ solar cells with larger areas. Ghanim was an active space enthusiast since he was an undergrad. He was involved on many activities related to establishing a space program in Kuwait. For example, Ghanim was the event manager of Space Generation [Kuwait]. This event aims to encourage the youth to reflect their ideas about establishing a space program in Kuwait. Ghanim performed an initial plan to launch a CubeSat with capacity building as a primary goal for the mission. This proposal plan was submitted under the umbrella of Kuwait University to obtain funds for the project. Beside space activities, Ghanim also has an interest on astronomy. With his 12” Schmidt Cassegrain telescope, Ghanim perform a research project titled “Observing and Measuring Visual Double Stars”. Ghanim holds a master’s degree in photovoltaics from Freiburg University, and a BSc degree in Mechanical Engineering from Kuwait University. He has a graduate certificate in astronomy from Swinburne University and a graduate from the Space Studies Program from the International Space University.

==='''Hannah Blackburn, Communications Officer'''===
Nationality: USA

Hannah Blackburn was raised in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina. Hannah studies astrobiology at the Florida Institute of Technology, the first and only American university to offer an astrobiology undergraduate degree program. Hannah’s research is focused on in situ resource utilization (ISRU), the use of local materials by spacecraft and for human space exploration. Martian regolith is one such resource, and its potential as a growth substrate for agricultural use is being explored by the Research to Advance Interstellar Horticulture (RADISH) project at the Aldrin Space Institute. Hannah also studies the effects of microgravity on plant-microorganism interactions such as genetic transformation of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana through the plant-pathogenic bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Hannah has prior experience in human space exploration simulation and mission design from the Johnson Space Center’s International Air and Space Program. Through the Florida Institute of Technology chapter of the Astrobiological Research and Education Society (ARES), Hannah engages in public science outreach. As a member of Florida Tech’s Student Astronomical Society, Students for the Exploration and Development of Space, and Society of Physics Students, Hannah mentors underclassmen. Hannah is proud to represent LGBTQ+ scientists by flying a rainbow flag at the Mars Desert Research Station.

==='''Maria Grulich, Crew Journalist'''===
Nationality: Germany

Maria grew up in Hanover, Germany and graduated with an M.S. in Aerospace Engineering in 2016 from the Technical University of Munich, Germany. She spent one semester at ISAE SUPAERO, in France and wrote her master’s thesis at the Florida Institute of Technology in the USA. She has been involved during her studies in a student working group for rocket science working on the mechanical design of a 1U CubeSat. As a team leader, she developed a sounding rocket experiment which flew in 2015 on REXUS 18 from Kiruna, Sweden. Maria participated in several space mission design competitions and workshops such as Space Station Design Workshop and RASC-AL from NASA. She won the DLR standout student scholarship in 2015. After her studies she was working two years for the European Space Agency (ESA) in ESTEC in the Netherlands as a Young Graduate Trainee. She was working one year in the office of the Inspector General for independent assessments and project reviews where she gained insight about the review process and tender evaluation boards at ESA.  In her second year, she joined the Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) section where she earned experience as a technical officer for an activity about neural networks from the university of Bucharest together with GMV Romania and worked on a human mission to Mars where her focus was on trajectory optimization for entry, descent and landing. In her time at ESA she became a core member of YoungESA a network for young staff at ESA and organized several events for its members. Currently she is working at German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Cologne, Germany as an ISS payload operations engineer for the BIOLAB rack inside the European Columbus module. Part of her work is to support new biological experiments from the operations point of view and to be on console as part of the Flight Control team for maintenance and experiment operations of BIOLAB. Besides her job Maria engages herself in Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) as her passion is space and SGAC connects space people around the World and shows the way to overcome borders. She is acting as the scholarships coordinator since February 2017 and leads there the scholarships team with three members which is responsible for over 80 scholarships throughout the year.

==='''Nathan Hadland, GreenHab Officer'''===
Nationality: USA

Nathan Hadland is a student at Florida Institute of Technology pursuing a Bachelor of Science degree in Astrobiology with a minor in Physics. He began scientific research in his freshman year in a planetary science lab, conducting atmospheric simulations of Neptune’s Great Dark Spot (GDS-89). Since then, he has been a co-author on several different conference abstracts and will be the first author on an upcoming publication on simulating GDS-89 using a new microphysical model. The following semester, he added Research to Advance the Development of Interstellar Horticulture (RADISH) to his research portfolio, which investigates sustainable, in situ, food productions systems by growing plants in Martian regolith simulant. RADISH also involves developing agricultural robotics to cut astronaut crew time spent on food production, a project that is done in conjunction with the Kennedy Space Center. The publicity for this research largely comes from the Astrobiological Research and Education Society’s charter chapter at Florida Tech, for which Nathan serves as vice president. Additionally, Nathan spent the summer of 2017 at the University of Tennessee for an NSF REU program in microbial ecology, which focused on the growth kinetics of heterotrophic bacteria over long periods while in co-culture with the toxic cyanobacteria, Microcystis. In the summer of 2018, Nathan worked at the Johnson Space Center with the Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science laboratory and the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) where he used experimental petrology to constrain fluid:rock chemistry on Mars through acidic, hydrothermal dissolution of phosphate-rich and phosphate-poor basalts with implications for the Stimson Formation in Gale Crater.  This upcoming summer, Nathan will be conducting research at a NOAA’s Earth Systems Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado where he will be working on unmanned aerial systems in the Arctic through the NOAA Hollings program which provides tuition assistance and an internship. In the near future, Nathan hopes to go to graduate school to pursue his PhD with the hopes of working in research at NASA, a non-profit, or another governmental agency in the realm of planetary science with an ultimate goal of becoming an astronaut.

==='''Daniel Robson, Health and Safety officer'''===
Nationality: UK

Daniel is from Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the North East of England, he grew up in Gateshead and went on to study at the University of Leicester. Described by others and admitted by himself as being “incredibly British” (although privately is ashamed to have only a small Geordie accent), he is excited to test his crew leadership experience, EVA navigation techniques and medical drills at MDRS as well as use his experiences as part of Crew 205 for science communication upon his return home. He says his biggest concerns about living on Mars for two weeks will be “the safety and well-being of his crew mates, making sure he gets enough postcards written,  packing enough tea and making sure he can get through security with a couple of tins of beans”. He holds a BSc in Physics with Space Science &amp;amp; Technology and a MSc in Space Exploration Systems from the University of Leicester, with part of his Masters taking the form of a 6-month international placement as part of the Space Exploration and Development Systems (SEEDS) course. He now currently works as a Space Medicine Education Intern at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany. His role here primarily involves helping organise and carry out workshops aimed at medical professionals, interested in researching or joining the aerospace medicine field, as well as developing the team’s IT capabilities. As part of SEEDS X he was part of the team of 39 students from 3 different universities and visited sites across Europe to work on the project including Politecnico di Torino (Italy), ISAE Supaero (France), ESA’s ESTEC (The Netherlands) and the University of Leicester (UK). In his spare time Daniel is heavily involved in outreach projects and is a Senior Mentor for Space School UK (held at the University of Leicester), which he  attended as a student twice as a teenager. He says Space School is probably responsible for opening his eyes to the chance to study space related courses at University and for inspiring him to work with children to get them interested in STEM subjects too. He was the Social Secretary for his University’s Astronomy and Rocketry Society and frequently organised outreach trips to local schools and clubs with students to make liquid nitrogen ice cream or help them build chocolate protecting satellites. He also was a English Language Coach for Camp Europe in Germany one Summer. After the mission and completing his internship he is looking forward to moving back to Britain to hopefully find a job in Education, using his experiences and science qualifications to help kids and members of the public gain an appreciation and respect for STEM subjects using space exploration as an interdisciplinary and inspiring theme.

==='''Verónica Triviño, Crew Engineer'''===
Nationality: Spain

Verónica currently works at the European Space Agency’s ESTEC centre (Netherlands) on the ESA-led HERACLES mission which aims to send a rover to the Moon by 2026 and bring samples back to the lunar gateway. She has recently finished her MSc in Space Exploration Systems from the University of Leicester (UK). During this masters, she participated in the 10th edition of the SEEDS (SpacE Exploration and Development Systems) project, which is done in partnership with two other universities; Politecnico di Torino (Italy) and ISAE Supaero (France). The conclusion of this six month project was a phase A feasibility study for a conceptual mission to set up infrastructure on the lunar surface in order to create propellant from in situ resources. One of her main roles on the project was to help design the crew habitat. More specifically, Verónica worked on Human Factors engineering, as well as crew surface operations. Verónica also holds a bachelor’s degree (BEng) in Aerospace Systems Engineering from Coventry University (UK). During her bachelor’s, she undertook a year in industry, where she worked as a flight dynamics software engineer for SCISYS in Darmstadt (Germany). During this time, she helped develop the mission analysis software Pleniter, which will be utilised in, among other missions, the world’s largest constellation of satellites. Verónica has partaken in several space-related educational workshops. She attended the 2014 ISSET (International Space School Educational Trust) Astronaut Leadership Experience in Washington D.C. (USA) where she visited NASA centres and took part in leadership exercises guided by astronauts. She was also selected for the 2017 ESA-organised Alpbach Summer School (Austria) in which she worked in a team of 15 people to design a space mission concept in ten days. Whilst at the 2018 ESA Training Course in Redu (Belgium), she attended lectures to learn about Standardisation in the space industry. Verónica is passionate about space and science and is keen to engage in activities where she can inspire younger boys and girls to join STEM subjects. She was a mentor for the winning team of the 2015 FIRST LEGO league competition where kids aged 8-12 built LEGO robots and programmed them to follow determined paths. Verónica also worked in the Big Bang Science Fair in Birmingham (UK), giving talks about science subjects and doing experiments for young children. In the future, Verónica hopes to work on large scale planetary exploration missions and help put humans on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars.

==Reports==

===[[Crew 205 Sol Summaries]]===

===[[Crew 205 Journalism Reports]]===

===[[Crew 205 Operations Reports]]===

===[[Crew 205 EVA Reports]]===

===[[Crew 205 Science Reports]]===

====[[Crew 205 GreenHab Reports]]====

====[[Crew 205 Astronomy Reports]]====

==Mission Summary==

===Mission Overview===
Establishing a human presence on Mars is increasingly seen by space agencies and private organizations as the horizon frontier in human space exploration. These long-duration mission impose a high degree of technological, operational, physical and psychological challenges. Mars analog habitats, such as the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah (U.S.) are established to conduct field experiments, test new hardware, new operational concepts and study the social and crew teamwork dynamics in support to these future manned missions to the Red Planet. The International Emerging Space Leaders (IESLs) Crew (or MDRS Crew 205) was composed of eight international young professionals and students, who together undertook a Mars analog mission from February 9th to 24th at the MDRS. The IESL’s Crew was an interdisciplinary team including members from Kuwait, Spain, Germany, the U.K. and the U.S. During the two-week rotation, the crew conducted multiple research projects in support of future analog and space manned missions. A key goal of the IESL crew was to identify key aspects for successful leadership in future space missions. As a case study, the crew rotated command roles during the mission, evaluating each other’s leadership performance during the mission. The team conducted multiple additional research projects relevant to space exploration in areas such as in-situ resource utilization, astronomy, geology, EVA optimization, and science outreach. This mission aimed at contributing to a better understanding of the requirements, benefits and challenges of international teams in future manned missions.

===Partners===
The IESLs Crew was supported by several partners around the world including the Florida Institute of Technology and the European Space Agency’s EuroMoonMars program.  Moreover, outreach programs are going on using the following networks:  Pi Lambda Phi fraternity (USA), Astrobiological Research and Education Society (USA), Florida Institute of Technology (USA), Space School UK, UKSEDS, UK National Space Center, University of Leicester (UK), Space Generation Advisory Council, The Scouting Movement, University of Munich (Germany), ILEWG and ESTEC (Netherlands).

===Summary of Projects===

====Effective Leadership and Teamwork====
A key goal of the MDRS IESL crew was to develop the leadership and teamwork skills of all crew members. As a case study imposed by the Mars Society, all crew members rotated roles during the mission (i.e., all crew members acted as commander and XO at least for a day). This project had a twofold objective: strengthen crew members’ leadership and teamwork skills, and identify key aspects for successful leadership and teamwork in future analog and space missions.

The project used surveys as primary research tools to evaluate leadership and teamwork performance during the mission (e.g.: communication, effective planning, decision making, effect of diversity, etc.) and key lessons learned. The surveys were built on existing open literature[1]<ref>[1] “Leadership Competency Self-Assessment Questionnaire”, Western University (2016)</ref>. The study included four main phases:

#Pre- Mission Survey: self-assessment of personal leadership skills and expected performance of the crew prior to the mission.
#Mission survey: daily surveys filled by all crew members during the mission including a self-assessment survey (for commanders and XOs) and peer assessment surveys.
#Debriefing: evaluation of the team’s performance, challenges faced, areas for improvement, etc.
#Results Consolidation and Analysis: consolidation of the survey results and analysis.

The data derived from the study will be combined and analyzed after the mission. The results will be summarized in a white paper to be submitted to the Mars Society.

====Food Production In Regolith To Support In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)====
In situ resource utilization (ISRU) strategies on Mars include the use of local regolith for plant growth. Regolith samples collected on the surface of Mars will not be uniform and consequently must be benchtop tested to determine their composition and properties by astronauts on Mars before being used for large scale food production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the viability of regolith collected around MDRS to support the growth of the model plant ''Arabidopsis thaliana''.

''A. thaliana'' was sterilized with bleach and ethanol and germinated on agar. After three days, the seedlings were transferred into regolith samples collected on EVA in halved 50 mL conical tubes using a nutrient agar media plug. The samples were subsequently watered using Hoagland’s #2 hydroponic nutrient supplement. Several samples dried out within several hours of transfer. The experiments that died in the first trial were restarted using the same method as above, using more care to pack the regolith around the plug to prevent dehydration. The pH of the regolith was measured using ASTM protocol D4972. The lower pH solutions appear to have performed the worst, with organisms dying within a few days of the beginning of the experiment.

Samples 2 and 3 emerged as the more viable substrates to support the growth of ''A. thaliana''. Sample 2 is composed of an opaque dark material interspersed with quartz particles and becomes clay-like upon contact with water. Sample 3 is composed of similar particles with a larger mosaic of sand. Although it is not apparently clear from their geological properties, their success as a growth substrate was likely due to their wettability (quantitative ability to retain water), larger average particle size, and relatively neutral pH as compared to the more acidic samples 1, 5, and 6. Drastic variations in pH can cause nutrients provided to the plants using Hoagland’s to precipitate out of solution. To make food production on Mars feasible and sustainable, baseline tests like these are necessary in order to determine the suitability of substrates.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sample
!DI H2O pH
!CaCl2 pH
!Avg
!Std Dev
!Restarted?
!Trials Alive
|-
|'''1'''
|6.5
|5.8
|6.15
|0.49
|Y
|3
|-
|'''2'''
|7.5
|7.5
|7.50
|0.00
|N
|3
|-
|'''3'''
|8.0
|8.2
|8.10
|0.14
|N
|3
|-
|'''4'''
|8.0
|8.5
|8.25
|0.35
|Y
|1
|-
|'''5'''
|6.0
|6.5
|6.25
|0.35
|Y
|1
|-
|'''6'''
|6.0
|6.0
|6.00
|0.00
|Y
|2
|}

====Astronomical Observations of Variable Stars and Astrophotography====
The primary goal of the astronomy project was to observe 3 different variable stars and perform photometry on them. The stars were selected from the American Association of Variable Stars Association Notices numbers 632 and 645. Their apparent magnitude was found to be suitable for the MDRS-14 observatory. The following table shows more information about the selected targets:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|'''Star Name'''
|'''RE'''
|'''DEC'''
|'''V MAG'''
|'''Visibility Time'''
|-
|'''ASASSN-V J081823.00-111138.9'''
|08 18 23.00
| -11 11 38.9
|12.5
|21:00 – 1:30
|-
|'''NSVS J1444107-074451'''
|14 44 10.68
| -07 44 49.4
|13.1
|2:30 – 5:00
|-
|'''SY Mon'''
|6 37 31.34
| -01:23:43.0
|7.0 – 14.6
|20:00 – 1:00
|}
In addition to the above planned targets and the proposed photometry work, it was planned to capture astrophotography images using the MDRS – WF observatory. The main challenge was the weather conditions with the second week fully or partially cloudy. Three targets were requested for observation, and an image for one target was taken by the MDRS-14 observatory. The following table summarizes the reports and observations submitted:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|'''Date of Request'''
|'''Target Requested'''
|'''Image Taken During Rotation'''
|-
|'''10 Feb 2019'''
|SY MON
|Yes
|-
|'''12 Feb 2019'''
|ASASSN-V J081823.00-111138.9
|No
|-
|'''18 Feb 2019'''
|Orion Nebula
|No
|}
As shown in the table above, the only completed observation request was for SY MON. 4 photometry measurements were performed for SY MON as per the following table. The Magnitude Value of 14.132 was submitted for the AAVSO website.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|'''Mag Value'''
|'''Comp Stars Labels'''
|'''Check Star Label'''
|'''Error'''
|'''Comment'''
|-
|'''14.147'''
|93 111 122 134 148
|No Check Stars were used
|0.01568
|This measurement was repeated because of no check star was used, CCD setting was wrong and there are better ways to select comp stars.
|-
|'''13.918'''
|140 143 132 97
|Check star used indicates bad measurement or check star itself was saturated
|–
|Measurement repeated
|-
|'''14.118'''
|140 143 132
|No check star because this is manual calculation
|–
|It was found that Comp 97 positioned outside the straight line of the curve, thus it was decided to exclude it.
|-
|'''14.132'''
|140 143 132
|122
|0.0185
|Data was submitted to AAVSO
|}

====Making Future EVAs Safer and More Efficient====

=====Project 1: EVA Navigation=====
Drone for lighthouse: The drone flew stably at altitudes below 6m, while carrying neon tape weighted with washers. Unfortunately, the neon tape acted as a kite and pulled the drone off-course. An alternate source of visibility could be used for this proof of concept to be more viable. In tests performed inside MDRS, the drone lifted a sizeable glow stick. If a stronger drone with a brighter, heavier glow stick attachment system could be flown and survive higher winds stably, then the method could be implemented successfully.

Drone for pre-scouting:   The drone flew successfully at altitudes below 10m on flat areas near MDRS and on top of Kissing Camel Ridge East. Photos were captured over target areas of an appreciable area better than could be visualized by a human on the ground or by satellites. These photos could be uploaded to a laptop in the field. Use of a scale marker (3 m of neon tape) allows the images to be used for accurate mapping. However, the ground often appeared too bright, meaning smaller features were hard to resolve. With an improved camera and a drone capable of flying stably to higher altitudes, this could be a viable tool for mapping landscapes around an EVA crew.

Laser Rangefinder: The laser rangefinder was used in the field and tagged distant and difficult to outline objects such as cliffs, ridges and the MDRS base. However due to the dimensions of the EVA helmet visor, it was difficult to see through the viewfinder. If the device could be mechanically incorporated into or onto the helmet visor with a more ergonomic operating procedure, then the tool could be a useful planetary exploration tool.

=====Project 2: EVA Optimization=====
Analysis of the first few EVAs conducted by crew 205 during their rotation at MDRS showed that the success of an extravehicular activity (EVA) depends highly on both the EVA crew and Support crew being aware of planned objectives and intended routes. This means that both parties should conduct EVA planning together, in order to understand what should be accomplished and what hazards could impact EVA outcomes. Pre-and-post-EVA checklists and SOPs were created to allow crews going on EVA to expose deficiencies in both the planning and execution. This allows team members to improve the process of preparing for an EVA, leading to more effective and safe EVAs. The Post-EVA Debrief checklist in particular will (when utilized by successive crews of planetary analog sites) expose complacency and help leaders to conclude which issues are impeding objectives from being accomplished.

====Developing Guidelines and Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)====
Conducting a mission at MDRS requires adequate and effective planning and execution of all steps in the mission. During their rotation in February of 2019, Crew 205 developed a series of procedures and checklists to improve crew efficacy, and generate more operational continuity from future crews. This began from the moment Crew 205 conducted handover training with Crew 204, and concluded with crew revisions after the cessation of extravehicular activities (EVAs). These procedures focused primarily on points of performance for EVAs, unique tasks for Crew Engineers, Health & Safety Officers (HSOs), and element leaders, and critical tasks for crew members who are supporting EVA operations from the Habitat campus. These comprehensive checklists and procedures carefully outline specific tasks regarding Pre-and-Post-EVA checks for leaders and support teams, an HSO Medical Quick Reference Card, an Engineering and Maintenance task sheet, and rotating module inventories.

====Outreach Activities====
The focus of our outreach project is to Inform, inspire and Involve. We Inform using videos explaining information about the life and MDRS and about Mars using a small puppet called “Gus”. Gus is featured as each crew member who are explaining their tasks and research that they are conducting. The videos are short and kids friendly, easy to understand and will be shared on YouTube and Facebook.

A question and answer session was organized on Facebook to involve all followers in the mission.  We Inspire as we gave kids the ability to send us their pictures and we did a photo on EVAs. The crew members took several outreach pictures and daily updates were posted on social media platforms.

Furthermore, crew members will go back to their institutions to give talks about their experience in MDRS. We Involve everyone sharing all our pictures and videos to make them available for the public. We used several networks that are listed at the beginning of this mission summary.

Crew members took pictures and videos throughout the mission. The best photos were sent to our social media channels. Videos for the Youtube channel were recorded throughout the. The talks and visits to high schools and universities will be done when we return from Mars.

<references />