Difference between revisions of "Dust"
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Dust particles are very small, called 'fines', and would irritate human lungs (even if the dust didn't contain perchlorates, which are poisonous). | Dust particles are very small, called 'fines', and would irritate human lungs (even if the dust didn't contain perchlorates, which are poisonous). | ||
| − | ==Dust | + | |
| − | The Martian dust is weathered from primarily volcanic rocks. This can be from mechanical weathering of basalts. But when basalt weathers in water if forms feldspar, and some dust is | + | ==Dust composition== |
| + | The Martian dust is weathered from primarily volcanic rocks. This can be from mechanical weathering of basalts. But when basalt weathers in water if forms feldspar, and some dust is composed of feldspars. | ||
Volumetrically Martian dust is dominated by composites of plagioclase feldspar and zeolite. | Volumetrically Martian dust is dominated by composites of plagioclase feldspar and zeolite. | ||
| − | A small percentage of the dust is from powdered salts, of which the most dangerous is | + | A small percentage of the dust is from powdered salts, of which the most dangerous is [[Perchlorate]] ( ClO-4 ), which is toxic. |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto" | {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto" | ||
| − | |+ Elemental Dust Composition Using Alpha-Particle X-ray Spectrometer | + | |+ Elemental Dust Composition Using Alpha-Particle X-ray Spectrometer <ref>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Ffilename%3D6%26article%3D6427%26context%3Detd%26type%3Dadditional%23:~:text%3DAs%2520observed%2520around%2520the%2520planet,%252FCl%2520ratio%2520(~3.7).&ved=2ahUKEwi0gPHe_pCHAxXYn44IHT2_DRAQFnoECA8QAw&usg=AOvVaw0f5We3QWCZOFVg1VdT19lp</ref> |
| + | |- | ||
| + | ! Molecule !! Chemical Name !! Average Martian Soil by % !! Uses | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | SiO2 || Silicon Dioxide || style="text-align: right;" |45.41 || Glass | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | + | | TiO2 || Titanium(II) oxide || style="text-align: right;" |0.90 || Paint & cosmetics | |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | AlO3 || Alumina or aluminum oxide || style="text-align: right;" |9.71 || Ceramics |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | FeO || Iron oxide or rust || style="text-align: right;" |16.73 || Iron & Steel |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | MnO || Manganese(II) oxide || style="text-align: right;" |0.33 || Fertilizer & food additives |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | MgO || Magnesium oxide or magnesiae || style="text-align: right;" |8.35 || Antacid & alloys |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | CaO || Calcium oxide or quicklime || style="text-align: right;" |6.37 || Cement, paper, steel |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | Na2O || Sodium oxide || style="text-align: right;" |2.73 || Glass & ceramics |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | K2O || Potassium oxide or pure potash || style="text-align: right;" |0.44 || Fertilizer, glass, soap |
| − | + | |- | |
| + | | SO3 || Sulphur trioxide || style="text-align: right;" |6.16 || Sulphuric acid | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | Cl || Chlorine || style="text-align: right;" |0.68 || Chemical processes as a strong oxidizer | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | || style="text-align: right;"| <b> Total</b> || style="text-align: right;"|<b>97.81</b> || Remainder unidentified | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | + | ==Dust size== | |
| − | |||
| − | ==Dust | ||
These are generally very small, only 3 micrometers in diameter. This is so small it will enter lungs and irritate them, being difficult for the cilia to remove. Good dust filters will be wanted in a Martian base, and waterfalls and pools may be wanted to help remove dust that enters a habitat. | These are generally very small, only 3 micrometers in diameter. This is so small it will enter lungs and irritate them, being difficult for the cilia to remove. Good dust filters will be wanted in a Martian base, and waterfalls and pools may be wanted to help remove dust that enters a habitat. | ||
Dust this small will wear moving parts. Any moving parts outside must be carefully sealed to prevent dust from getting into the joints. | Dust this small will wear moving parts. Any moving parts outside must be carefully sealed to prevent dust from getting into the joints. | ||
| + | ==Making bricks from dust== | ||
| + | Poor quality bricks can be made with simple compression, tho stronger bricks can be made with gentle heating. See [[Brick]] for more information. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Dust reducing the effectiveness of solar cells== | ||
| + | Dust storms can last weeks or months and reduce the amount of light hitting the ground by up to 95%. (Tho 30 to 60% is typical.) See [[Dust Storms]] for more information. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The atmosphere is dusty, and NASA has found that solar cells soon get covered by enough dust to reduce their effectiveness. This is typically 0.2% per Sol, tho 0.5 to 2% per Sol has been observed at some times. <ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063321001768#:~:text=A%20loss%20of%200.2%25%20per,Mars%20Pathfinder%20and%20Phoenix%20missions.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | The dust is sticky and resists being wiped clear, even if the cells are dusted off, they will still be reduced by about 1% to 2%. If washed clean they can be restored to 100% power. | ||
| + | |||
| + | This dust can be removed by dust devils, or strong winds. This varies greatly by location; areas with strong winds and low boundary layers are more likely to have significant cleaning. The Spirt rover was well cleaned by dust devils (Opportunity less so) but the Insight lander got no significant cleaning of its panels. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Earth solar cells do not have this problem for the most part. Earth is less dusty, and cells are well cleaned by occasional rain storms. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:40, 31 August 2024
On Earth, dust is washed out of the air by rain, and is cemented together to form rocks, or deposited as mud. On Mars, this does not happen, and dust is blown about for long periods. Dust Storms distribute this dust world wide.
Dust particles are very small, called 'fines', and would irritate human lungs (even if the dust didn't contain perchlorates, which are poisonous).
Contents
Dust composition
The Martian dust is weathered from primarily volcanic rocks. This can be from mechanical weathering of basalts. But when basalt weathers in water if forms feldspar, and some dust is composed of feldspars.
Volumetrically Martian dust is dominated by composites of plagioclase feldspar and zeolite.
A small percentage of the dust is from powdered salts, of which the most dangerous is Perchlorate ( ClO-4 ), which is toxic.
| Molecule | Chemical Name | Average Martian Soil by % | Uses |
|---|---|---|---|
| SiO2 | Silicon Dioxide | 45.41 | Glass |
| TiO2 | Titanium(II) oxide | 0.90 | Paint & cosmetics |
| AlO3 | Alumina or aluminum oxide | 9.71 | Ceramics |
| FeO | Iron oxide or rust | 16.73 | Iron & Steel |
| MnO | Manganese(II) oxide | 0.33 | Fertilizer & food additives |
| MgO | Magnesium oxide or magnesiae | 8.35 | Antacid & alloys |
| CaO | Calcium oxide or quicklime | 6.37 | Cement, paper, steel |
| Na2O | Sodium oxide | 2.73 | Glass & ceramics |
| K2O | Potassium oxide or pure potash | 0.44 | Fertilizer, glass, soap |
| SO3 | Sulphur trioxide | 6.16 | Sulphuric acid |
| Cl | Chlorine | 0.68 | Chemical processes as a strong oxidizer |
| Total | 97.81 | Remainder unidentified |
Dust size
These are generally very small, only 3 micrometers in diameter. This is so small it will enter lungs and irritate them, being difficult for the cilia to remove. Good dust filters will be wanted in a Martian base, and waterfalls and pools may be wanted to help remove dust that enters a habitat.
Dust this small will wear moving parts. Any moving parts outside must be carefully sealed to prevent dust from getting into the joints.
Making bricks from dust
Poor quality bricks can be made with simple compression, tho stronger bricks can be made with gentle heating. See Brick for more information.
Dust reducing the effectiveness of solar cells
Dust storms can last weeks or months and reduce the amount of light hitting the ground by up to 95%. (Tho 30 to 60% is typical.) See Dust Storms for more information.
The atmosphere is dusty, and NASA has found that solar cells soon get covered by enough dust to reduce their effectiveness. This is typically 0.2% per Sol, tho 0.5 to 2% per Sol has been observed at some times. [2]
The dust is sticky and resists being wiped clear, even if the cells are dusted off, they will still be reduced by about 1% to 2%. If washed clean they can be restored to 100% power.
This dust can be removed by dust devils, or strong winds. This varies greatly by location; areas with strong winds and low boundary layers are more likely to have significant cleaning. The Spirt rover was well cleaned by dust devils (Opportunity less so) but the Insight lander got no significant cleaning of its panels.
Earth solar cells do not have this problem for the most part. Earth is less dusty, and cells are well cleaned by occasional rain storms.
References
- ↑ https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi%3Ffilename%3D6%26article%3D6427%26context%3Detd%26type%3Dadditional%23:~:text%3DAs%2520observed%2520around%2520the%2520planet,%252FCl%2520ratio%2520(~3.7).&ved=2ahUKEwi0gPHe_pCHAxXYn44IHT2_DRAQFnoECA8QAw&usg=AOvVaw0f5We3QWCZOFVg1VdT19lp
- ↑ https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063321001768#:~:text=A%20loss%20of%200.2%25%20per,Mars%20Pathfinder%20and%20Phoenix%20missions.
