Perchlorate
A perchlorate is a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, ClO−4[1]. One Chlorine and 4 Oxygen atoms.
Perchlorates in the Martian soil have been identified as a significant hazard to a martian settlement plan. Perchlorate was detected in martian soil at the level of ~0.6% by weight. It is conjectured to exist as a mixture of 60% Ca(ClO4)2 and 40% Mg(ClO4)2[2]
The main effect of perchlorate is that in large amounts perchlorate interferes with iodine uptake into the thyroid gland.[1] Perchlorate affects only thyroid hormone. Because it is neither stored nor metabolized, effects of perchlorate on the thyroid gland are reversible, though effects on brain development from lack of thyroid hormone in fetuses, newborns, and children are not. Perchlorate dust affects lung tissue.
Perchlorate removal
Perchlorates are readily soluble in water and can be removed from surfaces by rinsing with water. Removing perchlorate from the settlement water supply can be done in a number of ways. The most practical is probably the use of reverse osmosis membranes.
Reducing dust intake into the settlement is a good objective. Washing vehicles, spacesuits and tool with water would reduce the intake at the source. Using suitports to enter EVA suits would also reduce perchlorate ingress into the settlement.
