Difference between revisions of "Viking 1"
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| + | '''Viking 1''' was the first of two spacecraft sent to [[Mars]] as part of [[NASA]]'s [[:category:Viking Program|Viking Program]]. | ||
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| + | [[File:Mars Valles Marineris.jpg|600pxr|Composite image from Viking 1 orbiter showing the great canyon system called Valles Marineris]] | ||
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| + | Composite image from Viking 1 orbiter showing the great canyon system called Valles Marineris | ||
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== Mission == | == Mission == | ||
| − | Following launch | + | Following launch using a [[Titan III rocket|Titan]]/[[Centaur]] launch vehicle on 20 August 1975 and a 10 month cruise to Mars, the orbiter began returning global images of Mars about 5 days before orbit insertion. The Viking 1 Orbiter was inserted into Mars orbit on 19 June 1976 and trimmed to a 1513 x 33,000 km, 24.66 h site certification orbit on 21 June. Landing on Mars was planned for July 4, 1976, the United States Bicentennial, but imaging of the primary landing site showed it was too rough for a safe landing. The landing was delayed until a safer site was found. The lander separated from the orbiter on 20 July 08:51 UT and landed at 11:56:06 UT. |
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| + | ===Orbiter=== | ||
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| + | The [[exd:orbiter|orbiter<SUP><B>exd</B></SUP>]] primary mission ended at the beginning of [[solar conjunction]] on 5 November, 1976. The extended mission commenced on 14 December, 1976 after solar conjunction. Operations included close approaches to [[Phobos]] in February 1977. The [[Periapsis]] was reduced to 300 km on 11 March, 1977. Minor orbit adjustments were done occasionally over the course of the mission, primarily to change the walk rate (the rate at which the planetocentric longitude changed with each orbit, and the periapsis was raised to 357 km on 20 July, 1979.) On 7 August, 1980 Viking 1 Orbiter was running low on altitude control gas and its orbit was raised from 357 × 33943 km to 320 × 56000 km to prevent impact with Mars and possible contamination until the year 2019. Operations were terminated on August 17, 1980 after 1485 orbits. | ||
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| + | <gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px"> | ||
| + | File:Vo1 084a47viking1.gif|Parana Valles drainage system in Margaritifer Sinus This image is about 250 km across. | ||
| + | File: Ravi_Vallis.jpg|Ravi Vallis|Water poured out of the ground here and carved a channel. | ||
| + | File:Viking Teardrop Islands.jpg|Teardrop-shaped islands formed from water | ||
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| + | File:Detail of Maja Valles Flow.jpg|Maja Valles, an outflow channel, shaped land around Dromore crater. | ||
| − | + | </Gallery> | |
| − | + | ===Lander=== | |
| − | Transmission of the first surface image began 25 seconds after landing. The seismometer failed to uncage, and a sampler arm locking pin was stuck and took 5 days to shake out. Otherwise, all experiments functioned nominally. The Viking 1 Lander was named the Thomas Mutch Memorial Station in January 1982 in honor of the leader of the Viking imaging team. | + | The lander and its aeroshell separated from the orbiter on July 20 08:51 UT. At the time of separation, the lander was orbiting at about 4 km/s. After separation rockets fired to begin lander deorbit. After a few hours at about 300 km altitude, the lander was reoriented for entry. The aeroshell with its ablatable [[heat shield]] [[aerobreaking|slowed the craft]] as it plunged through the [[atmosphere]]. During this time, entry science experiments were performed. At 6 km altitude at about 250 m/s the 16 m diameter lander parachutes were deployed. Seven seconds later the aeroshell was jettisoned, and 8 seconds after that the three lander legs were extended. In 45 seconds the parachute had slowed the lander to 60 m/s. At 1.5 km altitude, retro-rockets were ignited and fired until landing 40 seconds later at about 2.4 m/s. The landing rockets used an 18 nozzle design to spread the hydrogen and nitrogen exhaust over a wide area. It was determined that this would limit surface heating to no more than 1 degree Celsius and that no more than 1 mm of the surface material would be stripped away. |
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| + | The Viking 1 Lander touched down in western [[Chryse Planitia]] (named Gold Field) at 22.697° N latitude and 48.222° W longitude at a reference altitude of -2.69 km relative to a reference ellipsoid with an equatorial radius of 3397.2 km and a flatness of 0.0105 (22.480° N, 47.967° W planetographic) at 11:53:06 UT (16:13 local Mars time). Approximately 22 kg of propellants were left at landing. | ||
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| + | Transmission of the first surface image began 25 seconds after landing. The seismometer failed to uncage, and a sampler arm locking pin was stuck and took 5 days to shake out. Otherwise, all experiments functioned nominally. The Viking 1 Lander was named the [[Thomas Mutch Memorial Station]] in January 1982 in honor of the leader of the Viking imaging team. | ||
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| + | [[File:Mars Viking 12a001first.png|thumb|300px|left|Rocks and dunes, as seen from Viking 1 Holes were dug by the digging tool. Part of the meteorology boom is visible. ]] | ||
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| + | [[File:Mars Viking 11d128.png |thumb|300px|right|Rocks and dunes, as seen from Viking 1 Holes were dug by the digging tool. Part of the meteorology boom is visible. ]] | ||
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| + | The lander operated for 2245 [[sol]]s, until 13 November 1982, when a faulty command sent by ground control resulted in loss of contact.<ref>[http://www.unmannedspaceflight.com/lofiversion/index.php/t3217.html Discussion on Viking sols.]</ref> The command was intended to uplink new battery charging software to improve the lander's deteriorating battery capacity, but it inadvertently overwrote data used by the antenna pointing software. Attempts to contact the lander during the next four months, based on the presumed antenna position, were unsuccessful.<ref>[http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~mars/LFEM/lfemstep/lfemstep_slides/viking_documents/Pdf/JPL_Publication_82-107.pdf D. J. Mudgway, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1983, "Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Systems Support for the Viking 1975 Mission to Mars"]</ref> | ||
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| + | In 2006 the Viking 1 lander was imaged on the Martian surface by the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]. | ||
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| + | [[File:PSP 001521 2025 RED VL-1 lander.png|thumb|300px|center|Viking 1 lander on surface, as seen by HiRISE]] | ||
== Test of General Relativity == | == Test of General Relativity == | ||
| − | [[General Relativity]] predicts " | + | [[General Relativity]] predicts "Gravitational Time Dilation". Scientists used the lander to observe such phenomena. Scientists sent radio signals to the lander on Mars, and instructed the lander to send back signals. Scientists then found that the time signals needed to make a round trip match the prediction of Gravitational Time Dilation. |
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| + | ==References== | ||
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| + | <references/> | ||
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| + | == External links == | ||
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| + | * https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQkSC_53tv8 Viking Mars Landers: "Planet Mars" 1979 NASA, Narrated by Richard Basehart | ||
| + | *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXEM9MMVjpk First Picture from Mars' Surface: Viking 1 1st Photo Commentary 1976-07-20 NASA | ||
| + | *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPAyg7-p9oM NASA VIKING PROGRAM PIONEERING MARS LANDER HISTORIC FILM 48584 | ||
| + | *https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82LkIHFEyYg Viking Mars Lander: "John Newcomb and the Viking Project" ~ 2014 NASA Langley | ||
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| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Orbital Missions]] |
| + | [[Category:Lander Missions]] | ||
Latest revision as of 14:49, 21 March 2020
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This article is based on a Wikipedia article prior to 15 June 2009 and is controlled by version 1.2 of the the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL). |
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking Program.
Composite image from Viking 1 orbiter showing the great canyon system called Valles Marineris
Contents
Mission
Following launch using a Titan/Centaur launch vehicle on 20 August 1975 and a 10 month cruise to Mars, the orbiter began returning global images of Mars about 5 days before orbit insertion. The Viking 1 Orbiter was inserted into Mars orbit on 19 June 1976 and trimmed to a 1513 x 33,000 km, 24.66 h site certification orbit on 21 June. Landing on Mars was planned for July 4, 1976, the United States Bicentennial, but imaging of the primary landing site showed it was too rough for a safe landing. The landing was delayed until a safer site was found. The lander separated from the orbiter on 20 July 08:51 UT and landed at 11:56:06 UT.
Orbiter
The orbiterexd primary mission ended at the beginning of solar conjunction on 5 November, 1976. The extended mission commenced on 14 December, 1976 after solar conjunction. Operations included close approaches to Phobos in February 1977. The Periapsis was reduced to 300 km on 11 March, 1977. Minor orbit adjustments were done occasionally over the course of the mission, primarily to change the walk rate (the rate at which the planetocentric longitude changed with each orbit, and the periapsis was raised to 357 km on 20 July, 1979.) On 7 August, 1980 Viking 1 Orbiter was running low on altitude control gas and its orbit was raised from 357 × 33943 km to 320 × 56000 km to prevent impact with Mars and possible contamination until the year 2019. Operations were terminated on August 17, 1980 after 1485 orbits.
Parana Valles drainage system in Margaritifer Sinus This image is about 250 km across.
Water poured out of the ground here and carved a channel.
Teardrop-shaped islands formed from water
Maja Valles, an outflow channel, shaped land around Dromore crater.
Lander
The lander and its aeroshell separated from the orbiter on July 20 08:51 UT. At the time of separation, the lander was orbiting at about 4 km/s. After separation rockets fired to begin lander deorbit. After a few hours at about 300 km altitude, the lander was reoriented for entry. The aeroshell with its ablatable heat shield slowed the craft as it plunged through the atmosphere. During this time, entry science experiments were performed. At 6 km altitude at about 250 m/s the 16 m diameter lander parachutes were deployed. Seven seconds later the aeroshell was jettisoned, and 8 seconds after that the three lander legs were extended. In 45 seconds the parachute had slowed the lander to 60 m/s. At 1.5 km altitude, retro-rockets were ignited and fired until landing 40 seconds later at about 2.4 m/s. The landing rockets used an 18 nozzle design to spread the hydrogen and nitrogen exhaust over a wide area. It was determined that this would limit surface heating to no more than 1 degree Celsius and that no more than 1 mm of the surface material would be stripped away.
The Viking 1 Lander touched down in western Chryse Planitia (named Gold Field) at 22.697° N latitude and 48.222° W longitude at a reference altitude of -2.69 km relative to a reference ellipsoid with an equatorial radius of 3397.2 km and a flatness of 0.0105 (22.480° N, 47.967° W planetographic) at 11:53:06 UT (16:13 local Mars time). Approximately 22 kg of propellants were left at landing.
Transmission of the first surface image began 25 seconds after landing. The seismometer failed to uncage, and a sampler arm locking pin was stuck and took 5 days to shake out. Otherwise, all experiments functioned nominally. The Viking 1 Lander was named the Thomas Mutch Memorial Station in January 1982 in honor of the leader of the Viking imaging team.
The lander operated for 2245 sols, until 13 November 1982, when a faulty command sent by ground control resulted in loss of contact.[1] The command was intended to uplink new battery charging software to improve the lander's deteriorating battery capacity, but it inadvertently overwrote data used by the antenna pointing software. Attempts to contact the lander during the next four months, based on the presumed antenna position, were unsuccessful.[2]
In 2006 the Viking 1 lander was imaged on the Martian surface by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Test of General Relativity
General Relativity predicts "Gravitational Time Dilation". Scientists used the lander to observe such phenomena. Scientists sent radio signals to the lander on Mars, and instructed the lander to send back signals. Scientists then found that the time signals needed to make a round trip match the prediction of Gravitational Time Dilation.
References
External links
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQkSC_53tv8 Viking Mars Landers: "Planet Mars" 1979 NASA, Narrated by Richard Basehart
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXEM9MMVjpk First Picture from Mars' Surface: Viking 1 1st Photo Commentary 1976-07-20 NASA
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPAyg7-p9oM NASA VIKING PROGRAM PIONEERING MARS LANDER HISTORIC FILM 48584
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82LkIHFEyYg Viking Mars Lander: "John Newcomb and the Viking Project" ~ 2014 NASA Langley
