Difference between revisions of "Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)"

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{{redirect|JPL}}
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JPL is owned by [[NASA]] and operated by Caltech.
  
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{{Infobox Government agency
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An article about <nowiki>[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]</nowiki> exists at [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL '''Wikipedia''']]   
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|agency_name    = Jet Propulsion Laboratory
 
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|logo            = NASA logo.svg
 
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|logo_width      = 100px
 
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|seal            = Jet Propulsion Laboratory logo.svg
 
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|seal_width      = 120px
 
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|picture        = Site du JPL en Californie.jpg
 
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|picture_width  = 220px
 
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|picture_caption = Aerial view of JPL in La Cañada Flintridge, California
 
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|formed          = 1936
 
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|parent_agency  = managed for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA] by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California Institute of Technology|Caltech]
 
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|jurisdiction    = U.S. federal government
 
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|headquarters    = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La Cañada Flintridge, California]
 
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|coordinates={{Coord|34|12|6.1|N|118|10|18|W}}
 
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|employees      = > 5,000
 
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|chief1_name    = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles Elachi]
 
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|chief1_position = Director
 
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|agency_type    =
 
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|child1_agency  = [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL Science Division]
 
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|website        = [http://www.jpl.nasa.gov JPL home page]
 
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'''Jet Propulsion Laboratory''' ('''JPL''') is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of federally funded research and development centers|federally funded research and development center] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA] field center located in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"San Gabriel" Valley] area of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United States]. Although the facility has a Pasadena postal address, it is actually headquartered in the city of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La Cañada Flintridge, California|La Cañada Flintridge] <ref>http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/about_JPL/maps.cfm</ref>, on the northwest border of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena, California|Pasadena].  JPL is managed by the nearby [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California Institute of Technology] (Caltech) for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Aeronautics and Space Administration]. The Laboratory's primary function is the construction and operation of robotic planetary spacecraft, though it also conducts Earth-orbit and astronomy missions. It is also responsible for operating NASA's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep Space Network].
 
  
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Among the Laboratory's current major active projects are the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Science Laboratory] mission (which includes the ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Science Laboratory|Curiosity]'' rover), the ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini–Huygens]'' mission orbiting [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Exploration Rover]s (''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit rover|Spirit]'' and ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity rover|Opportunity]''), the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter], the ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn mission|Dawn]'' mission to the dwarf planet [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres] and asteroid [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4 Vesta|Vesta], the ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_spacecraft|Juno]'' spacecraft ''en route'' to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory] (''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAIL]'') mission to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer Space Telescope]. 
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==Overview==
  
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JPL's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space Flight Operations Facility] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-Five-Foot Space Simulator] are designated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National Historic Landmark]s.
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Located in Pasadena, California.
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{{Subminimal}}
  
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==History==
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[[category:People and Organizations]]
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:JPLControlRoom.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The control room at JPL]
 
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JPL traces its beginnings to 1936 in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory] at the California Institute of Technology (GALCIT) when the first set of rocket experiments were carried out in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles County)|Arroyo Seco].  Caltech graduate students [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank Malina], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weld Arnold], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo M. O. Smith], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsien Hsue-shen], along with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John Whiteside Parsons|Jack Parsons] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward S. Forman], tested a small, alcohol-fueled motor to gather data for Malina's graduate thesis. Malina's thesis advisor was aerodynamicist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore von Kármán], who eventually arranged for U.S. Army financial support for this "GALCIT Rocket Project" in 1939.  In 1941, Malina, Parsons, Forman, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin Summerfield], and pilot Homer Bushey demonstrated the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATO] rockets to the Army.  In 1943, von Kármán, Malina, Parsons, and Forman established the Aerojet Corporation to manufacture JATO motors. The project took on the name Jet Propulsion Laboratory in November 1943 formally becoming an Army facility operated under contract by the university.<ref>{{cite web|title=Early Years|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jplhistory/early/settingstakes.php|publisher=JPL}}</ref><ref>Clayton Koppes, "JPL and the American Space Program," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); [Erik M. Conway, "From Rockets to Spacecraft: Making JPL a Place for Planetary Science," Engineering and Science, vol. 30, nr. 4, pp. 2-10]http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/EandS/ESarchive-frame.html.</ref><ref name="High Frontier">{{cite book|last=Launius|first=Roger|title=To Reach High Frontier, A History of U.S. Launch Vehicles|year=2002|publisher=University of Kentucky|isbn=0-313-12245-7 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (7) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}|pages=39–42}}</ref>
 
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During JPL's Army years, the Laboratory developed two deployed weapon systems, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-5 Corporal] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-29 Sergeant] intermediate range ballistic missiles.  These missiles were the first US ballistic missiles developed at JPL.<ref>{{cite web|last=Keymeulen, Didier; Myers, John; Newton, Jason; Csaszar, Ambrus; Gan, Quan; Hidalgo, Tim; Moore, Jeff; Sandoval, Steven; Xu, Jiajing; Schon, Aaron; Assad, Chris; Stoica, Adrian|title=Humanoids for Lunar and Planetary Surface Operations|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2014/39699|work=Pasadena, CA : Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2006.|publisher=JPL TRS 1992+|accessdate=11 October 2011}}</ref>  It also developed a number of other weapons system prototypes, such as the Loki anti-aircraft missile system, and the forerunner of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobee] sounding rocket.  At various times, it carried out rocket testing at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White Sands Missile Range|White Sands Proving Ground], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards Air Force Base], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone, California].  A lunar lander was also developed in 1938-39 which influenced design of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo Lunar Module] in the 1960s.<ref name="High Frontier" />
 
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In 1954, JPL teamed up with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernher von Braun]’s rocketeers at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army Ballistic Missile Agency]’s [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone Arsenal] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville, Alabama], to propose orbiting a satellite during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International Geophysical Year].  The team lost that proposal to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project Vanguard], and instead embarked on a classified project to demonstrate ablative re-entry technology using a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter-C] rocket.  They carried out three successful sub-orbital flights in 1956 and 1957.  Using a spare Jupiter-C, the two organizations then launched America’s first satellite, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer 1], on February 1, 1958.<ref name="Clayton Koppes 1982 pp. 2-10">Clayton Koppes, "JPL and the American Space Program," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982); Erik M. Conway, "From Rockets to Spacecraft: Making JPL a Place for Planetary Science," Engineering and Science, vol. 30, nr. 4, pp. 2-10.</ref>   
 
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JPL was transferred to NASA after it was founded in October 1958, becoming the agency’s primary planetary spacecraft center.  JPL engineers designed and operated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger program|Ranger] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor program|Surveyor] missions to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon] that prepared the way for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo program|Apollo].  JPL also led the way in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/interplanetary travel|interplanetary exploration] with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner program|Mariner] missions to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury (planet)|Mercury].<ref name="Clayton Koppes 1982 pp. 2-10"/>
 
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JPL was early to offer employment opportunities to women mathematicians. In the 1940s and 1950s, using mechanical calculators, women in an all-female computations group performed trajectory calculations.<ref>http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1327</ref><ref>http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/women_chron/1.html</ref>  In 1961, JPL hired their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana Ulery|first woman engineer] to work along side male engineers as part of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger program|Ranger] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner program|Mariner] mission tracking teams.<ref>[http://pub-lib.jpl.nasa.gov/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-697/Bibliography39-03_1961-1962.pdf FO1 D. L. Ulery and J. P. Fearey, EVALUATION OF GOLDSTONE POLAR – MOUNT ANTENNA SYSTEMA'TIC ERRORS FROM STAR TRACKS, Technical Memorandum 33-45, May 5,1962 (Unclassified)]</ref>
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:JPL1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Rocket landscaping]
 
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JPL has been recognized four times by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space Foundation]: with the Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award, which is given annually to an individual or organization that has made significant contributions to public awareness of space programs, in 1998; and with the John L. "Jack" Swigert, Jr., Award for Space Exploration on three occasions – in 2009 (as part of NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander Team<ref>http://www.nationalspacesymposium.org/the-phoenix-mars-lander-team-wins-2009-jack-swigert-award-for-space-exploration</ref>), 2006 and 2005.
 
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==Location==
 
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When founded, JPL's site was a rocky flood-plain just outside the city limits of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena, California|Pasadena]. Almost all of the {{convert|177|acre|ha|0}} of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]/NASA owned property that makes up the JPL campus is today located in the city of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La Cañada Flintridge, California], but it maintains a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena, California|Pasadena] address (4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109). The city of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La Cañada Flintridge, California] was incorporated in 1976, well after JPL attained international recognition with a Pasadena address. There has been periodic conflict between the two cities over the issue of which should be mentioned in the media as the home of the laboratory.
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mars Science Laboratory mockup comparison .jpg|thumb|upright|MSL mockup compared with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Exploration Rover] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Pathfinder|Sojourner rover] by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory on May 12, 2008]
 
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==Employees==
 
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There are approximately 5,000 full-time Caltech employees, and typically a few thousand additional contractors working on any given day. NASA also has a resident office at the facility staffed by federal managers who oversee JPL's activities and work for NASA. There are also some Caltech [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate school|graduate students], college student interns and co-op students.  Caltech and JPL jointly offer research opportunities for students, such as the SURF program (Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship).
 
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==Open House==
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2007 jpl open house.jpg|left|thumb|upright|A display at the Open House on May 19, 2007.]
 
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The lab has an open house once a year on a Saturday and Sunday in May, when the public is invited to tour the facilities and see live demonstrations of JPL science and technology.  More limited private tours are also available throughout the year if scheduled well in advance.  Thousands of schoolchildren from Southern California and elsewhere visit the lab every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/events/open-house.cfm|title=JPL Open House|accessdate=2 January 2009}}</ref>
 
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==Planetary Science Summer School==
 
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The Planetary Science Summer School (PSSS) is an annual workshop sponsored by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The program involves a one-week team design exercise developing an early mission concept study, working with JPL's Advanced Projects Design Team ("Team X") and other concurrent engineering teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pscischool.jpl.nasa.gov/index.cfm|title=Planetary Science Summer School|accessdate=2008-05-14}}</ref>
 
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==Other works==
 
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In addition to its government work, JPL has also assisted the nearby motion picture and television industries, by advising them about scientific accuracy in their productions. Science fiction shows advised by JPL include ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon 5]'' and its sequel series, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade (TV series)|Crusade]''.
 
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==Funding==
 
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JPL is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/federally funded research and development center] (FFRDC) managed and operated by Caltech under a contract from NASA. JPL-run projects include the ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]'' mission to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons of Jupiter|its moons], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars rover]s (including the 1997 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Pathfinder] and the twin 2003 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Exploration Rover]s). JPL has sent unmanned missions to every [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/planet] in our [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar System]. JPL has also conducted expensive mapping missions of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth]. JPL manages the worldwide [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep Space Network], with facilities in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California|California's] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave Desert], in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain] near [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid], and in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia] near [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra].
 
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==Peanuts tradition==
 
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There is a tradition at JPL to eat "good luck [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peanut]s" before critical mission events, such as orbital insertions or landings. As the story goes, after the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger program] had experienced failure after failure during the 1960s, the first successful Ranger mission to impact the moon occurred while a JPL staff member was eating peanuts. The staff jokingly decided that the peanuts must have been a good luck charm, and the tradition persisted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3081033|title=NPR All Things Considered interview referring to peanuts tradition|accessdate=2009-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blog/ustream_log_20080525.html|title=Planetary Society chat log for Phoenix referring to peanuts tradition|accessdate=2009-01-03}}</ref>
 
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==Missions==
 
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These are some of the missions partially sponsored by JPL:<ref>{{cite web|author=JPL |url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/ |title=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Missions |publisher=Jpl.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref>
 
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{{columns-list|4|
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer program]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger program]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor program]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner program]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer program|Pioneer 3 & 4]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking program]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager program]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellan probe]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo probe]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep Space 1] & [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep Space 2|2]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Global Surveyor]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Climate Orbiter]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini–Huygens]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Odyssey]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Pathfinder]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Exploration Rover Mission]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer Space Telescope]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment] (GRACE)
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CloudSat]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix (spacecraft)]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean Surface Topography Mission] (OSTM/Jason-2)
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiting Carbon Observatory]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars Science Laboratory]
 
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* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]
 
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}}
 
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==List of directors==
 
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* Dr. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore von Kármán], 1938 &ndash; 1944
 
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* Dr. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank Malina], 1944 &ndash; 1946
 
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* Dr. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis Dunn], 1946 &ndash; October 1, 1954
 
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* Dr. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William Hayward Pickering], October 1, 1954 &ndash; March 31, 1976
 
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* Dr. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce C. Murray], April 1, 1976 &ndash; June 30, 1982
 
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* Dr. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew Allen, Jr.], July 22, 1982 &ndash; December 31, 1990
 
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* Dr. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed Stone|Edward C. Stone], January 1, 1991 &ndash; April 30, 2001
 
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* Dr. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles Elachi], May 1, 2001 &ndash; Present  <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jplhistory/learnmore/directors.php |title=JPL Directors |publisher=JPL |date= |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref>
 
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==Team X==
 
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The JPL Advanced Projects Design Team, also known as Team X, is an interdisciplinary team of engineers that "utilizes concurrent engineering methodologies to complete rapid design, analysis and evaluation of mission concept designs".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jplteamx.jpl.nasa.gov/ |title=JPL Team X |publisher=Jplteamx.jpl.nasa.gov |date=2007-08-31 |accessdate=2010-08-18}}</ref>
 
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==Controversies==
 
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===Employee background check lawsuit===
 
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{{main|NASA v. Nelson}}
 
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On February 25, 2005, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland Security] Presidential Directive 12 was approved by the Secretary of Commerce.<ref>http://www.hspd12jpl.org/what_is.html</ref> This was followed by the Federal Information Processing Standards 201 ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPS 201]), which specified how the federal government should implement personal identity verification.  New specifications led to a need for rebadging to meet the updated requirements.
 
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On August 30, 2007, a group of JPL employees filed suit in federal court against NASA, Caltech, and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department of Commerce], claiming their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional rights] were being violated by new, overly invasive background investigations.<ref>http://hspd12jpl.org</ref> 97% of JPL employees were classified at the low-risk level and would be subjected to the same clearance procedures as those obtaining moderate/high risk clearance.  Under HSPD12 and FIPS 201, investigators have the right to obtain any information on employees, which includes questioning acquaintances on the status of the employee's mental, emotional, and financial stability.  Additionally, if employees depart JPL before the end of the two year validity of the background check, no investigation ability gets terminated; former employees can still be legally monitored.
 
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Employees were told that if they did not sign an unlimited waiver of privacy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hspd12jpl.org/files/sf85.pdf |title=Questionnaire for Non-Sensitive Positions |author=US Office of Personnel Management|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref>  they would be deemed to have "voluntarily resigned".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hspd12jpl.org/files/Declaration_of_Cozette_Hart.pdf |title=Declaration of Cozette Hart, JPL Human Resources Director |format=PDF |date=October 1, 2007 |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref> The rebadging rules were designed to make JPL compliant with FIPS 201. The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit] found the process violated the employees' privacy rights and has issued a preliminary injunction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hspd12jpl.org/files/Order_01_11_08.pdf |title=Nelson v. NASA -- Preliminary Injunction issued by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |format=PDF |date=Jan 11, 2008 |accessdate=2010-08-26}}</ref>  NASA appealed and the US Supreme Court granted certiorari on March 8, 2010. On January 19, 2011, the Supreme Court overturned the Ninth Circuit decision, ruling that the background checks did not violate any constitutional privacy right that the employees may have had.<ref>{{cite court|opinion=No. 09-530|court=U.S.|date=Jan. 19, 2011|litigants=National Aeronautics and Space Administration et al. v. Nelson et al.|url=http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/09-530.pdf}}</ref>
 
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===''Coppedge v Jet Propulsion Laboratory''===
 
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On March 12, 2012, Los Angeles Superior Court took opening statements on the case in which former-JPL employee David Coppedge brought suit against the Lab due workplace discrimination and wrongful termination. In the suit, Coppedge alleges that he first lost his "team lead" status on JPL's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini-Huygens] mission in 2009 and then was fired in 2011 because of his evangelical Christian beliefs and specifically his belief in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intelligent design]. Conversely, JPL, through the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltech] lawyers representing the laboratory, allege that Coppedge's termination was simply due to budget cuts and his demotion from team lead was because of harrassment complaints from and on-going conflicts with his co-workers.<ref>http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/11/former-nasa-specialist-claims-was-fired-over-intelligent-design/</ref>
 
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==See also==
 
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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet Propulsion Laboratory Science Division]
 
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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars rovers]
 
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==References==
 
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{{reflist|3}}
 
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==External links==
 
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{{commons category|Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}
 
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*{{Official website|http://www.jpl.nasa.gov}}
 
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{{Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}
 
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{{NASA centers}}
 
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{{California Institute of Technology}}
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/es:Laboratorio de Propulsión a Chorro]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eo:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fa:????????? ??????? ??]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fr:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ko:?? ?? ???]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/id:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/it:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/he:?????? ????? ???????]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/la:Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Californiense Institutum Technologiae)]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lv:Reaktivas kustibas laboratorija]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lt:Reaktyvinio judejimo laboratorija]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hu:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mk:???????????? ?? ????????? ?????]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ms:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nl:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ja:?????????]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pl:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pt:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ru:??????????? ??????????? ????????]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/simple:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sk:Laboratórium prúdového pohonu]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sl:Laboratorij za reaktivni pogon]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sr:???????????? ?? ?????? ??????????]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/fi:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sv:Jet Propulsion Laboratory]
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh:???????]
 

Latest revision as of 16:47, 10 November 2020

JPL is owned by NASA and operated by Caltech.

An article about [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] exists at [Wikipedia]

Overview

Located in Pasadena, California.

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