Difference between revisions of "Dust devils"
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Dust devils leave dark marks on the surface of Mars because they disturb a thin coating of fine bright dust that covers most of the Martian surface. If a dust devil goes by, the coating of dust is removed; this exposes the underlying dark surface.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_058427_1080</ref> Within a few weeks, the dark track assumes its former pale color, either by being re-covered through wind action or due to surface oxidation through exposure to sunlight and the Martian atmosphere. | Dust devils leave dark marks on the surface of Mars because they disturb a thin coating of fine bright dust that covers most of the Martian surface. If a dust devil goes by, the coating of dust is removed; this exposes the underlying dark surface.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_058427_1080</ref> Within a few weeks, the dark track assumes its former pale color, either by being re-covered through wind action or due to surface oxidation through exposure to sunlight and the Martian atmosphere. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Transport of Dust == | ||
| + | Dust devils are the major way that dust is transported into the lower atmosphere (tho they are not responsible for the large continental or planet sized [[Dust Storms]] which are caused by massive amounts of the atmosphere evaporating from the southern ice cap in spring). | ||
| + | |||
| + | As the Martian air gets dustier, the air warms, and the ground cools, which has many effects. An important one for colonists is the reduction of solar power. | ||
==Formation and dynamics== | ==Formation and dynamics== | ||
| − | Dust devils occur when the sun warms up the air near a flat, dry surface. The warm air then rises quickly through the cooler air and begins spinning while moving ahead. This spinning, moving cell may pick up dust and sand and leave behind a clean surface.<ref>[http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_00481_2410 HiRISE | (PSP_00481_2410)]. Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. Retrieved on 7 August 2011.</ref> | + | Dust devils occur when the sun warms up the air near a flat, dry surface while the air above remains cold. Warm air is less dense, and thus tries to break thru the cold layer above it, eventually doing so, sucking in other warm air from near by along the ground. The warm air then rises quickly through the cooler air and begins spinning while moving ahead. This spinning, moving cell may pick up dust and sand and leave behind a clean surface.<ref>[http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_00481_2410 HiRISE | (PSP_00481_2410)]. Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. Retrieved on 7 August 2011.</ref> |
| + | A study found that the maximum speed of a dust devil on Mars was 46 m/s. <ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2005RG000188 - Comparison of Earth & Martian Dust Devils.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | On Mars, dust devils are larger and stronger than on Earth. Terrestrial dust devils are typically less than 10 meters across, and are seldom higher than 500 meters. On Mars, they have been observed to have diameters between 100 meters and 1 km, with heights in excess of 5 km. (They typically reach 60% into the boundary layer above the ground.) Dust devils observed by the Pathfinder mission had dust content of ~700 times than that of the near by atmosphere. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dust devils on Earth can develop strong electrical charges. This is expected to happen on Mars as well, but it has not yet been measured. It is theorized that this charge may form the trance amounts of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) found in the Martian [[Atmosphere]]. H2O2 is reactive and quickly destroys [[Methane]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | They are formed from local eddies around ground features and thus are as likely to rotate clockwise as counter-clockwise.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_042201_1715</ref> | ||
==Observations== | ==Observations== | ||
Dust devils on Mars have been photographed both from the ground and high overhead from orbit. They did scientists a big favor by blowing dust off the solar panels of two Rovers on Mars, thereby greatly extending their useful lifetime.<ref>http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/spirit/20070412a.html Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Release Images: Spirit]. Marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 7 August 2011.</ref> The pattern of the tracks has been shown to change every few months.<ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_005383_1255</ref> A study that combined data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) found that some large dust devils on Mars have a diameter of 700 meters and last at least 26 minutes.<ref>Reiss, D. et al. 2011. Multitemporal observations of identical active dust devils on Mars with High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC). Icarus. 215:358-369.</ref> One dust devil was measured at having a 12 mile height. <ref>https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20120404.html</ref> | Dust devils on Mars have been photographed both from the ground and high overhead from orbit. They did scientists a big favor by blowing dust off the solar panels of two Rovers on Mars, thereby greatly extending their useful lifetime.<ref>http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/spirit/20070412a.html Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Release Images: Spirit]. Marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 7 August 2011.</ref> The pattern of the tracks has been shown to change every few months.<ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_005383_1255</ref> A study that combined data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) found that some large dust devils on Mars have a diameter of 700 meters and last at least 26 minutes.<ref>Reiss, D. et al. 2011. Multitemporal observations of identical active dust devils on Mars with High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC). Icarus. 215:358-369.</ref> One dust devil was measured at having a 12 mile height. <ref>https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20120404.html</ref> | ||
| − | One team of researchers found that on any given day on average about one dust devil pops up for every per square kilometre of surface. With a 145 million square kilometer surface area that means that – there are millions of dust devils every day on Mars. One would be able to see dozens of them at any one time.<ref> https://www.newscientist.com/article/2143217-marss-surface-hosts-millions-of-towering-dust-devils-every-day/</ref> <ref> https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00484</ref> <ref>Jackson, B., et al. 2018. Framework for Relating the Structures and Recovery Statistics in Pressure Time-Series Surveys for Dust Devils. Icarus. 299: 166-174.</ref> | + | One team of researchers found that on any given day on average about one dust devil pops up for every per square kilometre of surface. With a 145 million square kilometer surface area that means that – there are millions of dust devils every day on Mars. One would be able to see dozens of them at any one time.<ref>https://www.newscientist.com/article/2143217-marss-surface-hosts-millions-of-towering-dust-devils-every-day/</ref> <ref>https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00484</ref> <ref>Jackson, B., et al. 2018. Framework for Relating the Structures and Recovery Statistics in Pressure Time-Series Surveys for Dust Devils. Icarus. 299: 166-174.</ref> |
| − | A picture of a dust devil that was previously imaged in 2009, showed the tracks visible from two years before were completely different from the old ones meaning there had been a dust storm | + | A picture of a dust devil that was previously imaged in 2009, showed the tracks visible from two years before were completely different from the old ones meaning there had been a dust storm erased the old tracks.<ref>http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_031199_2070|title=Dust Devil Tracks|last=|first=|date=15 May 2013|website=HiRISE.com|publisher=|access-date=30 November 2016</ref> The picture below shows how a dust storm can quickly cover the entire planet. |
| − | <gallery class="center" | + | <gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px"> |
File: PIA03170 fig1duststroms.jpg|Mars without a dust storm on June 2001 (on left) and with a global dust storm on July 2001 (on right), as seen by Mars Global Surveyor | File: PIA03170 fig1duststroms.jpg|Mars without a dust storm on June 2001 (on left) and with a global dust storm on July 2001 (on right), as seen by Mars Global Surveyor | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| − | ==Images of dust devils and dust devil tracks == | + | ==Images of dust devils and dust devil tracks== |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| + | <gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px"> | ||
| + | File:PIA26074-MarsPerseveranceRover-Whirlwind-20230830.gif|Dust devil as seen by Perseverance rover It is 5 times taller than the Empire State Building | ||
File: dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg|Dust devil on Mars (Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Dust devil is on the left and its track to the right. | File: dust.devil.mars.arp.750pix.jpg|Dust devil on Mars (Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Dust devil is on the left and its track to the right. | ||
File: Martian Dust Devil Trails.jpg|Dust devils cause twisting dark trails on the Martian surface. | File: Martian Dust Devil Trails.jpg|Dust devils cause twisting dark trails on the Martian surface. | ||
| Line 40: | Line 52: | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| − | == References == | + | ==References== |
| − | {{reflist}} | + | The book: '''"The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars"''', Edited by Robert M. Haberle, R. Todd Clancy, Francois Forget, Michael D. Smith, & Richard W. Zurek, ISBN: 9-781107-016187, is recommended.{{reflist}} |
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| + | |||
*[[Dark slope streaks]] | *[[Dark slope streaks]] | ||
*[[Dust storms]] | *[[Dust storms]] | ||
| Line 50: | Line 63: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| − | *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2bwPcIojVU | + | |
| + | *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2bwPcIojVU Video of Dust devil, as seen by Curiosity from the surface of Mars] | ||
*[https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_005383_1255 Changes in dust devil tracks] | *[https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_005383_1255 Changes in dust devil tracks] | ||
[[Category:Atmospheric Sciences]] | [[Category:Atmospheric Sciences]] | ||
{{stub}} | {{stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 13:50, 14 October 2023
Dust devils are a common appearance on the Martian surface. They show local atmospheric turbulences.
Dust devils leave dark marks on the surface of Mars because they disturb a thin coating of fine bright dust that covers most of the Martian surface. If a dust devil goes by, the coating of dust is removed; this exposes the underlying dark surface.[1] Within a few weeks, the dark track assumes its former pale color, either by being re-covered through wind action or due to surface oxidation through exposure to sunlight and the Martian atmosphere.
Contents
Transport of Dust
Dust devils are the major way that dust is transported into the lower atmosphere (tho they are not responsible for the large continental or planet sized Dust Storms which are caused by massive amounts of the atmosphere evaporating from the southern ice cap in spring).
As the Martian air gets dustier, the air warms, and the ground cools, which has many effects. An important one for colonists is the reduction of solar power.
Formation and dynamics
Dust devils occur when the sun warms up the air near a flat, dry surface while the air above remains cold. Warm air is less dense, and thus tries to break thru the cold layer above it, eventually doing so, sucking in other warm air from near by along the ground. The warm air then rises quickly through the cooler air and begins spinning while moving ahead. This spinning, moving cell may pick up dust and sand and leave behind a clean surface.[2] A study found that the maximum speed of a dust devil on Mars was 46 m/s. [3]
On Mars, dust devils are larger and stronger than on Earth. Terrestrial dust devils are typically less than 10 meters across, and are seldom higher than 500 meters. On Mars, they have been observed to have diameters between 100 meters and 1 km, with heights in excess of 5 km. (They typically reach 60% into the boundary layer above the ground.) Dust devils observed by the Pathfinder mission had dust content of ~700 times than that of the near by atmosphere.
Dust devils on Earth can develop strong electrical charges. This is expected to happen on Mars as well, but it has not yet been measured. It is theorized that this charge may form the trance amounts of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) found in the Martian Atmosphere. H2O2 is reactive and quickly destroys Methane.
They are formed from local eddies around ground features and thus are as likely to rotate clockwise as counter-clockwise.[4]
Observations
Dust devils on Mars have been photographed both from the ground and high overhead from orbit. They did scientists a big favor by blowing dust off the solar panels of two Rovers on Mars, thereby greatly extending their useful lifetime.[5] The pattern of the tracks has been shown to change every few months.[6] A study that combined data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) found that some large dust devils on Mars have a diameter of 700 meters and last at least 26 minutes.[7] One dust devil was measured at having a 12 mile height. [8] One team of researchers found that on any given day on average about one dust devil pops up for every per square kilometre of surface. With a 145 million square kilometer surface area that means that – there are millions of dust devils every day on Mars. One would be able to see dozens of them at any one time.[9] [10] [11]
A picture of a dust devil that was previously imaged in 2009, showed the tracks visible from two years before were completely different from the old ones meaning there had been a dust storm erased the old tracks.[12] The picture below shows how a dust storm can quickly cover the entire planet.
Mars without a dust storm on June 2001 (on left) and with a global dust storm on July 2001 (on right), as seen by Mars Global Surveyor
Images of dust devils and dust devil tracks
Dust devil as seen by Perseverance rover It is 5 times taller than the Empire State Building
Dust devil on Mars (Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Dust devil is on the left and its track to the right.
Dust devils cause twisting dark trails on the Martian surface.
Serpent dust devil of Mars (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The white dust devil displays it shadow.
Dust devil tracks in Hellas quadrangle Dark material is visible in the troughs of polygons.
Pattern of large and small tracks made by giant dust devils, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor under the MOC Public Targeting Program
Russell Crater dust devil changes in Noachis quadrangle Click on image to see changes in dust devil tracks in just 3 months.
Dust devil tracks Location is Casius quadrangle.
References
The book: "The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars", Edited by Robert M. Haberle, R. Todd Clancy, Francois Forget, Michael D. Smith, & Richard W. Zurek, ISBN: 9-781107-016187, is recommended.
- ↑ https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_058427_1080
- ↑ HiRISE | (PSP_00481_2410). Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu. Retrieved on 7 August 2011.
- ↑ https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2005RG000188 - Comparison of Earth & Martian Dust Devils.
- ↑ https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_042201_1715
- ↑ http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/spirit/20070412a.html Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Release Images: Spirit]. Marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved on 7 August 2011.
- ↑ http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_005383_1255
- ↑ Reiss, D. et al. 2011. Multitemporal observations of identical active dust devils on Mars with High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) and Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC). Icarus. 215:358-369.
- ↑ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/news/mro20120404.html
- ↑ https://www.newscientist.com/article/2143217-marss-surface-hosts-millions-of-towering-dust-devils-every-day/
- ↑ https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.00484
- ↑ Jackson, B., et al. 2018. Framework for Relating the Structures and Recovery Statistics in Pressure Time-Series Surveys for Dust Devils. Icarus. 299: 166-174.
- ↑ http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_031199_2070%7Ctitle=Dust Devil Tracks|last=|first=|date=15 May 2013|website=HiRISE.com|publisher=|access-date=30 November 2016
See also
External links
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