Difference between revisions of "Fungi"
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====''Amanita phalloides''==== | ====''Amanita phalloides''==== | ||
Common name: Death Cap.<br /> | Common name: Death Cap.<br /> | ||
| − | Deadly toxic to the liver and kidneys. (Lethal dose about 30g for adult humans<ref name=Branch />.) Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhoea, thirst and severe abdominal pain<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />. Symptoms will appear between 6 and 24 hours after ingestion<ref name=Branch />. If Amanita poisoning is not identified, the victim may appear to recover and die several days later from liver and/or kidney failure. Treatment includes carbon column dialysis, saline cathartic, repeated doses of activated [[charcoal]] and blood transfusions<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />. Fatal more often than not<ref name=Branch />.<br /> | + | Deadly toxic to the liver and kidneys. (Lethal dose about 30g for adult humans<ref name=Branch>M. Branch -- ''First field guide to mushrooms of Southern Africa'' 2001. Struik Nature. ISBN 978-1-86872-605-9. pp. 12-15.</ref>.) Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhoea, thirst and severe abdominal pain<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan>P. Jordan -- ''The mushroom guide and identifier''. 2010. Hermes House. ISBN 978-1-84038-574-8. pp. 100-113.</ref>. Symptoms will appear between 6 and 24 hours after ingestion<ref name=Branch />. If Amanita poisoning is not identified, the victim may appear to recover and die several days later from liver and/or kidney failure. Treatment includes carbon column dialysis, saline cathartic, repeated doses of activated [[charcoal]] and blood transfusions<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />. Fatal more often than not<ref name=Branch />.<br /> |
Identifying features<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />: Like all ''Amanitas'', the Death Cap has a white spore print and forms inside a universal veil. The cap is smooth and flattens with age, growing to a maximum of about 15cm across. The ring is persistent, white and membranous. The gills are white, free and crowded. Pronounced volval bag. The flesh is white with a faint yellow tinge and the cap appears a slightly yellowish, greenish or smoky-olive white. ''A. phalloides var. alba'' is especially notable in that this rarer almost pure-white variety can be easily misidentified. The smell is described as "sickly sweet" to "foetid" and it is reported to have a pleasant taste. | Identifying features<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan />: Like all ''Amanitas'', the Death Cap has a white spore print and forms inside a universal veil. The cap is smooth and flattens with age, growing to a maximum of about 15cm across. The ring is persistent, white and membranous. The gills are white, free and crowded. Pronounced volval bag. The flesh is white with a faint yellow tinge and the cap appears a slightly yellowish, greenish or smoky-olive white. ''A. phalloides var. alba'' is especially notable in that this rarer almost pure-white variety can be easily misidentified. The smell is described as "sickly sweet" to "foetid" and it is reported to have a pleasant taste. | ||
====''Amanita citrina''==== | ====''Amanita citrina''==== | ||
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====''Amanita muscaria''==== | ====''Amanita muscaria''==== | ||
Commonly known as Fly Amanita or Fly Agaric.<br /> | Commonly known as Fly Amanita or Fly Agaric.<br /> | ||
| − | Edible if correctly prepared<ref name=RubelArora />, despite the fact that field guides usually<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan /> (incorretly) list it as inedible. Detoxification involves boiling out the water-soluble toxins in water and either vinegar or salt, discarding the water<ref name=RubelArora />. If not detoxified, A. muscaria is hallucinogenic and causes euphoria similar to alcohol intoxification<ref name=Jordan />. Relatively few fatalities have been recorded over several centuries and the lethal dose is not exactly known. The historical evidence collected by Rubel and Arora<ref name=RubelArora /> suggests an adult lethal dose somewhere in the vicinity of 12-20 untreated mushrooms. Symptoms may persist for several days in the most extreme cases<ref name=Jordan /><br /> | + | Edible if correctly prepared<ref name=RubelArora>W. Rubel & D. Arora -- ''A study of cultural bias in field guide determinations of mushroom edibility using the iconic mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an example''. 2008. <i>Economic Botany</i> vol. 62 no. 3. pp. 223-243. Available [http://mushroomhunter.net/muscaria_revised.pdf here] and [http://www.scribd.com/doc/83723731/Muscaria-Revised here].</ref>, despite the fact that field guides usually<ref name=Branch /><ref name=Jordan /> (incorretly) list it as inedible. Detoxification involves boiling out the water-soluble toxins in water and either vinegar or salt, discarding the water<ref name=RubelArora />. If not detoxified, A. muscaria is hallucinogenic and causes euphoria similar to alcohol intoxification<ref name=Jordan />. Relatively few fatalities have been recorded over several centuries and the lethal dose is not exactly known. The historical evidence collected by Rubel and Arora<ref name=RubelArora /> suggests an adult lethal dose somewhere in the vicinity of 12-20 untreated mushrooms. Symptoms may persist for several days in the most extreme cases<ref name=Jordan /><br /> |
Trivia: ''A. muscaria'' was used for centuries to kill flies. After the crushed mushrooms have been mixed with milk, flies drinking the milk will become so intoxicated that they drown<ref name=Branch /><ref name=RubelArora />. The Sami of Lapland sometimes scatter dried A. muscaria for their reindeer, as the intoxicating effect makes them easier to round up<ref name=Jordan />. | Trivia: ''A. muscaria'' was used for centuries to kill flies. After the crushed mushrooms have been mixed with milk, flies drinking the milk will become so intoxicated that they drown<ref name=Branch /><ref name=RubelArora />. The Sami of Lapland sometimes scatter dried A. muscaria for their reindeer, as the intoxicating effect makes them easier to round up<ref name=Jordan />. | ||
====''Amanita jacksonii''==== | ====''Amanita jacksonii''==== | ||
Revision as of 08:51, 29 May 2013
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms closely related to animals. The study of fungi is known as mycology.
Some fungi are edible and could be grown for food in a Martian colony. Fungi, especially some sorts of mildew, are certainly of great use in the artificial ecosystem of a greenhouse, since they are involved in the decaying process.
Some people have an allergy against the spores of mildew, and patients with depressed immune system can suffer from a fungus infection. As yet, the development of the human immune system under Martian gravity and inhouse conditions is unclear.
Contents
Mushrooms
Mushrooms are the "fruiting bodies" of certain fungi or, more formally, the sporulating organs of certain complex fungi. The word toadstool is sometimes used in informal conversation to refer to inedible mushrooms. Mushrooms are complete proteins, and their nutritional value are in some respects (such as protein quality) in-between those of plant and animal foods. This makes them a potentially very valuable food source in spaceflight.
TO DO: Explain the terminology used below.
Genus Amanita
Amanita spp. covers a number of edible mushrooms, as well as some of the most toxic known fungi. The Death Cap alone is responsible for more than 90% of mushroom-related deaths on Earth. Notable members of the genus include:
Amanita phalloides
Common name: Death Cap.
Deadly toxic to the liver and kidneys. (Lethal dose about 30g for adult humans[1].) Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, diarrhoea, thirst and severe abdominal pain[1][2]. Symptoms will appear between 6 and 24 hours after ingestion[1]. If Amanita poisoning is not identified, the victim may appear to recover and die several days later from liver and/or kidney failure. Treatment includes carbon column dialysis, saline cathartic, repeated doses of activated charcoal and blood transfusions[1][2]. Fatal more often than not[1].
Identifying features[1][2]: Like all Amanitas, the Death Cap has a white spore print and forms inside a universal veil. The cap is smooth and flattens with age, growing to a maximum of about 15cm across. The ring is persistent, white and membranous. The gills are white, free and crowded. Pronounced volval bag. The flesh is white with a faint yellow tinge and the cap appears a slightly yellowish, greenish or smoky-olive white. A. phalloides var. alba is especially notable in that this rarer almost pure-white variety can be easily misidentified. The smell is described as "sickly sweet" to "foetid" and it is reported to have a pleasant taste.
Amanita citrina
Common name: False Death Cap.
To do.
Amanita pantherina
Common name: Panther Cap.
Deadly toxic.
To do.
Amanita rubescens
Common name: Blusher.
Edible when cooked. Toxix otherwise.
Description: To do.
Similar species: Non-experts may easily confuse A. rubescens with A. pantherina. To do: describe differences.
Amanita virosa
Common name: Destroying Angel.
Deadly toxic.
To do.
Amanita muscaria
Commonly known as Fly Amanita or Fly Agaric.
Edible if correctly prepared[3], despite the fact that field guides usually[1][2] (incorretly) list it as inedible. Detoxification involves boiling out the water-soluble toxins in water and either vinegar or salt, discarding the water[3]. If not detoxified, A. muscaria is hallucinogenic and causes euphoria similar to alcohol intoxification[2]. Relatively few fatalities have been recorded over several centuries and the lethal dose is not exactly known. The historical evidence collected by Rubel and Arora[3] suggests an adult lethal dose somewhere in the vicinity of 12-20 untreated mushrooms. Symptoms may persist for several days in the most extreme cases[2]
Trivia: A. muscaria was used for centuries to kill flies. After the crushed mushrooms have been mixed with milk, flies drinking the milk will become so intoxicated that they drown[1][3]. The Sami of Lapland sometimes scatter dried A. muscaria for their reindeer, as the intoxicating effect makes them easier to round up[2].
Amanita jacksonii
To do.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 M. Branch -- First field guide to mushrooms of Southern Africa 2001. Struik Nature. ISBN 978-1-86872-605-9. pp. 12-15.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 P. Jordan -- The mushroom guide and identifier. 2010. Hermes House. ISBN 978-1-84038-574-8. pp. 100-113.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 W. Rubel & D. Arora -- A study of cultural bias in field guide determinations of mushroom edibility using the iconic mushroom, Amanita muscaria, as an example. 2008. Economic Botany vol. 62 no. 3. pp. 223-243. Available here and here.
