Difference between revisions of "Columbus Crater"

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Columbus Crater is a 119 km wide crater Terra Sirenum, located at 29.8° south latitude and 166.1° west longitude in the [[Memnonia quadrangle]],  and was named after Christopher Columbus<ref>https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1274</ref>
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Columbus Crater is a 119 km wide crater, located at 29.8° south latitude and 166.1° west longitude in the [[Memnonia quadrangle]],  and was named after Christopher Columbus<ref>https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1274</ref>
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Since sulfates and clay minerals have been discovered within Columbus Crater it is believed that a lake once existed in the crater.  These minerals need water to form.<ref>http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15099.html#.VWyD-c9VhBc</ref><ref>Wray, J., R. Milliken, C. Dundas, G. Swayze, J.  Andrews-Hanna, A. Baldridge, M. Chojnacki, J. Bishop, B. Ehlmann, S. Murchie, R. Clark, F. Seelos, L. Tornabene, and S. Squyres.  2011.  Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars.  Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets  DOI: 10.1029/2010JE003694</ref>  These were found using  an orbiting near-infrared spectrometer.  Spectrometers reveal the types of minerals present based on the wavelengths of light they absorb.    These minerals would appear if a large lake had slowly evaporated.<ref>Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.).  2010.  Lakes on Mars.  Elsevier.NY.</ref>  <ref>Wray, J. et al.  2009.  Columbus Crater and other possible plaelakes in Terra Sirenum, Mars.  Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.  40: 1896.</ref>   The discovery of some layers containing gypsum, a sulfate which forms in relatively fresh water, it is thought that life could have formed in the crater.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091125-mars-crater-lake-michigan-water_2.html</ref>
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Since sulfates and clay minerals have been discovered within Columbus Crater it is believed that a lake once existed in the crater.  These minerals need water to form.<ref>http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15099.html#.VWyD-c9VhBc</ref><ref>Wray, J., R. Milliken, C. Dundas, G. Swayze, J.  Andrews-Hanna, A. Baldridge, M. Chojnacki, J. Bishop, B. Ehlmann, S. Murchie, R. Clark, F. Seelos, L. Tornabene, and S. Squyres.  2011.  Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars.  Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets  DOI: 10.1029/2010JE003694</ref>  These were found using  an orbiting near-infrared spectrometer.  Spectrometers reveal the types of minerals present based on the wavelengths of light they absorb.    These minerals would appear if a large lake had slowly evaporated.<ref>Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.).  2010.  Lakes on Mars.  Elsevier.NY.</ref>  <ref>Wray, J. et al.  2009.  Columbus Crater and other possible plaelakes in Terra Sirenum, Mars.  Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.  40: 1896.</ref>
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Chemicals called polyhydrated sulfates were detected on the crater walls and monohydrated sulfates
 +
on the floor.  This is what would happen if evaporation or freezing had lowered the lake level and
 +
yielded a concentrated brine.  The monohydrated sulfates would be deposited when they became more concentrated when the lake waters had greatly went down.  Both of these substances require water for their formation.  The polyhydrated sulfates form a ring near the top of the crater walls--like a bathtub ring.<ref>https://authors.library.caltech.edu/34916/1/2010JE003694.pdf</ref> <ref>Wray, J.  et al.  2011.  Columbus crater and other possible groundwater‐fed paleolakes
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of Terra Sirenum, Mars.  JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116, E01001</ref>
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Because some layers contain gypsum, a sulfate which forms in relatively fresh water, it is thought that life could have formed in the crater.<ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091125-mars-crater-lake-michigan-water_2.html</ref>
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[[File:52438cameramap.jpg|thumb|600px|center|Map showing the relative positions of Columbus Crater and other nearby craters in [[Memnonia quadrangle]]
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]]
  
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<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">
 
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52438cameramap.jpg|Map showing the relative positions of Columbus Crater and other nearby craters in [[Memnonia quadrangle]]
 
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</gallery>
 
  
 
==Other minerals==
 
==Other minerals==
  
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In the layers, or strata, of Columbus Crater, the CRISM instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found kaolinite, hydrated sulfates including alunite and possibly Jarosite]].<ref>Murchie, S. et al.  2009.  A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.  Journal of Geophysical Research: 114.</ref> Further study concluded that gypsum, polyhydrated and monohydrated Mg/Fe-sulfates were common and small deposits of montmorillonite, Fe/Mg-phyllosilicates, and crystalline ferric oxide or hydroxide were also found. Thermal emission spectra hint that some minerals were present in the tens of percent range.<ref>https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035986</ref> <ref>Wray, J., R. Milliken, C. Dundas, G. Swayze, J.  Andrews-Hanna, A. Baldridge, M. Chojnacki, J. Bishop, B. Ehlmann, S. Murchie, R. Clark, F. Seelos, L. Tornabene, and S. Squyres.  2011.  Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars.  Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets  DOI: 10.1029/2010JE003694</ref>
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In the layers, or strata, of Columbus Crater, the CRISM instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found kaolinite, hydrated sulfates including alunite and possibly Jarosite.<ref>Murchie, S. et al.  2009.  A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.  Journal of Geophysical Research: 114.</ref> Further study concluded that gypsum, polyhydrated and monohydrated Mg/Fe-sulfates were common and small deposits of montmorillonite, Fe/Mg-phyllosilicates, and crystalline ferric oxide or hydroxide were also found. Thermal emission spectra hint that some minerals were present in the tens of percent range.<ref>https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035986</ref> <ref>Wray, J., R. Milliken, C. Dundas, G. Swayze, J.  Andrews-Hanna, A. Baldridge, M. Chojnacki, J. Bishop, B. Ehlmann, S. Murchie, R. Clark, F. Seelos, L. Tornabene, and S. Squyres.  2011.  Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars.  Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets  DOI: 10.1029/2010JE003694</ref>
  
 
<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">
 
<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">
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Image:Columbus Crater Layers.JPG|Columbus Crater Layers, as seen by HiRISE.  This false-color image is about 800 feet across.  Some of the layers contain hydrated minerals.
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Image:Columbus Crater close-up.jpg|Close-up of Columbus Crater, as seen by HiRISE
 
Image:Columbus Crater close-up.jpg|Close-up of Columbus Crater, as seen by HiRISE
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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[[Image:Columbus Crater Layers.JPG|thumb|600px|center|Columbus Crater Layers, as seen by HiRISE.  This false-color image is about 800 feet across.  Some of the layers contain hydrated minerals. ]]
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
  
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*[[Curiosity]]
 
*[[High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)]]
 
*[[High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)]]
 
*[[Holden Crater]]
 
*[[Holden Crater]]
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*[[Gale Crater]]
 
*[[Jezero Crater]]
 
*[[Jezero Crater]]
 
*[[Lakes on Mars]]
 
*[[Lakes on Mars]]
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*[[Memnonia quadrangle]]
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*[[Ritchey Crater]]
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
 +
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
 +
 +
==External links==
 +
 +
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars  Lakes on Mars]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rbnvdWk3eg The Lakes and Rivers of Ancient Mars]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DGBbke1wJRk Lakes on Mars - Nathalie Cabrol (SETI Talks)]
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWcdAvFN_q0 James Wray - The Search for Water and Life on Mars (and Beyond) (November 15, 2018)]
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJk0hS4_gz4 Water on Mars and the Potential for Martian Life]
 +
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* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiT02piO40c The Geological History of Water on Mars and Astrobiological Implications (Vic Baker)]

Latest revision as of 09:14, 18 September 2021

Mars topography (MOLA dataset) HiRes (1).jpg

Columbus Crater is a 119 km wide crater, located at 29.8° south latitude and 166.1° west longitude in the Memnonia quadrangle, and was named after Christopher Columbus[1] Since sulfates and clay minerals have been discovered within Columbus Crater it is believed that a lake once existed in the crater. These minerals need water to form.[2][3] These were found using an orbiting near-infrared spectrometer. Spectrometers reveal the types of minerals present based on the wavelengths of light they absorb. These minerals would appear if a large lake had slowly evaporated.[4] [5]

Chemicals called polyhydrated sulfates were detected on the crater walls and monohydrated sulfates on the floor. This is what would happen if evaporation or freezing had lowered the lake level and yielded a concentrated brine. The monohydrated sulfates would be deposited when they became more concentrated when the lake waters had greatly went down. Both of these substances require water for their formation. The polyhydrated sulfates form a ring near the top of the crater walls--like a bathtub ring.[6] [7]

Because some layers contain gypsum, a sulfate which forms in relatively fresh water, it is thought that life could have formed in the crater.[8]


Map showing the relative positions of Columbus Crater and other nearby craters in Memnonia quadrangle


Other minerals

In the layers, or strata, of Columbus Crater, the CRISM instrument on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found kaolinite, hydrated sulfates including alunite and possibly Jarosite.[9] Further study concluded that gypsum, polyhydrated and monohydrated Mg/Fe-sulfates were common and small deposits of montmorillonite, Fe/Mg-phyllosilicates, and crystalline ferric oxide or hydroxide were also found. Thermal emission spectra hint that some minerals were present in the tens of percent range.[10] [11]

  • Close-up of Columbus Crater, as seen by HiRISE

Columbus Crater Layers, as seen by HiRISE. This false-color image is about 800 feet across. Some of the layers contain hydrated minerals.

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/1274
  2. ↑ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15099.html#.VWyD-c9VhBc
  3. ↑ Wray, J., R. Milliken, C. Dundas, G. Swayze, J. Andrews-Hanna, A. Baldridge, M. Chojnacki, J. Bishop, B. Ehlmann, S. Murchie, R. Clark, F. Seelos, L. Tornabene, and S. Squyres. 2011. Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets DOI: 10.1029/2010JE003694
  4. ↑ Cabrol, N. and E. Grin (eds.). 2010. Lakes on Mars. Elsevier.NY.
  5. ↑ Wray, J. et al. 2009. Columbus Crater and other possible plaelakes in Terra Sirenum, Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 40: 1896.
  6. ↑ https://authors.library.caltech.edu/34916/1/2010JE003694.pdf
  7. ↑ Wray, J. et al. 2011. Columbus crater and other possible groundwater‐fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 116, E01001
  8. ↑ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/11/091125-mars-crater-lake-michigan-water_2.html
  9. ↑ Murchie, S. et al. 2009. A synthesis of Martian aqueous mineralogy after 1 Mars year of observations from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Journal of Geophysical Research: 114.
  10. ↑ https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70035986
  11. ↑ Wray, J., R. Milliken, C. Dundas, G. Swayze, J. Andrews-Hanna, A. Baldridge, M. Chojnacki, J. Bishop, B. Ehlmann, S. Murchie, R. Clark, F. Seelos, L. Tornabene, and S. Squyres. 2011. Columbus crater and other possible groundwater-fed paleolakes of Terra Sirenum, Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets DOI: 10.1029/2010JE003694

External links

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