Difference between revisions of "Dark slope streaks"

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[[File:Fan-shaped Streaks ESP 012410 1835cropped.jpg|600pxr|right|Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE]]
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Dark slope streaks are found on Mars on dust-covered slopes often near the equator.
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[[File:ESP 061648 1895streaks.jpg|600pxr|Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE.]]
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                                        Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE
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[[File:Fan-shaped Streaks ESP 012410 1835cropped.jpg|300px|right|Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE]]
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Dark slope streaks are found on Mars on dust-covered slopes often near the equator; they are believed to be avalanches involving bright Martian dust moving down slope and exposing the dark underlying rock.  However, some researchers suggest that water may be involved.<ref>A. Bhardwaj, L. Sam, F.J. Martín-Torres, M.P. Zorzano.  2019.  Are slope streaks indicative of global-scale aqueous processes on contemporary Mars?
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Rev. Geophys.  10.1029/2018RG000617</ref>
  
 
==Appearance==
 
==Appearance==
  
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Perhaps, some of the prettiest landscapes on Mars, dark slope streaks are found on dust-covered slopes, particular near the equator.<ref name=Chuang10>Chuang, F.C.; Beyer, R.A.; Bridges, N.T. (2010). Modification of Martian Slope Streaks by Eolian Processes. ''Icarus,'' '''205''' 154–164.</ref>  However, much of their beauty is from the way images are processed. Scientists set the darkest part of the image to black to more easily see detail, but this darkest part is unlikely to actually be black. Streaks are actually only about 10% darker than their surroundings.  <ref>Sullivan, R. et al.  2001.   Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.</ref>
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Dark slope streaks are found on dust-covered slopes, particular near the equator.<ref name="Chuang10">Chuang, F.C.; Beyer, R.A.; Bridges, N.T. (2010). Modification of Martian Slope Streaks by Eolian Processes. ''Icarus,'' '''205''' 154–164.</ref>  They have never been observed on the Earth.<ref>Heyer, T., et al.  2019.  Seasonal formation rates of martian slope streaks.  Icarus </ref>
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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The streaks start out only about 10% darker than their surroundings.<ref>Sullivan, R. et al.  2001.  Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.</ref> Many images of the streaks have been post-processed to bring out more detail and appear much darker. Over time these streaks tend to get lighter as the brighter Martian dust settles from the atmosphere. The darker ones are the newest.
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Typically, streaks begin at a small point high on a steep slope, such as a crater wall.<ref name="Schorghofer02">Schorghofer, N.; Aharonson, O.; Khatiwala, S.  2002.  Slope Streaks on Mars: Correlations with Surface Properties and the Potential Role of Water. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.,'' '''29'''(23), 2126.</ref>  And then they  greatly widen and sometimes divide into finger-like extensions (digitation).  Obstacles, such as boulders, may cause an individual streak to split into two separate streaks or eventually form a braided (anastomosing) pattern.<ref>Chuang, F.C. et al.  2007. HiRISE Observations of Slope Streaks on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 L20204.</ref>  Slopes can change their direction.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_021976_2055</ref>  Many have a fan shape. <ref>Sullivan, R. et al.  2001.  Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.</ref>
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Streaks may be hundreds of meters long with a width of 20 to 200 meters.<ref> http://viewer.mars.asu.edu/planetview/inst/moc/M1600596#P=M1600596&T=2</ref>  Indeed, some can be over 2 kilometers long.
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<ref>Sullivan, R. et al.  2001. Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.</ref>
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<ref>Chuang, F.C.; Beyer, R.A.; Bridges, N.T.  2010.  Modification of Martian Slope Streaks by Eolian Processes. Icarus, 205 154–164.</ref>
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<ref>Baratoux, D. et al.  2006.  The Role of the Wind-Transported Dust in Slope Streaks Activity: Evidence from the HRSC Data. Icarus, 183 30–45.</ref>
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<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">
 
File:PIA22240slopstreaks.jpg | Close view of dark slope streaks
 
File:PIA22240slopstreaks.jpg | Close view of dark slope streaks
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</gallery>
 
  
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Typically, streaks begin at a small point high on a steep slope, such as a crater wall.<ref name= Schorghofer02>Schorghofer, N.; Aharonson, O.; Khatiwala, S.  2002.  Slope Streaks on Mars: Correlations with Surface Properties and the Potential Role of Water. ''Geophys. Res. Lett.,'' '''29'''(23), 2126.</ref>  And then they  greatly widen and sometimes divide into finger-like extensions (digitation).  Obstacles, such as boulders, may cause an individual streak to split into two separate streaks or eventually form a braided (anastomosing) pattern.<ref> Chuang, F.C. et al.  2007. HiRISE Observations of Slope Streaks on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 L20204.</ref>  Many have a fan shape. <ref> Sullivan, R. et al.  2001.  Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.</ref>
 
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
 
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File:55107 1930streaksclose.jpg|Streak being affected by boulders. Arrows indicate boulders and resulting effect on streak.
 
 
File:55480 2060streaksobstacles.jpg|Close view of streak showing boulders causing streak to divide
 
File:55480 2060streaksobstacles.jpg|Close view of streak showing boulders causing streak to divide
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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Streaks may be hundreds of meters long with a width of 20 to 200 meters.  Indeed, some can be over 2 kilometers long.  
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[[File:55107 1930streaksclose.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Streak being affected by boulders. Arrows indicate boulders and resulting effect on streak.]]
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<ref> Sullivan, R. et al.  2001.  Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.</ref>
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<ref> Chuang, F.C.; Beyer, R.A.; Bridges, N.T.  2010.  Modification of Martian Slope Streaks by Eolian Processes. Icarus, 205 154–164.</ref>
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[[File:70288 1960craterstreaks.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Dark slope streaks in crater, as seen by HiRISE, under HiWish program]]
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<ref> Baratoux, D. et al.  2006.  The Role of the Wind-Transported Dust in Slope Streaks Activity: Evidence from the HRSC Data. Icarus, 183 30–45.</ref>
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==How long do they last?==
  
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== How long do they last? ==
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Thanks to the many excellent cameras that we have placed in orbit over many decades, we have a history of how the Martian surface changes.  Dark slope streaks are some of the most changing parts of Mars.  They were discovered in Viking Orbiter pictures from the 1970.<ref name="Morris82">Morris, E.C. (1982). Aureole Deposits of the Martian Volcano Olympus Mons. ''J. Geophys. Res.,'' '''87'''(B2), 1164–1178.</ref> <ref name="Ferguson84">Ferguson,H.M.; Lucchitta, B.K. (1984). Dark Streaks on Talus Slopes, Mars in ''Reports of the Planetary Geology Program 1983, NASA Tech. Memo., TM-86246,'' pp. 188–190. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19840015363_1984015363.pdf.</ref>  When images from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft are compared, the life history of streaks can be precisely determined.<ref>Sullivan, R. et al. (2001). Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633. </ref> <ref name="Chuang07">Chuang, F.C. et al.  2007.  HiRISE Observations of Slope Streaks on Mars. 'Geophys. Res. Lett.  34 L20204.</ref> <ref>Dundas, C. 2018. HIRISE OBSERVATIONS OF NEW MARTIAN SLOPE STREAKS. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2026.pdf</ref> <ref>Malin, M.C.; Edgett, K.S. (2001). Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,429–23,570.</ref> <ref>Edgett, K.S.; Malin, M.C.; Sullivan, R.J.; Thomas, P.; Veverka, J. (2000). Dynamic Mars: New Dark Slope Streaks Observed on Annual and Decadal Time Scales. 31st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1058. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1058.pdf.</ref>
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Thanks to the many excellent cameras that we have placed in orbit over many decades, we have a history of how the Martian surface changes.  Dark slope streaks are some of the most changing parts of Mars.  They were discovered in Viking Orbiter pictures from the 1970,<ref name=Morris82>Morris, E.C. (1982). Aureole Deposits of the Martian Volcano Olympus Mons. ''J. Geophys. Res.,'' '''87'''(B2), 1164–1178.</ref> <ref name=Ferguson84>Ferguson,H.M.; Lucchitta, B.K. (1984). Dark Streaks on Talus Slopes, Mars in ''Reports of the Planetary Geology Program 1983, NASA Tech. Memo., TM-86246,'' pp. 188–190. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19840015363_1984015363.pdf.</ref>  When images from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft are examined, the life history of streaks can be precisely determined.<ref>Sullivan, R. et al. (2001). Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633. </ref> <ref name=Chuang07>Chuang, F.C. et al.  2007.  HiRISE Observations of Slope Streaks on Mars. 'Geophys. Res. Lett.  34 L20204.</ref> <ref>Dundas, C. 2018. HIRISE OBSERVATIONS OF NEW MARTIAN SLOPE STREAKS. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2026.pdf</ref> <ref> Malin, M.C.; Edgett, K.S. (2001). Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,429–23,570.</ref>  
 
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<ref> Edgett, K.S.; Malin, M.C.; Sullivan, R.J.; Thomas, P.; Veverka, J. (2000). Dynamic Mars: New Dark Slope Streaks Observed on Annual and Decadal Time Scales. 31st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1058. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1058.pdf.</ref>
 
  
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[[File:New Streaks Formed PIA02379.jpg|right|thumb|320px|New slope streaks formed near Apollinaris Mons between February 1998 and November 1999, as seen by Mars Orbital Camera (MOC).]]
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One analysis concluded that 70 streaks per day may form on the planet.  The research team compared overlapping  images from Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera that were spaced days to years apart. <ref>Aharonson, O.; Schorghofer, N.; Gerstell, M.F. (2003). Slope Streak Formation and Dust Deposition Rates on Mars. J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 5138, doi:10.1029/2003JE002123. </ref>
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Dark slope streaks are constantly forming and fading.  The darker ones are the youngest.  Fading is accomplished by settling of bright dust in the Martian atmosphere.  When researches looked at a small area (Lycus Sulci) on Mars with both Viking images and recent CTX images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, they found that the ones seen in Viking photos were gone, however, new streaks have taken their place.  Their calculations indicated that slope streaks last about 40 years <ref>Bergonio, J., K. Rottas, and N. Schorghofer. 2013. Properties of martian slope streak populations: 225.  Icarus: 194-199.</ref>
  
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One analysis concluded that 70 streaks per day may form on the planet.  The research team compared overlapping  images from Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera that were spaced days to years apart.  <ref> Aharonson, O.; Schorghofer, N.; Gerstell, M.F. (2003). Slope Streak Formation and Dust Deposition Rates on Mars. J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 5138, doi:10.1029/2003JE002123. </ref>
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It is believed that during Mars' global dust storms many - perhaps most - streaks and other features are erased during these occosional occurences.<ref>Aharonson, O.; Schorghofer, N.; Gerstell, M.F.  2003. S lope Streak Formation and Dust Deposition Rates on Mars. J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 5138, doi:10.1029/2003JE002123.</ref> <ref>Schorghofer, Aharonson, O.; Gerstell, M.F.; Tatsumi, L.  2007.  Three Decades of Slope Streak Activity on Mars.  Icarus:  191, 132–140.  doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.026.</ref>
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Dark slope streaks are constantly forming and fading.  The darker ones are the youngest.  Fading is accomplished by settling of bright dust in the Martian atmosphere.  When researches looked at a small area (Lycus Sulci) on Mars with both Viking images and recent CTX images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, they found that the ones seen in Viking photos were gone, however, new streaks have taken their place.  Their calculations indicated that slope streaks last about 40 years <ref> Bergonio, J., K. Rottas, and N. Schorghofer. 2013. Properties of martian slope streak populations: 225.  Icarus: 194-199.</ref>  From time to time the entire globe of Mars is enveloped in a dust storm.  Many, perhaps most streaks and other features are erased during those periods.<ref> Aharonson, O.; Schorghofer, N.; Gerstell, M.F.  2003. S lope Streak Formation and Dust Deposition Rates on Mars. J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 5138, doi:10.1029/2003JE002123.</ref> <ref> Schorghofer, Aharonson, O.; Gerstell, M.F.; Tatsumi, L.  2007.  Three Decades of Slope Streak Activity on Mars.  Icarus:  191, 132–140.  doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.026.</ref>
 
  
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<gallery class="center"  widths="190px" heights="180px">
 
  
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File:23677streakslabeled.jpg|Young and old dark slope streaks with origins labeled.
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[[File:New Streaks Formed PIA02379.jpg|left|thumb|400px|New slope streaks formed near Apollinaris Mons between February 1998 and November 1999, as seen by Mars Orbital Camera (MOC).]]
  
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File: PIA03170 fig1duststroms.jpg|Mars without a dust storm on June 2001 (on left) and with a global dust storm on July 2001 (on right), as seen by Mars Global Surveyor
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</gallery>
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[[File:23677streakslabeled.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Young and old dark slope streaks with origins labeled.]]
  
 
==What causes dark slope streaks?==
 
==What causes dark slope streaks?==
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Although many ideas have been put forward to explain slope streaks, the general opinion today is that they are simply avalanches of bright dust.<ref> Treiman, A.H.; Louge, M.Y. (2004). Martian Slope Streaks and Gullies: Origins as Dry Granular Flows. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1323. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1323.p</ref>  Nearly all of Mars is covered with a thin, bright dust.  On steep slopes this layer of dust can move away and reveal a dark surface.  The dark volcanic rock basalt lies under the lighter-toned dust which falls out of the atmosphere.
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With the long term observations from orbit, researchers have noticed that strikes by meteorites can start the process of slope formation.<ref> http://www.uahirise.org/epo/nuggets/dust-avalanche.pdf</ref> <ref>https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_054066_1920</ref>  Moreover, even the air blast from an oncoming strike can trigger clusters of slopes to form.<ref>Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar.  2012.  Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars  Icarus:  217 (1) 194 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026</ref>
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Although many ideas have been put forward to explain slope streaks, the general opinion today is that they are simply avalanches of darker colored dust.<ref>https://www.uahirise.org/hipod/ESP_022991_2070</ref>  <ref>https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_009192_1890</ref> <ref>Treiman, A.H.; Louge, M.Y. (2004). Martian Slope Streaks and Gullies: Origins as Dry Granular Flows. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1323. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1323.pdf</ref>  Nearly all of Mars is covered with a thin, bright dust.  On steep slopes this layer of dust can move away and reveal a dark surface.  The dark volcanic rock basalt lies under the lighter-toned dust which falls out of the atmosphere.
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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With the long term observations from orbit, researchers have noticed that strikes by meteorites can start the process of slope formation.<ref>http://www.uahirise.org/epo/nuggets/dust-avalanche.pdf</ref> <ref>https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_054066_1920</ref>  Moreover, even the air blast from an oncoming strike can trigger clusters of slopes to form.<ref>Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar.  2012.  Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars  Icarus:  217 (1) 194 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026</ref>
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However, some researchers have put forth a "wet model" in which liquid water is involved.<ref>Junior, C. and T. Statella.  2023.  Monitoring martian slope streaks in the northeast of Lysus sulci.  Icarus.  406: 115737.</ref> <ref>Bhardwaj, A., et al.  2018.  Are Slope Streaks Indicative of Global-Scale Aqueous Processes on Contemporary Mars?  Reviews of Geophysics:  Volume 57, Issue 1 p. 48-77</ref>
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Although event like meteorite impact nearby can trigger the formation of streaks, surface temperature and wind velocity may be connected to dark slope streak formation.  This conclusion was described in a recent article in the journal Icarus.<ref>Heyer, T., et al.  2019.  Seasonal formation rates of martian slope streaks.  Icarus </ref>  It has been found that streaks can start when dry ice in the ground turns into a gas.  Dry ice turning into a gas can make a wind that disturbs the dust; thus starting it to move down a slope.  Dry ice can form under the surface as temperature drops.<ref>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JE006988</ref> <ref>Lange, S., et al.  2022.  Gardening of the Martian Regolith by Diurnal CO2 Frost and the Formation of Slope Streaks.  JGR Planets.  Volume127, Issue4.  e2021JE006988</ref>
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Dust devils have been observed to start the formation of dark slope streaks.<ref>https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520303249#bb0020</ref> <ref>Heyer, T., et al.  2020.  Dust devil triggering of slope streaks on Mars.  Icarus.  Icarus
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Volume 351.  113951</ref>
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Marsquakes may be involved in starting dark slope streaks.  A team of researchers found an increase in dark slope streaks after S1222, a marsquake that was detected by the Insight lander.  The quake occured on On May 4, 2022.
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<ref>Lucas, A.  et al.  2024.  S1222a marsquake.  Icarus. Volume 411. 115942 </ref>
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<gallery class="center" widths="380px" heights="360px">
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File:ESP 054066 1920newstreak.jpg|New dark slope streak that was triggered by an impact  Location is the Arabia quadrangle
 
File:ESP 054066 1920newstreak.jpg|New dark slope streak that was triggered by an impact  Location is the Arabia quadrangle
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</gallery>
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==More views of dark slope streaks==
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<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
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File:ESP 055285 2030-animationstreaks.gif|Animation showing changes in streaks on slopes of ridges within the Olympus Mons Aureole.  The changes happened in 6 years.
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File:Mesa with dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 01.jpg|Wide view of mesas with dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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File:Mesa with dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 02.jpg|Large group of dark slope streaks along a mesa wall, as seen by HIRISE
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File:Dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 03.jpg|Close view of end of dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE
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File:Mesa with dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 04.jpg|Dark slope streaks along a mesa wall, as seen by HIRISE  Picture is about 1 km across.
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File:Dark slope streaks in Lunae Palus quadrangle, Mars 05.jpg|Close view of end of dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
 
==Other slope features==
 
==Other slope features==
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[[File:50858 1435gullies.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Image of gullies with the parts "alcove", "channel", and "apron" labelled.  Picture was taken by HiRISE under HiWish program.]]
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Several features are common on slopes on Mars.  The surface of Mars is billions of years old in most  
 
Several features are common on slopes on Mars.  The surface of Mars is billions of years old in most  
 
places.  Consequently, it has accumulated many steep slopes, especially in craters and canyons.  Although streaks, gullies, and recurring slope lineae all occur on slopes, they have different origins.   
 
places.  Consequently, it has accumulated many steep slopes, especially in craters and canyons.  Although streaks, gullies, and recurring slope lineae all occur on slopes, they have different origins.   
 
[[Martian gullies]] show up in certain zones.  However, unlike dark slope streaks they go fairly deep into the surface and are not erased by falling dust over time.  Their origin is still debated.  For over a decade they were believed to be formed by recent, flowing water.  
 
[[Martian gullies]] show up in certain zones.  However, unlike dark slope streaks they go fairly deep into the surface and are not erased by falling dust over time.  Their origin is still debated.  For over a decade they were believed to be formed by recent, flowing water.  
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<ref>Malin, M.; Edgett, K. (2000). "Evidence for recent groundwater seepage and surface runoff on Mars". Science. 288: 2330–2335.</ref>
 
<ref>Malin, M.; Edgett, K. (2000). "Evidence for recent groundwater seepage and surface runoff on Mars". Science. 288: 2330–2335.</ref>
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<ref> Luu, K., et al. 2018. GULLY FORMATION ON THE NORTHWESTERN SLOPE OF PALIKIR CRATER, MARS 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2650.pdf</ref>   
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<ref>Luu, K., et al. 2018. GULLY FORMATION ON THE NORTHWESTERN SLOPE OF PALIKIR CRATER, MARS 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2650.pdf</ref>   
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<ref> Hamid, S., V. Gulick. 2018. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GULLIES ALONG WESTERN SLOPES OF PALIKIR CRATER. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2644.pdf</ref>   
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<ref>Hamid, S., V. Gulick. 2018. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GULLIES ALONG WESTERN SLOPES OF PALIKIR CRATER. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2644.pdf</ref>   
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<ref> Tyler Paladin, T., et al. 2018. INSIGHTS INTO THE FORMATION OF GULLIES IN ASIMOV CRATER, MARS. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2889.pdf</ref>      Now, new observations suggest that gullies are being made today by chunks of dry ice moving down steep slopes in the spring.  
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<ref>Tyler Paladin, T., et al. 2018. INSIGHTS INTO THE FORMATION OF GULLIES IN ASIMOV CRATER, MARS. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2889.pdf</ref>      Now, new observations suggest that gullies are being made today by chunks of dry ice moving down steep slopes in the spring.  
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<ref> Dundas, C., S. Diniega, A. McEwen. 2015. Long-term monitoring of martian gully formation and evolution with MRO/HiRISE. Icarus: 251, 244–263</ref>   
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<ref>Dundas, C., S. Diniega, A. McEwen. 2015. Long-term monitoring of martian gully formation and evolution with MRO/HiRISE. Icarus: 251, 244–263</ref>   
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<ref>   Fergason, R., C. Dundas, R. Anderson. 2015. IN-DEPTH REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACTIVE GULLIES ON MARS. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2009.pdf</ref>   
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<ref>Fergason, R., C. Dundas, R. Anderson. 2015. IN-DEPTH REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACTIVE GULLIES ON MARS. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2009.pdf</ref>   
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<ref>   Dundas, C. et al. 2016. HOW WET IS RECENT MARS? INSIGHTS FROM GULLIES AND RSL. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016) 2327.pdf. </ref>   
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<ref>Dundas, C. et al. 2016. HOW WET IS RECENT MARS? INSIGHTS FROM GULLIES AND RSL. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016) 2327.pdf. </ref>   
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<ref> Vincendon, M.  2015.  Identification of Mars gully activity
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<ref>Vincendon, M.  2015.  Identification of Mars gully activity
 
types associated with ice composition.JGR:120, 1859–1879. </ref>   
 
types associated with ice composition.JGR:120, 1859–1879. </ref>   
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<ref> Raack, J.; et al. (2015). "Present-day seasonal gully activity in a south polar pit (Sisyphi Cavi) on Mars". Icarus. 251: 226–243. Bibcode:2015Icar..251..226R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.040. </ref>   
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<ref>Raack, J.; et al. (2015). "Present-day seasonal gully activity in a south polar pit (Sisyphi Cavi) on Mars". Icarus. 251: 226–243. Bibcode:2015Icar..251..226R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.040. </ref>   
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<ref>   http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_044327_1375</ref>   
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<ref>http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_044327_1375</ref>   
−
<ref>   C. Pilorget, C., F. Forget. 2015. "CO2 Driven Formation of Gullies on Mars." 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2471.pdf</ref>   
+
<ref>C. Pilorget, C., F. Forget. 2015. "CO2 Driven Formation of Gullies on Mars." 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2471.pdf</ref>   
−
<ref> Pilorget, C.; Forget, F. (2016). "Formation of gullies on Mars by debris flows triggered by CO2 sublimation". Nature Geoscience. 9: 65–69. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9...65P. </ref>   
+
<ref>Pilorget, C.; Forget, F. (2016). "Formation of gullies on Mars by debris flows triggered by CO2 sublimation". Nature Geoscience. 9: 65–69. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9...65P. </ref>   
−
As the map below shows gullies and streaks are found in different areas on the planet.
+
 
−
<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
+
Gullies and streaks are found in different areas on the planet. While the streaks are towards the equator, gullies are often found in the middle northern and southern hemispheres.
−
File:Streak Locations PIA09030.jpg|Map showing locations of gullies (brown) and streaks (pink)
+
 
−
</gallery>
+
Like gullies and streaks, recurring slope lineae are seen on steep slopes, but they are smaller, more narrow, and straighter.  Since they seem to lengthen as the temperature increases, they were believed to be involved with liquid water.<ref>Stillman, D., et al.  2017.  Characteristics of the numerous and widespread recurring slope lineae (RSL) in Valles Marineris, Mars.  Icarus.  Volume 285.  Pages 195-210</ref> <ref>McEwen, A. et al.  2011.  Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes. Science, 333(6043), 740–743. doi:10.1126/science.1204816 PMID 21817049. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/740. </ref> 
 +
<ref>Mann, Adam (18 February 2014). "Strange Dark Streaks on Mars Get More and More Mysterious". Wired. Retrieved 18 February 2014. </ref> 
 +
<ref>Chang, K.  2011.  "Scientists Find Signs Water Is Flowing on Mars," New York Times, August 4, A13. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/science/space/05mars.html?_r=1&ref=marsplanet. </ref> 
 +
<ref>HiRISE website. Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes. http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/sim/science-2011-aug-4.php. </ref>
 +
<ref>McEwen, A. Ojha L.; Dundas C.; Mattson, S.; Byrne S.; Wray J.; Cull S.; Murchie S.  2011.  Transient Slope Lineae: Evidence for Summertime Briny Flows on Mars? 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #2314. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2314.pdf. </ref> 
 +
Nevertheless, later studies showed that very little water, if any, could be involved.<ref>Dundas, C., et al. 2017.  Granular Flows at Recurring Slope Lineae on Mars Indicate a Limited Role for Liquid Water. Nature Geoscience. Nov. 20. [1].</ref> <ref>Schaefer, E., et al.  2018.  A case study of recurring slope lineae (RSL) at Tivat crater: Implications for RSL origins. Icarus: In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.07.014</ref> <ref>https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/6/eabe4459</ref> <ref>https://www.livescience.com/mars-mysterious-dark-streaks-landslides.html?utm_source=Selligent&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=LVS_newsletter&utm_content=LVS_newsletter+&utm_term=2946561</ref> <ref>Mason, D. and
 +
L. Scuderi.  2023.  Interweaving RSL on Mars: Do They Support a Wet Hypothesis?  54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2023 (LPI Contrib. No. 2806).  1703.pdf</ref>  As more and more observations were gathered, researchers leaned more and more to liquid water not being involved with these types of streaks.  Since there are more streaks when more dust devils are present, researchers think wind may be involved.<ref>https://www.space.com/mars-dark-streaks-probably-not-water?utm_source=Selligent&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=SDC_Newsletter&utm_content=SDC_Newsletter+&utm_term=2946561</ref> <ref>McEwen, A., et al.  2021.  Mars: Abundant Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) Following the Planet‐Encircling Dust Event (PEDE) of 2018.  JGR Planets</ref>
 +
 
  
−
[[File:50858 1435gullies.jpg|600pxr|Image of gullies with main parts labeled.  The main parts of a Martian gully are alcove, channel, and apron.  Picture was taken by HiRISE under HiWish program.]]
+
[[File:Streak Locations PIA09030.jpg|left|400px|Map showing locations of gullies (brown) and streaks (pink)]]
  
−
Like gullies and streaks, recurring slope lineae are seen on steep slopes, but they are smaller, more narrow, and straighter.  Since they seem to lengthen as the temperature increases, they were believed to be involved with liquid water.  <ref>  McEwen, A. et al.  2011.  Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes. Science, 333(6043), 740–743. doi:10.1126/science.1204816 PMID 21817049. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/740. </ref> 
+
[[File:Oblique View of Warm Season Flows in Newton Crater.jpg|center|thumb|400px|Recurrent slope lineae, as seen by HiRISE]]
−
<ref>  Mann, Adam (18 February 2014). "Strange Dark Streaks on Mars Get More and More Mysterious". Wired. Retrieved 18 February 2014. </ref> 
 
−
<ref>  Chang, K.  2011.  "Scientists Find Signs Water Is Flowing on Mars," New York Times, August 4, A13. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/science/space/05mars.html?_r=1&ref=marsplanet. </ref> 
 
−
<ref>  HiRISE website. Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes. http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/sim/science-2011-aug-4.php. </ref> 
 
−
<ref>  McEwen, A. Ojha L.; Dundas C.; Mattson, S.; Byrne S.; Wray J.; Cull S.; Murchie S.  2011.  Transient Slope Lineae: Evidence for Summertime Briny Flows on Mars? 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #2314. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2314.pdf. </ref> 
 
−
Nevertheless, later studies showed that very little water, if any, could be involved.<ref>Dundas, C., et al.  2017.  Granular Flows at Recurring Slope Lineae on Mars Indicate a Limited Role for Liquid Water. Nature Geoscience. Nov. 20. [1].</ref> <ref>Schaefer, E., et al.  2018.  A case study of recurring slope lineae (RSL) at Tivat crater: Implications for RSL origins. Icarus: In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.07.014</ref>
 
−
<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
 
−
File:Oblique View of Warm Season Flows in Newton Crater.jpg|Recurrent slop lineae, as seen by HiRISE
 
−
</gallery>
 
  
−
== References ==
+
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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* [[Martian gullies]]
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*[[High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)]]
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* [[What Mars Actually Looks Like! ]]  
+
*[[Martian gullies]]
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== External links ==
+
*[[What Mars Actually Looks Like! ]]
−
* [[yt:_sUUKcZaTgA|Martian Ice - Jim Secosky - 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention]]
+
 
 +
==External links==
 +
 
 +
*[[yt:_sUUKcZaTgA|Martian Ice - Jim Secosky - 16th Annual International Mars Society Convention]]
 +
 
 +
*[https://static.uahirise.org/images/2020/details/cut/ESP_063204_1800.gif Looking for Slope Streaks]
 +
 
 +
* Lucas, A.  et al.  2024.  S1222a marsquake.  Icarus. Volume 411. 115942
 +
[[Category: Geologic Processes]]

Latest revision as of 09:54, 14 January 2024


Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE. 

                                        Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE
Dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE

Dark slope streaks are found on Mars on dust-covered slopes often near the equator; they are believed to be avalanches involving bright Martian dust moving down slope and exposing the dark underlying rock. However, some researchers suggest that water may be involved.[1]

Appearance

Dark slope streaks are found on dust-covered slopes, particular near the equator.[2] They have never been observed on the Earth.[3]

The streaks start out only about 10% darker than their surroundings.[4] Many images of the streaks have been post-processed to bring out more detail and appear much darker. Over time these streaks tend to get lighter as the brighter Martian dust settles from the atmosphere. The darker ones are the newest.

Typically, streaks begin at a small point high on a steep slope, such as a crater wall.[5] And then they greatly widen and sometimes divide into finger-like extensions (digitation). Obstacles, such as boulders, may cause an individual streak to split into two separate streaks or eventually form a braided (anastomosing) pattern.[6] Slopes can change their direction.[7] Many have a fan shape. [8]

Streaks may be hundreds of meters long with a width of 20 to 200 meters.[9] Indeed, some can be over 2 kilometers long. [10] [11] [12]


  • Close view of dark slope streaks

  • Close view of streak showing boulders causing streak to divide

Streak being affected by boulders. Arrows indicate boulders and resulting effect on streak.
Dark slope streaks in crater, as seen by HiRISE, under HiWish program

How long do they last?

Thanks to the many excellent cameras that we have placed in orbit over many decades, we have a history of how the Martian surface changes. Dark slope streaks are some of the most changing parts of Mars. They were discovered in Viking Orbiter pictures from the 1970.[13] [14] When images from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft are compared, the life history of streaks can be precisely determined.[15] [16] [17] [18] [19]

One analysis concluded that 70 streaks per day may form on the planet. The research team compared overlapping images from Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera that were spaced days to years apart. [20] Dark slope streaks are constantly forming and fading. The darker ones are the youngest. Fading is accomplished by settling of bright dust in the Martian atmosphere. When researches looked at a small area (Lycus Sulci) on Mars with both Viking images and recent CTX images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, they found that the ones seen in Viking photos were gone, however, new streaks have taken their place. Their calculations indicated that slope streaks last about 40 years [21]

It is believed that during Mars' global dust storms many - perhaps most - streaks and other features are erased during these occosional occurences.[22] [23]


New slope streaks formed near Apollinaris Mons between February 1998 and November 1999, as seen by Mars Orbital Camera (MOC).


Young and old dark slope streaks with origins labeled.

What causes dark slope streaks?

Although many ideas have been put forward to explain slope streaks, the general opinion today is that they are simply avalanches of darker colored dust.[24] [25] [26] Nearly all of Mars is covered with a thin, bright dust. On steep slopes this layer of dust can move away and reveal a dark surface. The dark volcanic rock basalt lies under the lighter-toned dust which falls out of the atmosphere. With the long term observations from orbit, researchers have noticed that strikes by meteorites can start the process of slope formation.[27] [28] Moreover, even the air blast from an oncoming strike can trigger clusters of slopes to form.[29] However, some researchers have put forth a "wet model" in which liquid water is involved.[30] [31]

Although event like meteorite impact nearby can trigger the formation of streaks, surface temperature and wind velocity may be connected to dark slope streak formation. This conclusion was described in a recent article in the journal Icarus.[32] It has been found that streaks can start when dry ice in the ground turns into a gas. Dry ice turning into a gas can make a wind that disturbs the dust; thus starting it to move down a slope. Dry ice can form under the surface as temperature drops.[33] [34]

Dust devils have been observed to start the formation of dark slope streaks.[35] [36]

Marsquakes may be involved in starting dark slope streaks. A team of researchers found an increase in dark slope streaks after S1222, a marsquake that was detected by the Insight lander. The quake occured on On May 4, 2022. 

[37]


  • New dark slope streak that was triggered by an impact Location is the Arabia quadrangle

More views of dark slope streaks

  • Animation showing changes in streaks on slopes of ridges within the Olympus Mons Aureole. The changes happened in 6 years.

  • Wide view of mesas with dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Large group of dark slope streaks along a mesa wall, as seen by HIRISE

  • Close view of end of dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE

  • Dark slope streaks along a mesa wall, as seen by HIRISE Picture is about 1 km across.

  • Close view of end of dark slope streaks, as seen by HiRISE

Other slope features

Image of gullies with the parts "alcove", "channel", and "apron" labelled. Picture was taken by HiRISE under HiWish program.


Several features are common on slopes on Mars. The surface of Mars is billions of years old in most places. Consequently, it has accumulated many steep slopes, especially in craters and canyons. Although streaks, gullies, and recurring slope lineae all occur on slopes, they have different origins. Martian gullies show up in certain zones. However, unlike dark slope streaks they go fairly deep into the surface and are not erased by falling dust over time. Their origin is still debated. For over a decade they were believed to be formed by recent, flowing water. [38] [39] [40] [41] Now, new observations suggest that gullies are being made today by chunks of dry ice moving down steep slopes in the spring. [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49]

Gullies and streaks are found in different areas on the planet. While the streaks are towards the equator, gullies are often found in the middle northern and southern hemispheres.

Like gullies and streaks, recurring slope lineae are seen on steep slopes, but they are smaller, more narrow, and straighter. Since they seem to lengthen as the temperature increases, they were believed to be involved with liquid water.[50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] Nevertheless, later studies showed that very little water, if any, could be involved.[56] [57] [58] [59] [60] As more and more observations were gathered, researchers leaned more and more to liquid water not being involved with these types of streaks. Since there are more streaks when more dust devils are present, researchers think wind may be involved.[61] [62]


Map showing locations of gullies (brown) and streaks (pink)
Recurrent slope lineae, as seen by HiRISE

References

  1. ↑ A. Bhardwaj, L. Sam, F.J. Martín-Torres, M.P. Zorzano. 2019. Are slope streaks indicative of global-scale aqueous processes on contemporary Mars? Rev. Geophys. 10.1029/2018RG000617
  2. ↑ Chuang, F.C.; Beyer, R.A.; Bridges, N.T. (2010). Modification of Martian Slope Streaks by Eolian Processes. Icarus, 205 154–164.
  3. ↑ Heyer, T., et al. 2019. Seasonal formation rates of martian slope streaks. Icarus
  4. ↑ Sullivan, R. et al. 2001. Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.
  5. ↑ Schorghofer, N.; Aharonson, O.; Khatiwala, S. 2002. Slope Streaks on Mars: Correlations with Surface Properties and the Potential Role of Water. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(23), 2126.
  6. ↑ Chuang, F.C. et al. 2007. HiRISE Observations of Slope Streaks on Mars. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34 L20204.
  7. ↑ https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_021976_2055
  8. ↑ Sullivan, R. et al. 2001. Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.
  9. ↑ http://viewer.mars.asu.edu/planetview/inst/moc/M1600596#P=M1600596&T=2
  10. ↑ Sullivan, R. et al. 2001. Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.
  11. ↑ Chuang, F.C.; Beyer, R.A.; Bridges, N.T. 2010. Modification of Martian Slope Streaks by Eolian Processes. Icarus, 205 154–164.
  12. ↑ Baratoux, D. et al. 2006. The Role of the Wind-Transported Dust in Slope Streaks Activity: Evidence from the HRSC Data. Icarus, 183 30–45.
  13. ↑ Morris, E.C. (1982). Aureole Deposits of the Martian Volcano Olympus Mons. J. Geophys. Res., 87(B2), 1164–1178.
  14. ↑ Ferguson,H.M.; Lucchitta, B.K. (1984). Dark Streaks on Talus Slopes, Mars in Reports of the Planetary Geology Program 1983, NASA Tech. Memo., TM-86246, pp. 188–190. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19840015363_1984015363.pdf.
  15. ↑ Sullivan, R. et al. (2001). Mass Movement Slope Streaks Imaged by the Mars Orbiter Camera. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,607–23,633.
  16. ↑ Chuang, F.C. et al. 2007. HiRISE Observations of Slope Streaks on Mars. 'Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 L20204.
  17. ↑ Dundas, C. 2018. HIRISE OBSERVATIONS OF NEW MARTIAN SLOPE STREAKS. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2026.pdf
  18. ↑ Malin, M.C.; Edgett, K.S. (2001). Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission. J. Geophys. Res., 106(E10), 23,429–23,570.
  19. ↑ Edgett, K.S.; Malin, M.C.; Sullivan, R.J.; Thomas, P.; Veverka, J. (2000). Dynamic Mars: New Dark Slope Streaks Observed on Annual and Decadal Time Scales. 31st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1058. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1058.pdf.
  20. ↑ Aharonson, O.; Schorghofer, N.; Gerstell, M.F. (2003). Slope Streak Formation and Dust Deposition Rates on Mars. J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 5138, doi:10.1029/2003JE002123.
  21. ↑ Bergonio, J., K. Rottas, and N. Schorghofer. 2013. Properties of martian slope streak populations: 225. Icarus: 194-199.
  22. ↑ Aharonson, O.; Schorghofer, N.; Gerstell, M.F. 2003. S lope Streak Formation and Dust Deposition Rates on Mars. J. Geophys. Res., 108(E12), 5138, doi:10.1029/2003JE002123.
  23. ↑ Schorghofer, Aharonson, O.; Gerstell, M.F.; Tatsumi, L. 2007. Three Decades of Slope Streak Activity on Mars. Icarus: 191, 132–140. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.04.026.
  24. ↑ https://www.uahirise.org/hipod/ESP_022991_2070
  25. ↑ https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_009192_1890
  26. ↑ Treiman, A.H.; Louge, M.Y. (2004). Martian Slope Streaks and Gullies: Origins as Dry Granular Flows. 35th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #1323. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1323.pdf
  27. ↑ http://www.uahirise.org/epo/nuggets/dust-avalanche.pdf
  28. ↑ https://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_054066_1920
  29. ↑ Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar. 2012. Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars Icarus: 217 (1) 194 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026
  30. ↑ Junior, C. and T. Statella. 2023. Monitoring martian slope streaks in the northeast of Lysus sulci. Icarus. 406: 115737.
  31. ↑ Bhardwaj, A., et al. 2018. Are Slope Streaks Indicative of Global-Scale Aqueous Processes on Contemporary Mars? Reviews of Geophysics: Volume 57, Issue 1 p. 48-77
  32. ↑ Heyer, T., et al. 2019. Seasonal formation rates of martian slope streaks. Icarus
  33. ↑ https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JE006988
  34. ↑ Lange, S., et al. 2022. Gardening of the Martian Regolith by Diurnal CO2 Frost and the Formation of Slope Streaks. JGR Planets. Volume127, Issue4. e2021JE006988
  35. ↑ https://www-sciencedirect-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S0019103520303249#bb0020
  36. ↑ Heyer, T., et al. 2020. Dust devil triggering of slope streaks on Mars. Icarus. Icarus Volume 351. 113951
  37. ↑ Lucas, A. et al. 2024. S1222a marsquake. Icarus. Volume 411. 115942
  38. ↑ Malin, M.; Edgett, K. (2000). "Evidence for recent groundwater seepage and surface runoff on Mars". Science. 288: 2330–2335.
  39. ↑ Luu, K., et al. 2018. GULLY FORMATION ON THE NORTHWESTERN SLOPE OF PALIKIR CRATER, MARS 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2650.pdf
  40. ↑ Hamid, S., V. Gulick. 2018. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF GULLIES ALONG WESTERN SLOPES OF PALIKIR CRATER. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2644.pdf
  41. ↑ Tyler Paladin, T., et al. 2018. INSIGHTS INTO THE FORMATION OF GULLIES IN ASIMOV CRATER, MARS. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083). 2889.pdf
  42. ↑ Dundas, C., S. Diniega, A. McEwen. 2015. Long-term monitoring of martian gully formation and evolution with MRO/HiRISE. Icarus: 251, 244–263
  43. ↑ Fergason, R., C. Dundas, R. Anderson. 2015. IN-DEPTH REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACTIVE GULLIES ON MARS. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2009.pdf
  44. ↑ Dundas, C. et al. 2016. HOW WET IS RECENT MARS? INSIGHTS FROM GULLIES AND RSL. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016) 2327.pdf.
  45. ↑ Vincendon, M. 2015. Identification of Mars gully activity types associated with ice composition.JGR:120, 1859–1879.
  46. ↑ Raack, J.; et al. (2015). "Present-day seasonal gully activity in a south polar pit (Sisyphi Cavi) on Mars". Icarus. 251: 226–243. Bibcode:2015Icar..251..226R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.040.
  47. ↑ http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_044327_1375
  48. ↑ C. Pilorget, C., F. Forget. 2015. "CO2 Driven Formation of Gullies on Mars." 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2471.pdf
  49. ↑ Pilorget, C.; Forget, F. (2016). "Formation of gullies on Mars by debris flows triggered by CO2 sublimation". Nature Geoscience. 9: 65–69. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9...65P.
  50. ↑ Stillman, D., et al. 2017. Characteristics of the numerous and widespread recurring slope lineae (RSL) in Valles Marineris, Mars. Icarus. Volume 285. Pages 195-210
  51. ↑ McEwen, A. et al. 2011. Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes. Science, 333(6043), 740–743. doi:10.1126/science.1204816 PMID 21817049. http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6043/740.
  52. ↑ Mann, Adam (18 February 2014). "Strange Dark Streaks on Mars Get More and More Mysterious". Wired. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
  53. ↑ Chang, K. 2011. "Scientists Find Signs Water Is Flowing on Mars," New York Times, August 4, A13. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/05/science/space/05mars.html?_r=1&ref=marsplanet.
  54. ↑ HiRISE website. Seasonal Flows on Warm Martian Slopes. http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/sim/science-2011-aug-4.php.
  55. ↑ McEwen, A. Ojha L.; Dundas C.; Mattson, S.; Byrne S.; Wray J.; Cull S.; Murchie S. 2011. Transient Slope Lineae: Evidence for Summertime Briny Flows on Mars? 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Abstract #2314. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/2314.pdf.
  56. ↑ Dundas, C., et al. 2017. Granular Flows at Recurring Slope Lineae on Mars Indicate a Limited Role for Liquid Water. Nature Geoscience. Nov. 20. [1].
  57. ↑ Schaefer, E., et al. 2018. A case study of recurring slope lineae (RSL) at Tivat crater: Implications for RSL origins. Icarus: In press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2018.07.014
  58. ↑ https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/7/6/eabe4459
  59. ↑ https://www.livescience.com/mars-mysterious-dark-streaks-landslides.html?utm_source=Selligent&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=LVS_newsletter&utm_content=LVS_newsletter+&utm_term=2946561
  60. ↑ Mason, D. and L. Scuderi. 2023. Interweaving RSL on Mars: Do They Support a Wet Hypothesis? 54th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2023 (LPI Contrib. No. 2806). 1703.pdf
  61. ↑ https://www.space.com/mars-dark-streaks-probably-not-water?utm_source=Selligent&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=SDC_Newsletter&utm_content=SDC_Newsletter+&utm_term=2946561
  62. ↑ McEwen, A., et al. 2021. Mars: Abundant Recurring Slope Lineae (RSL) Following the Planet‐Encircling Dust Event (PEDE) of 2018. JGR Planets

See also

External links

  • Lucas, A. et al. 2024. S1222a marsquake. Icarus. Volume 411. 115942
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