Difference between revisions of "Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle"

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[[Category:  Mars Atlas]]
 
[[Category:  Mars Atlas]]
  
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The Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle contains a mysterious system of interconnected canyons called Noctis Labyrinthus.  In some pictures it looks like a fancy chandelier.  The region is part of the great volcanic area known as Tharsis, Tharsis plateau, Tharsis rise, or Tharsis Bulge.  This quadrangle has a large volcano named Arsia Mons and part of another (Pavonis Mons). Pavonis Mons is good for finding locations, for it sits right on the equator. So, if you are looking at a picture of Mars, you can know for certain where the equator is--just look for the middle volcano of the three that are in a line. The names of some other parts of this quadrangle are Syria Planum, and Claritas Fossae. The classic regions Daedalia Planum, Sinai Planum, and Solis Planum are found in this quadrangle.  Phoenicis Lacus is named after the phoenix which according to myth burns itself up every 500 years and then is reborn.<ref>Blunck, J.  1982.  Mars and its Satellites.  Exposition Press.  Smithtown, N.Y.</ref>
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The Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle contains a mysterious system of interconnected canyons called Noctis Labyrinthus.  In some pictures it looks like a fancy chandelier.  The region is part of the great volcanic area known as Tharsis, Tharsis plateau, Tharsis rise, or Tharsis Bulge.  This quadrangle has a large volcano named Arsia Mons and part of another (Pavonis Mons). Pavonis Mons is good for finding locations, for it sits right on the equator. So, if you are looking at a picture of Mars, you can know for certain where the equator is--just look for the middle volcano of the three that are in a line. The names of some other parts of this quadrangle are Syria Planum, and Claritas Fossae. The classic regions Daedalia Planum, Sinai Planum, and Solis Planum are found in this quadrangle.   
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The Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle covers the area from 0° to 30° south latitude and 90° to 135° west longitude (270-225E).  The Tharsus rise, which was formed from lava flows, occupies much of the surface. The volcanoes Pavonis Mons and Arsia Mons are believed to have once had glaciers on them. Glaciers may still exist under a thin layer of rocks.<ref>http://www.mars.asu/christensen/advancedmarsclass/shean_glaciers_2005.pdf</ref>  Ice from glaciers can be a source of water for the possible future colonization of the planet.
 
  
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Besides some giant volcanoes, there are several other interesting features here including lava channels, Dark slope streaks, pits, and large troughs (called fossae). Pits in Zumba Crater are believed to be caused by hot crater ejecta creating steam after falling on ground containing ice. The pits were formed by steam rushing  out from groups of pits simultaneously, thereby blowing away from the pit ejecta.<ref>Boyce, J. et al. 2012. Origin of small pits in martian impact craters. Icarus. 221: 262-275.</ref> <ref>Tornabene, L. et al. 2012. Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars. Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process. Icarus. 220: 348-368.</ref>
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Phoenicis Lacus is named after the phoenix which according to myth burns itself up every 500 years and then is reborn.<ref>Blunck, J.  1982.  Mars and its Satellites.  Exposition Press.  Smithtown, N.Y.</ref>
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The Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle covers the area from 0° to 30° south latitude and 90° to 135° west longitude (270-225E).
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In this article, some of the best pictures from a number of spacecraft will show what the landscape looks like in this region. The origins and significance of all features will be explained as they are currently understood.
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The Tharsus rise, which was formed from lava flows, occupies much of the surface. The volcanoes Pavonis Mons and Arsia Mons are believed to have once had glaciers on them. Glaciers may still exist under a thin layer of rocks.<ref>http://www.mars.asu/christensen/advancedmarsclass/shean_glaciers_2005.pdf</ref>  Ice from glaciers can be a source of water for the possible future colonization of the planet.
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Besides some giant volcanoes, there are several other interesting features here including lava channels, dark slope streaks, pits, and large troughs (called fossae). Pits in Zumba Crater are believed to be caused by hot crater ejecta creating steam after falling on ground containing ice. The pits were formed by steam rushing  out from groups of pits simultaneously, thereby blowing away from the pit ejecta.<ref>Boyce, J. et al. 2012. Origin of small pits in martian impact craters. Icarus. 221: 262-275.</ref> <ref>Tornabene, L. et al. 2012. Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars. Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process. Icarus. 220: 348-368.</ref>
  
 
==Noctis Labyrinthus==
 
==Noctis Labyrinthus==
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Image:Part_of_Noctis_Labyrinthus_taken_with_the_Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_20060529.jpg|Part of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with Mars Global Surveyor. The rectangle indicates where a high resolution picture was taken.  Courtesy NASA/Malin Space Science Systems.
 
Image:Part_of_Noctis_Labyrinthus_taken_with_the_Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_20060529.jpg|Part of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with Mars Global Surveyor. The rectangle indicates where a high resolution picture was taken.  Courtesy NASA/Malin Space Science Systems.
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Image:Noctis_Labyrinthus.JPG|Layers in the wall of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with [[Mars Global Surveyor]],under the MOC Public Targeting Program. This image is within the rectangle in the previous image.Courtesy NASA/Malin Space Science Systems.
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Image:Noctis_Labyrinthus.JPG|Layers in the wall of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with [[Mars Global Surveyor]],under the MOC Public Targeting Program. This image is within the rectangle in the previous image.
  
 
Image:26682layersnorth.jpg|Close-up of some layers in wall of Noctis Labyrinthus
 
Image:26682layersnorth.jpg|Close-up of some layers in wall of Noctis Labyrinthus
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[[File: 28370noctis.jpg|600pxr|Layers in a section near the top of wall in Noctis Labyrinthus]]
 
[[File: 28370noctis.jpg|600pxr|Layers in a section near the top of wall in Noctis Labyrinthus]]
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                                    Layers in a section near the top of wall in Noctis Labyrinthus
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                  Layers in a section near the top of wall in Noctis Labyrinthus
  
  
 
<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
 
<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
  
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ESP 040093 1665layeredmesa.jpg|Layered mesa on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus
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ESP 040093 1665layeredmesa.jpg|Layered mesa on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus These layers may have formed with water that was at the bottom of Noctis Labyrinthus.
  
 
ESP 040093 1665white.jpg|Enlargement of a light-toned structure on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus
 
ESP 040093 1665white.jpg|Enlargement of a light-toned structure on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus
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[[File:ESP_027592_1685close.jpg|600pxr|Close-up of layers on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE [[HiWish program]]]]
 
[[File:ESP_027592_1685close.jpg|600pxr|Close-up of layers on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE [[HiWish program]]]]
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                        Close-up of layers on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE [[HiWish program]]
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              Close-up of layers on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE [[HiWish program]]
  
 
== Lava channels ==
 
== Lava channels ==
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== Dark slope streaks ==
 
== Dark slope streaks ==
  
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A picture below shows Dark slope streaks on Aganippe Fossa. Such streaks are common on Mars. They occur on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first. They get lighter with age. Sometimes they start in a tiny spot, then spread out and go for hundreds of meters. They have been seen to travel around obstacles, like boulders.  It is believed that they are avalanches of bright dust that expose a darker underlying layer. However, several ideas have been advanced to explain them.  The streaks appear in areas covered with dust. Much of the Martian surface is covered with dust. Fine dust settles out of the atmosphere covering everything. We know a lot about this dust because the solar panels of the Mars Rovers got covered with dust, which greatly reduced available  electrical energy. The power of the Rovers has been restored many times by the wind, in the form of dust devils, cleaning the panels and boosting the power. So, we know that dust settles from the atmosphere then returns over and over.<ref>https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090217101110.htm |title=Mars Spirit Rover Gets Energy Boost From Cleaner Solar Panels |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-02-19 |</ref> Dust storms are frequent, especially when the spring season begins in the southern hemisphere. At that time, Mars is 40% closer to the sun. The orbit of Mars is much more elliptical then the Earth's. That is the difference between the farthest point from the sun and the closest point to the sun is very great for Mars, but only a slight amount for the Earth. Also, every few years, the entire planet is engulfed in global dust storms. When NASA's Mariner 9 craft arrived there, nothing could be seen through the dust storm.<ref>Hugh H. Kieffer|title=Mars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoDvAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 March 2011|date=1992|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-1257-7</ref> Other global dust storms have also been observed, since that time.
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A picture below shows dark slope streaks on Aganippe Fossa. Such streaks are common on Mars. They occur on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first, and then they get lighter with age. Sometimes they start in a tiny spot, then spread out and go for hundreds of meters. They have been seen to travel around obstacles, like boulders.  It is believed that they are avalanches of bright dust that expose a darker underlying layer. However, several ideas have been advanced to explain them.  The streaks appear in areas covered with dust. Much of the Martian surface is covered with dust. Fine dust settles out of the atmosphere covering everything. We know a lot about this dust because the solar panels of the Mars Rovers got covered with dust, which greatly reduced available  electrical energy. The power of the Rovers was restored many times by the wind, in the form of dust devils, cleaning the panels and boosting the power. So, we know that dust settles from the atmosphere then returns over and over.<ref>https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090217101110.htm |title=Mars Spirit Rover Gets Energy Boost From Cleaner Solar Panels |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-02-19 |</ref> Dust storms are frequent, especially when the spring season begins in the southern hemisphere. At that time, Mars is 40% closer to the sun. The orbit of Mars is much more elliptical then the Earth's. The difference between the farthest point from the sun and the closest point to the sun is very great for Mars, but only a slight amount for the Earth--this fact makes for much more intense seasonal changes. Also, every few years, the entire planet is engulfed in global dust storms. When NASA's Mariner 9 craft arrived there, nothing could be seen through the dust storm.<ref>Hugh H. Kieffer|title=Mars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoDvAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 March 2011|date=1992|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-1257-7</ref> Other global dust storms have also been observed, since that time.
  
 
<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
 
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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Research that involved streaks in this quadrangle was published in 2012 in the planetary journal Icarus  The team found that dark streaks were initiated by airblasts from meteorites traveling at supersonic speeds.    After counting some 65,000 dark streaks around the impact site of a group of 5 new craters, patterns emerged. The number of streaks was greatest closer to the impact site. So, the impact somehow probably caused the streaks.  Also, the distribution of the streaks formed a pattern with two wings extending from the impact site. The curved wings resembled the curved knives, called  scimitars. This pattern suggests that an interaction of airblasts from the group of meteorites shook dust loose enough to start dust avalanches that formed the many dark streaks. At first it was thought that the shaking of the ground from the impact caused the dust avalanches, but if that was the case the dark streaks would have been arranged symmetrically around the impacts, rather than being concentrated into curved shapes.
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Research that involved streaks close to this quadrangle was published in 2012 in the planetary journal Icarus. The team found that dark streaks were initiated by airblasts from meteorites traveling at supersonic speeds.    After counting some 65,000 dark streaks around the impact site of a group of 5 new craters, they found some patterns. The number of streaks was greatest closer to the impact site. So, the impact somehow probably caused the streaks.  Also, the distribution of the streaks formed a pattern with two wings extending from the impact site. The curved wings resembled the curved knives, called  scimitars. This pattern suggests that an interaction of airblasts from the group of meteorites shook dust loose enough to start dust avalanches that formed the many dark streaks. At first it was thought that the shaking of the ground from the impact caused the dust avalanches, but if that was the case the dark streaks would have been arranged symmetrically around the impacts, rather than being concentrated into curved shapes.
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The crater cluster lies near the equator 510 miles) south of Olympus Mons, on a type of terrain called the Medusae Fossae formation. The formation is coated with dust and contains wind-carved ridges called yardangs. These yardangs have steep slopes thickly covered with dust, so when the sonic boom of the airblast arrived from the impacts dust started to move down the slope.
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The crater cluster lies near the equator 510 miles south of Olympus Mons, on a type of terrain called the Medusae Fossae formation. The formation is coated with dust and contains wind-carved ridges called yardangs. These yardangs have steep slopes thickly covered with dust, so when the sonic boom of the airblast arrived, dust started to move down the slope.
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Using photos from Mars Global Surveyor and HiRISE camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, scientists have found about 20 new impacts each year on Mars. Because the spacecraft have been imaging Mars almost continuously for a span of 14 years, newer images with suspected recent craters can be compared to older images to determine when the craters were formed. Since the craters were spotted in a HiRISE image from February 2006, but were not present in a Mars Global Surveyor image taken in May 2004, the impact occurred in that time frame.
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The largest crater in the cluster is about 22 m in diameter rand had an area about like that of a basketball court. As the meteorite traveled through the Martian atmosphere it probably broke up; hence a tight group of impact craters resulted.   
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Impacts on the Martian surface are still happening.  Using photos from Mars Global Surveyor and HiRISE camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, scientists have found about 20 new impacts each year on Mars. Because the spacecraft have been imaging Mars almost continuously for a span of 14 years, newer images with suspected recent craters can be compared to older images to determine when the craters were formed. Since the craters in this study were spotted in a HiRISE image from February 2006, but were not present in a Mars Global Surveyor image taken in May 2004, the impact occurred in that roughly 2-year time frame.
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The largest crater in the cluster is about 22 m in diameter and had an area about like that of a basketball court. As the meteorite traveled through the Martian atmosphere it probably broke up; hence a tight group of craters resulted.   
 
Dark slope streaks have been seen for some time, and many ideas have been advanced to explain them. This research may have finally solved this mystery.<ref>Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar. Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars. Icarus, 2012; 217 (1): 194 doi|10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026</ref> <ref>http://redplanet.asu.edu/</ref>
 
Dark slope streaks have been seen for some time, and many ideas have been advanced to explain them. This research may have finally solved this mystery.<ref>Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar. Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars. Icarus, 2012; 217 (1): 194 doi|10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026</ref> <ref>http://redplanet.asu.edu/</ref>
  
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== Pit crater chains ==
 
== Pit crater chains ==
  
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Pit craters are common near volcanoes in both the Tharsis and Elysium system of volcanoes.<ref>Skinner, J., L. Skinner, and J. Kargel. 2007. Re-assessment of Hydrovolcanism-based Resurfacing within the Galaxias Fossae Region of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007)</ref>  Pit craters form when a void is produced by a cracking of the surface caused by stretching. Also, lava may drain out of an underground chamber, thus leaving an empty space. When material slides into a void, a pit crater or a pit crater chain forms. Pit craters do not have rims or ejecta around them, like impact craters do. On Mars, individual pit craters can join to form chains or even to form troughs that are sometimes scalloped.<ref name="Wyrick">Wyrick, D., D. Ferrill, D. Sims, and S. Colton. 2003. Distribution, Morphology and Structural Associations of Martian Pit Crater Chains. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV (2003)</ref>  Pit craters are not common on Earth. Sinkholes, where the ground falls into a hole (sometimes in the middle of a town) resemble pit craters on Mars. However, on the Earth these holes are caused by limestone being dissolved thereby causing a void.< ref>http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2004/01/29/index.html |title=Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-620 Release |publisher=Msss.com |date=2004-01-29 |</ref>  The image below of Arsia Chasmata contains a pit crater chain.
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Pit craters are common near volcanoes in both the Tharsis and Elysium system of volcanoes.<ref>Skinner, J., L. Skinner, and J. Kargel. 2007. Re-assessment of Hydrovolcanism-based Resurfacing within the Galaxias Fossae Region of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007)</ref>  Pit craters form when a void is produced by a cracking of the surface.  Such cracks usually are from the mass of volcanoes stretching the crust. Also, lava may drain out of an underground chamber, thus leaving an empty space. When material slides into a void, a pit crater or a pit crater chain forms. Pit craters do not have rims or ejecta around them, like impact craters do. On Mars, individual pit craters can join to form chains or even to form troughs that are sometimes scalloped.<ref>Wyrick, D., D. Ferrill, D. Sims, and S. Colton. 2003. Distribution, Morphology and Structural Associations of Martian Pit Crater Chains. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV (2003)</ref>  Pit craters are not common on Earth. Sinkholes, where the ground falls into a hole (sometimes in the middle of a town) resemble pit craters on Mars. However, on the Earth these holes are caused by limestone being dissolved thereby causing a void.<ref>http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2004/01/29/index.html |title=Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-620 Release |publisher=Msss.com |date=2004-01-29 |</ref>  The image below of Arsia Chasmata contains a pit crater chain.
  
 
<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
 
<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
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== Volcanoes ==
 
== Volcanoes ==
  
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The most common form of volcanism on the Earth is basaltic. Basalts formed from molten rocks that cooled on the surface.  They originated from the partial melting of the upper mantle. They are rich in the elements iron and magnesium (so they are classified as mafic minerals) and are commonly dark gray in color. The principal type of volcanism on Mars is probably also basaltic.<ref>Carr | first1=Michael H. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-521-87201-0 | title= The Surface of Mars |year=2006 | ref =harv | location=New York</ref>  Although Mars displays numerous volcanoes here and other places, there has been no evidence of recent volcanic activity, even at a very low level.  Research, from 2017, found no active release of volcanic gases during two successive Martian years.  The research team looked for the outgassing of sulfur-bearing chemicals with spectrometers.<ref>Khayat, A., et al.  2017.  A deep search for the release of volcanic gases on Mars using ground-based high-resolution infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy: Sensitive upper limits for OCS and SO2.  Icarus:  296, 1-14.</ref>
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The most common form of volcanism on the Earth is basaltic. Basalts formed from molten rocks that cooled on the surface.  They originated from the partial melting of the upper mantle. They are rich in the elements iron and magnesium (so they are classified as mafic minerals) and are commonly dark gray in color. The principal type of volcanism on Mars is probably also basaltic.<ref>Carr | first1=Michael H. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-521-87201-0 | title= The Surface of Mars |year=2006 | ref =harv | location=New York</ref>  Although Mars displays numerous volcanoes here and in other places, there has been no evidence of recent volcanic activity, even at a very low level.  Research, from 2017, found no active release of volcanic gases during two successive Martian years.  The research team looked for the outgassing of sulfur-bearing chemicals with spectrometers.<ref>Khayat, A., et al.  2017.  A deep search for the release of volcanic gases on Mars using ground-based high-resolution infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy: Sensitive upper limits for OCS and SO2.  Icarus:  296, 1-14.</ref>
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The dsovery of a new volcano at the east side of Noctis Labrinthus was announced at a conference in March 2024.  It was seen since the early 1970s, but erosion had concealed it from view. 
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The new volcano has a diameter of about 280 miles (450 kilometers and measures roughly 29,600 feet (9,022 meters) in elevation.  Note: this mountain is higher than any peak in the United States. Lava flows, pyroclastic deposits (made of volcanic materials such as ash, cinders, pumice and tephra) and hydrothermal mineral deposits occur in several areas nearby.<ref>https://www.space.com/mars-giant-volcano-hiding-plain-sight?utm_term=CABA215D-3D47-4C9A-92FE-9ECF8D4C7909&lrh=e62336263a3610a07ef7c8af2080c758f2ecd0661aab1a8e6234cf31f0d0fdff&utm_campaign=58E4DE65-C57F-4CD3-9A5A-609994E2C5A9&utm_medium=email&utm_content=DBDE44BA-0009-4913-99AB-1A1AD0DC4FF9&utm_source=SmartBrief</ref> The volcano is located at  7.40°S, 94.60°W.  The authors of the paper consider the volcano to be an eroded shield
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volcano. Sub-circular depressions near the top are interpreted as caldera remnants.<ref>https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2024/pdf/2745.pdf</ref>
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<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
 
<gallery class="center"  widths="380px" heights="360px">
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Image:Arsia mons2.jpg|Arsia Mons, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor.
 
Image:Arsia mons2.jpg|Arsia Mons, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor.
 
Image:Small Volcano mgs.jpg|Small Volcano in Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. Image is 1.9 miles wide.
 
Image:Small Volcano mgs.jpg|Small Volcano in Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. Image is 1.9 miles wide.
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File:Volcano and impact crater 45777 1765.jpg|Volcanic crater (upper) and impact crater (lower)  Image about 5 km across.
 
Image:24811lavaflowshill.jpg|Lava flows moving around higher ground, as seen by HiRISE under [[HiWish program]]
 
Image:24811lavaflowshill.jpg|Lava flows moving around higher ground, as seen by HiRISE under [[HiWish program]]
  
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47847 1580craterlayerssouth.jpg|Close view of layers in crater
 
47847 1580craterlayerssouth.jpg|Close view of layers in crater
 
Image:Zumba Crater.JPG|Zumba Crater, as seen by HiRISE. Zumba Crater is a very young crater.
 
Image:Zumba Crater.JPG|Zumba Crater, as seen by HiRISE. Zumba Crater is a very young crater.
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File:53714 1570craterboulders.jpg|Small crater  Much of the ejecta consists of boulders.
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File:53714 1570craterboulders.jpg|Small crater  Much of its ejecta consists of boulders.
 
File:ESP 059649 1695craterpretty.jpg|Young crater with bright ejecta  The impact reached down to a layer that is light-toned.  That light-toned material was then deposited on a dark surface.
 
File:ESP 059649 1695craterpretty.jpg|Young crater with bright ejecta  The impact reached down to a layer that is light-toned.  That light-toned material was then deposited on a dark surface.
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Image:New Impact.JPG|New Impact that formed between March 2000 and July 2003. Scale bar is 500 meters long. Image taken with HiRISE.
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
  
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Image:New Impact.JPG|New Impact that formed between March 2000 and July 2003. Scale bar is 500 meters long. Image taken with HiRISE.
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File:ESP 054796 1460channel.jpg|Channel Arrows indicate position of channel in this rather dark photo.
 
File:ESP 054796 1460channel.jpg|Channel Arrows indicate position of channel in this rather dark photo.
 
</gallery>
 
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== External links ==
 
== External links ==
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*[https://www.uahirise.org/PSP_005383_1255 Changes in dust devil tracks]
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*[https://static.uahirise.org/images/2020/details/cut/ESP_063204_1800.gif Looking for Slope Streaks-old and new pictures of streaks]]
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*[https://static.uahirise.org/images/2020/details/cut/ESP_062948_2175.gif New impact fading]

Latest revision as of 07:44, 28 March 2024

Mars topography (MOLA dataset) HiRes (1).jpg
MC-17 Phoenicis Lacus 0–30° S 90–135° W Quadrangles Atlas
  • USGS-Mars-MC-17-PhoenicisRegion-mola.png
  • PIA00177-MC-17-PhoenicisRegion-19980605.jpg

The Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle contains a mysterious system of interconnected canyons called Noctis Labyrinthus. In some pictures it looks like a fancy chandelier. The region is part of the great volcanic area known as Tharsis, Tharsis plateau, Tharsis rise, or Tharsis Bulge. This quadrangle has a large volcano named Arsia Mons and part of another (Pavonis Mons). Pavonis Mons is good for finding locations, for it sits right on the equator. So, if you are looking at a picture of Mars, you can know for certain where the equator is--just look for the middle volcano of the three that are in a line. The names of some other parts of this quadrangle are Syria Planum, and Claritas Fossae. The classic regions Daedalia Planum, Sinai Planum, and Solis Planum are found in this quadrangle.

Phoenicis Lacus is named after the phoenix which according to myth burns itself up every 500 years and then is reborn.[1] The Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle covers the area from 0° to 30° south latitude and 90° to 135° west longitude (270-225E).

In this article, some of the best pictures from a number of spacecraft will show what the landscape looks like in this region. The origins and significance of all features will be explained as they are currently understood.

The Tharsus rise, which was formed from lava flows, occupies much of the surface. The volcanoes Pavonis Mons and Arsia Mons are believed to have once had glaciers on them. Glaciers may still exist under a thin layer of rocks.[2] Ice from glaciers can be a source of water for the possible future colonization of the planet.

Besides some giant volcanoes, there are several other interesting features here including lava channels, dark slope streaks, pits, and large troughs (called fossae). Pits in Zumba Crater are believed to be caused by hot crater ejecta creating steam after falling on ground containing ice. The pits were formed by steam rushing out from groups of pits simultaneously, thereby blowing away from the pit ejecta.[3] [4]

Noctis Labyrinthus

Noctis Labyrinthus is a large canyon system found in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. Its walls contain many layers of rocks. It may be one of the most beautiful and mysterious landscapes on the planet. Pictures below show its location and details in its walls. Research, as early as 2009, found a variety of minerals; including clays, sulfates, and hydrated silica in some of the layers. These minerals are strong evidence for an early presence of water.[5]

  • Moasic of Viking 1 Orbiter pictures showing location of Noctus Labyrinthus

  • Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by Viking 1

  • North and south walls of part of Noctis Labyrinthus

  • Close view of north wall of part of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Close view of south wall of part of Noctis Labyrinthus

  • Part of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with Mars Global Surveyor. The rectangle indicates where a high resolution picture was taken. Courtesy NASA/Malin Space Science Systems.

  • Layers in the wall of Noctis Labyrinthus taken with Mars Global Surveyor,under the MOC Public Targeting Program. This image is within the rectangle in the previous image.

  • Close-up of some layers in wall of Noctis Labyrinthus


Layers in a section near the top of wall in Noctis Labyrinthus 

                  Layers in a section near the top of wall in Noctis Labyrinthus


  • Layered mesa on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus These layers may have formed with water that was at the bottom of Noctis Labyrinthus.

  • Enlargement of a light-toned structure on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus


Close-up of layers on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE HiWish program 

             Close-up of layers on floor of Noctis Labyrinthus, as seen by HiRISE HiWish program

Lava channels

Lava sometimes forms a tube as it moves away from the vent (opening from which lava flows from a volcano). The top of a stream of lava cools down, and thereby forms a solid roof. Meanwhile, lava continues moving in the tube. Often, when all the lava leaves the tube, the roof collapses, making a channel.[6] Lava flows are ubiquitous on Mars. Some can be seen around Pavonis Mons, in the picture below. Some people have suggested that future colonists on Mars could use lava tunnels as shelters. They would offer great protection from radiation, especially Ultraviolet radiation. Lava Channels on the flank of the volcano Pavonis Mons are pictured below in a picture from Mars Odyssey’s THEMIS. Sometimes the lava tube remains intact for a time, but sometimes lava breaks out along the tube to accumulate or flow away. A good view of such a lava tube is shown below.

  • Lava tubes were once covered over with lava flowing in them, but the roofs have now collapsed and the lava has left. Also, some straight troughs (grabens) crosscut the lava channels. Picture taken by THEMIS.

Glaciers

Many of the volcanoes on Mars show strong evidence of past and possible present glacial activity.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] When glaciers melt and retreat, they leave behind material that was carried in and on the ice. Often the material that is dropped forms a ridge, called a moraine.[16] Examples of moraines are in the picture below in a picture taken with Mars Odyssey’s THEMIS.

  • Ridges on side of Arsia Mons, a large volcano, may be moraines dropped by glacial activity.

Dark slope streaks

A picture below shows dark slope streaks on Aganippe Fossa. Such streaks are common on Mars. They occur on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first, and then they get lighter with age. Sometimes they start in a tiny spot, then spread out and go for hundreds of meters. They have been seen to travel around obstacles, like boulders. It is believed that they are avalanches of bright dust that expose a darker underlying layer. However, several ideas have been advanced to explain them. The streaks appear in areas covered with dust. Much of the Martian surface is covered with dust. Fine dust settles out of the atmosphere covering everything. We know a lot about this dust because the solar panels of the Mars Rovers got covered with dust, which greatly reduced available electrical energy. The power of the Rovers was restored many times by the wind, in the form of dust devils, cleaning the panels and boosting the power. So, we know that dust settles from the atmosphere then returns over and over.[17] Dust storms are frequent, especially when the spring season begins in the southern hemisphere. At that time, Mars is 40% closer to the sun. The orbit of Mars is much more elliptical then the Earth's. The difference between the farthest point from the sun and the closest point to the sun is very great for Mars, but only a slight amount for the Earth--this fact makes for much more intense seasonal changes. Also, every few years, the entire planet is engulfed in global dust storms. When NASA's Mariner 9 craft arrived there, nothing could be seen through the dust storm.[18] Other global dust storms have also been observed, since that time.

  • Aganippe Fossa as seen by HiRISE. Layers and streaks are visible.

Research that involved streaks close to this quadrangle was published in 2012 in the planetary journal Icarus. The team found that dark streaks were initiated by airblasts from meteorites traveling at supersonic speeds. After counting some 65,000 dark streaks around the impact site of a group of 5 new craters, they found some patterns. The number of streaks was greatest closer to the impact site. So, the impact somehow probably caused the streaks. Also, the distribution of the streaks formed a pattern with two wings extending from the impact site. The curved wings resembled the curved knives, called scimitars. This pattern suggests that an interaction of airblasts from the group of meteorites shook dust loose enough to start dust avalanches that formed the many dark streaks. At first it was thought that the shaking of the ground from the impact caused the dust avalanches, but if that was the case the dark streaks would have been arranged symmetrically around the impacts, rather than being concentrated into curved shapes. The crater cluster lies near the equator 510 miles south of Olympus Mons, on a type of terrain called the Medusae Fossae formation. The formation is coated with dust and contains wind-carved ridges called yardangs. These yardangs have steep slopes thickly covered with dust, so when the sonic boom of the airblast arrived, dust started to move down the slope.

Impacts on the Martian surface are still happening. Using photos from Mars Global Surveyor and HiRISE camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, scientists have found about 20 new impacts each year on Mars. Because the spacecraft have been imaging Mars almost continuously for a span of 14 years, newer images with suspected recent craters can be compared to older images to determine when the craters were formed. Since the craters in this study were spotted in a HiRISE image from February 2006, but were not present in a Mars Global Surveyor image taken in May 2004, the impact occurred in that roughly 2-year time frame. The largest crater in the cluster is about 22 m in diameter and had an area about like that of a basketball court. As the meteorite traveled through the Martian atmosphere it probably broke up; hence a tight group of craters resulted. Dark slope streaks have been seen for some time, and many ideas have been advanced to explain them. This research may have finally solved this mystery.[19] [20]

  • Image indicates crater cluster and curved lines formed by airblast from meteorites. Meteorites caused airblast which caused dust avalanches on steep slopes. Image is from HiRISE.

Pit crater chains

Pit craters are common near volcanoes in both the Tharsis and Elysium system of volcanoes.[21] Pit craters form when a void is produced by a cracking of the surface. Such cracks usually are from the mass of volcanoes stretching the crust. Also, lava may drain out of an underground chamber, thus leaving an empty space. When material slides into a void, a pit crater or a pit crater chain forms. Pit craters do not have rims or ejecta around them, like impact craters do. On Mars, individual pit craters can join to form chains or even to form troughs that are sometimes scalloped.[22] Pit craters are not common on Earth. Sinkholes, where the ground falls into a hole (sometimes in the middle of a town) resemble pit craters on Mars. However, on the Earth these holes are caused by limestone being dissolved thereby causing a void.[23] The image below of Arsia Chasmata contains a pit crater chain.

  • Arsia Chasmata, as seen by HiRISE. A pit crater chain is visible in the lower right.

Fossa on Mars

Certain areas on Mars possess large troughs (long narrow depressions) called fossae in the geographical language used for Mars. This term is derived from Latin; therefore fossa is singular and fossae is plural.[24] Troughs form when the crust is stretched until it breaks. The stretching can be due to the large weight of a nearby volcano. Fossae/pit craters are common near volcanoes in the Tharsis and Elysium system of volcanoes.[25] A trough often has two breaks with a middle section being lower, leaving steep cliffs along the sides; such a trough is called a graben.[26] Lake George, in northern New York State, is a lake that lies in a graben.

  • Oti Fossae, as seen by THEMIS. These parallel graben are found on the northeastern side of Arsia Mons; they are in line with the NE/SW trend of the three volcanoes in Tharsis.

  • Oti Fossae, as seen by THEMIS. These parallel graben are found on the northeastern side of Arsia Mons; they are in line with the NE/SW trend of the three volcanoes in Tharsis.

Volcanoes

The most common form of volcanism on the Earth is basaltic. Basalts formed from molten rocks that cooled on the surface. They originated from the partial melting of the upper mantle. They are rich in the elements iron and magnesium (so they are classified as mafic minerals) and are commonly dark gray in color. The principal type of volcanism on Mars is probably also basaltic.[27] Although Mars displays numerous volcanoes here and in other places, there has been no evidence of recent volcanic activity, even at a very low level. Research, from 2017, found no active release of volcanic gases during two successive Martian years. The research team looked for the outgassing of sulfur-bearing chemicals with spectrometers.[28]

The dsovery of a new volcano at the east side of Noctis Labrinthus was announced at a conference in March 2024. It was seen since the early 1970s, but erosion had concealed it from view. The new volcano has a diameter of about 280 miles (450 kilometers and measures roughly 29,600 feet (9,022 meters) in elevation. Note: this mountain is higher than any peak in the United States. Lava flows, pyroclastic deposits (made of volcanic materials such as ash, cinders, pumice and tephra) and hydrothermal mineral deposits occur in several areas nearby.[29] The volcano is located at 7.40°S, 94.60°W. The authors of the paper consider the volcano to be an eroded shield volcano. Sub-circular depressions near the top are interpreted as caldera remnants.[30]


  • Arsia Mons showing its position among other volcanoes as seen by THEMIS.

  • Topography around Arsia Mons.

  • Arsia Mons, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor.

  • Small Volcano in Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. Image is 1.9 miles wide.

  • Volcanic crater (upper) and impact crater (lower) Image about 5 km across.

  • Lava flows moving around higher ground, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Edge of lava flow

Craters

  • Crater showing layers and depression on floor, as seen by HiRISE underHiWish program

  • Close view of layers in crater

  • Zumba Crater, as seen by HiRISE. Zumba Crater is a very young crater.

  • Small crater Much of its ejecta consists of boulders.

  • Young crater with bright ejecta The impact reached down to a layer that is light-toned. That light-toned material was then deposited on a dark surface.

  • New Impact that formed between March 2000 and July 2003. Scale bar is 500 meters long. Image taken with HiRISE.

Other Features in the Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle

  • Channel Arrows indicate position of channel in this rather dark photo.

  • Wide view of mounds and lines, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program The lines may be petrified dunes.

  • Close, color view of lines from previous image Here they look like old dunes. Colors show different minerals.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Blunck, J. 1982. Mars and its Satellites. Exposition Press. Smithtown, N.Y.
  2. ↑ http://www.mars.asu/christensen/advancedmarsclass/shean_glaciers_2005.pdf
  3. ↑ Boyce, J. et al. 2012. Origin of small pits in martian impact craters. Icarus. 221: 262-275.
  4. ↑ Tornabene, L. et al. 2012. Widespread crater-related pitted materials on Mars. Further evidence for the role of target volatiles during the impact process. Icarus. 220: 348-368.
  5. ↑ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12//091216205910.htm |title=Trough deposits on Mars point to complex hydrologic past |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-12-17 |
  6. ↑ http://themis.asu.edu/zoom-20030821a
  7. ↑ Scanlon,K., J. Head, D. Marchant. 2015. REMNANT BURIED ICE IN THE ARSIA MONS FAN-SHAPED DEPOSIT, MARS. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 2266.pdf
  8. ↑ Kadish S. J. et al. 2014. PSS, 91, 52-59.
  9. ↑ Williams R. 1978. Geol. Soc. Am. Abst. with Programs, 10, 517.
  10. ↑ Lucchitta B. 1981. Icarus, 45(2), 264-303.
  11. ↑ Head J., D. Marchant. 2003. Geology, 31(7), 641-644.
  12. ↑ Shean D., et al. 2007. JGR:Planets, 112(E3).
  13. ↑ Kadish S., et al. 2008. Icarus, 197(1), 84-109.
  14. ↑ Scanlon K., et al. 2014. Icarus, 237, 315–339.
  15. ↑ Scanlon K., et al. 2015. Icarus, 250, 18-31.
  16. ↑ http://themis.asu.edu/zoom-20030827a
  17. ↑ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090217101110.htm |title=Mars Spirit Rover Gets Energy Boost From Cleaner Solar Panels |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2009-02-19 |
  18. ↑ Hugh H. Kieffer|title=Mars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoDvAAAAMAAJ%7Caccessdate=7 March 2011|date=1992|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-1257-7
  19. ↑ Kaylan J. Burleigh, Henry J. Melosh, Livio L. Tornabene, Boris Ivanov, Alfred S. McEwen, Ingrid J. Daubar. Impact air blast triggers dust avalanches on Mars. Icarus, 2012; 217 (1): 194 doi|10.1016/j.icarus.2011.10.026
  20. ↑ http://redplanet.asu.edu/
  21. ↑ Skinner, J., L. Skinner, and J. Kargel. 2007. Re-assessment of Hydrovolcanism-based Resurfacing within the Galaxias Fossae Region of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007)
  22. ↑ Wyrick, D., D. Ferrill, D. Sims, and S. Colton. 2003. Distribution, Morphology and Structural Associations of Martian Pit Crater Chains. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV (2003)
  23. ↑ http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2004/01/29/index.html |title=Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-620 Release |publisher=Msss.com |date=2004-01-29 |
  24. ↑ http://www.marsartgallery.com/marsnames.html |title=Mars Art Gallery Martian Feature Name Nomenclature |publisher=Marsartgallery.com |date= |
  25. ↑ Skinner, J., L. Skinner, and J. Kargel. 2007. Re-assessment of Hydrovolcanism-based Resurfacing within the Galaxias Fossae Region of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII (2007)
  26. ↑ http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/PSP_008641_2105 |title=HiRISE | Craters and Pit Crater Chains in Chryse Planitia (PSP_008641_2105) |publisher=Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu |
  27. ↑ Carr | first1=Michael H. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn= 978-0-521-87201-0 | title= The Surface of Mars |year=2006 | ref =harv | location=New York
  28. ↑ Khayat, A., et al. 2017. A deep search for the release of volcanic gases on Mars using ground-based high-resolution infrared and submillimeter spectroscopy: Sensitive upper limits for OCS and SO2. Icarus: 296, 1-14.
  29. ↑ https://www.space.com/mars-giant-volcano-hiding-plain-sight?utm_term=CABA215D-3D47-4C9A-92FE-9ECF8D4C7909&lrh=e62336263a3610a07ef7c8af2080c758f2ecd0661aab1a8e6234cf31f0d0fdff&utm_campaign=58E4DE65-C57F-4CD3-9A5A-609994E2C5A9&utm_medium=email&utm_content=DBDE44BA-0009-4913-99AB-1A1AD0DC4FF9&utm_source=SmartBrief
  30. ↑ https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2024/pdf/2745.pdf

External links

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