Difference between revisions of "Steel"
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| − | '''Steel''' is an alloy of [[iron]]. It is a material with high | + | '''Steel''' is an alloy of [[iron]]. It is a material with high strength that is widely used on Earth for construction. It is technologically well known. |
| − | Steel | + | Steel is an excellent candidate for [[In-situ resource utilization|ISRU]]. The source, [[Iron ore]], is the second most common compound of Mars' crust after silica. |
| − | The low quantity of [[oxygen]] in the | + | Steel consists mainly of [[iron]] and is distinguished by its [[carbon]] content, and can be produced on [[Mars]] from [[local resources]]. The carbon part can be from 0,02% to 2,06%. Other additives include [[Chromium]], [[nickel]], [[aluminium]], [[calcium]], [[silicon]], [[manganese]], [[vanadium]], [[molybdenum]] and [[tungsten]]. The percentage of the parts decide upon the properties of the steel. The tensile strength varies from 250 MPa to more than 2000 MPa. It can be [[recycling|recycled]] easily by melting and forging for new parts. |
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| + | The low quantity of [[oxygen]] in the Martian atmosphere and the absence of liquid [[water]] means that exposed steel may be less prone to rust than on Earth. | ||
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| + | The [[embodied energy]] of steel varies from 20 too 35 MJ/kg depending on production method and the amount of recycled steel in the mix. Stainless steel requires about 57 MJ/kg. | ||
==Terminology== | ==Terminology== | ||
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However, usage in industry is not always technically correct. Steel producers may use terms such as ''ultra-low carbon steel'' for low-carbon iron alloys. The term ''soft iron'' also refers to low-carbon iron. | However, usage in industry is not always technically correct. Steel producers may use terms such as ''ultra-low carbon steel'' for low-carbon iron alloys. The term ''soft iron'' also refers to low-carbon iron. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[Wrought iron]] originally referred to a low-carbon iron containing bands of slag impurities. However, this material is no longer commonly produced and the term is often (if inaccurately) used to refer to any hand-wrought (as opposed to machine-wrought) metal.<ref name="Sims">L. Sims - ''The backyard blacksmith: Traditional techniques for the modern smith'' 2006. ISBN 978-0-7858-2567-8 p. 47</ref> | ||
==Use cases== | ==Use cases== | ||
Steel can be made with a deliberate set of properties, making it usable for | Steel can be made with a deliberate set of properties, making it usable for | ||
| − | * a great variety of beams and plate for building construction | + | |
| − | * containers and machine casings, including single-piece pressure vessels | + | *a great variety of beams and plate for building construction |
| − | * tools with low abrasion properties | + | *containers and machine casings, including single-piece pressure vessels |
| − | * steel cable with high tensile strength | + | *tools with low abrasion properties |
| − | * Rocket [[thrust chambers]] may be made from steel. This is especially true of rockets which burn for short durations, where a simple thick-walled steel chamber is superior to complex cooling systems.<ref name=SuttonBiblarz>G.P. Sutton & O. Biblarz - ''Rocket propulsion elements'' 8th ed. 2010. ISBN 978-0-470-08024-5 p. 292</ref> | + | *steel cable with high tensile strength |
| + | *Rocket [[thrust chambers]] may be made from steel. This is especially true of rockets which burn for short durations, where a simple thick-walled steel chamber is superior to complex cooling systems.<ref name="SuttonBiblarz">G.P. Sutton & O. Biblarz - ''Rocket propulsion elements'' 8th ed. 2010. ISBN 978-0-470-08024-5 p. 292</ref> | ||
==Types of steel== | ==Types of steel== | ||
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[[Blacksmith]] | [[Blacksmith]] | ||
| − | == | + | ==Production== |
| + | Steel production is basically a process of removing the oxygen from the iron ore, to produce raw iron. Carbon is often used on Earth, sourced from coal. On Mars, the carbon would need to be extracted from the atmospheric CO2. [[smelting]] iron from iron ore without carbon can be done with hydrogen, and this might be the process used on Mars. Steel production is a second stage of iron refining. [[Meteoric iron]] may be a good raw material for steel or wrought iron. It can be used directly and does not require smelting. | ||
| − | + | ==References== | |
| + | <references /> | ||
| − | [[Category: | + | [[Category:Materials]] |
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 06:56, 2 May 2024
Steel is an alloy of iron. It is a material with high strength that is widely used on Earth for construction. It is technologically well known.
Steel is an excellent candidate for ISRU. The source, Iron ore, is the second most common compound of Mars' crust after silica.
Steel consists mainly of iron and is distinguished by its carbon content, and can be produced on Mars from local resources. The carbon part can be from 0,02% to 2,06%. Other additives include Chromium, nickel, aluminium, calcium, silicon, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten. The percentage of the parts decide upon the properties of the steel. The tensile strength varies from 250 MPa to more than 2000 MPa. It can be recycled easily by melting and forging for new parts.
The low quantity of oxygen in the Martian atmosphere and the absence of liquid water means that exposed steel may be less prone to rust than on Earth.
The embodied energy of steel varies from 20 too 35 MJ/kg depending on production method and the amount of recycled steel in the mix. Stainless steel requires about 57 MJ/kg.
Terminology
Since ancient times, hard ferrous metals suitable for weapons were known (in the terms appropriate for the language) as steel whereas iron was used for softer ferrous metals. The meanings were changed in the beginning of the 20th century, so that steel was used only for ferrous metals within a certain band of carbon content. Below that, it is known as iron and above it as cast iron. The element also retains the name iron.
However, usage in industry is not always technically correct. Steel producers may use terms such as ultra-low carbon steel for low-carbon iron alloys. The term soft iron also refers to low-carbon iron.
Wrought iron originally referred to a low-carbon iron containing bands of slag impurities. However, this material is no longer commonly produced and the term is often (if inaccurately) used to refer to any hand-wrought (as opposed to machine-wrought) metal.[1]
Use cases
Steel can be made with a deliberate set of properties, making it usable for
- a great variety of beams and plate for building construction
- containers and machine casings, including single-piece pressure vessels
- tools with low abrasion properties
- steel cable with high tensile strength
- Rocket thrust chambers may be made from steel. This is especially true of rockets which burn for short durations, where a simple thick-walled steel chamber is superior to complex cooling systems.[2]
Types of steel
The two main types of steel are carbon steel and alloy steel.
Carbon steels are alloys of iron and carbon with other elements not exceeding specified maximum fractions (which vary by element). Mild steel is on the low end of carbon content and is often used for structural purposes. Medium- and high-carbon steels are increasingly harder but more brittle. High-carbon steel can be used for hard tools such as knives or screwdrivers and is more elastic, making them suitable for springs. However, alloy steels are often used for these applications.
The most significant type of alloy steel is stainless steel, which is an alloy of (typically in this order) iron, chromium, usually but not always nickel or vanadium and, lastly, carbon. When exposed to air, a layer of chromium oxide forms on the stainless steel and helps to prevent rust. This comes at the cost of significantly weakening the steel, which can be partially alleviated by the addition of either nickel or vanadium. Stainless steel has an improved resistance not just to oxygen, but to chemical corrosion in general.
See also
Production
Steel production is basically a process of removing the oxygen from the iron ore, to produce raw iron. Carbon is often used on Earth, sourced from coal. On Mars, the carbon would need to be extracted from the atmospheric CO2. smelting iron from iron ore without carbon can be done with hydrogen, and this might be the process used on Mars. Steel production is a second stage of iron refining. Meteoric iron may be a good raw material for steel or wrought iron. It can be used directly and does not require smelting.
