Railroad

Railroads are a commonly used transportation system on Earth, and they can be used on Mars as well. Iron, the main construction material, is abundant on the Martian surface. Compared with most other transportation systems, the railroad is basically lo-tech and can, therefore, be maintained with lower effort. Compared with rovers or roads a railroad system is rather inflexible, but it can have an advantage for frequently used ways. On the long run it allows energy optimized transport. No batteries or fuels are necessary if electrical engines and power lines are used. Especially for driver-less material transport, it can be a central part of the settlement's infrastructure.

Elon Musk's initiative to develop the hyperloop technology allows the anticipation of a very similar transportation system on Mars. Compared to the terrestrial concept it would require only a thin-walled tube. The air pressure in the tube would be slightly higher than the surrounding Martian atmosphere, preventing the invasion of dust. Musk himself imagines a version without a tube on Mars(ref needed).

Energy requirements

Rolling equipment is subject to a number of forces, which together define the energy requirements of a rail system.

Air resistance

On Mars, the air resistance is negligible and can be discounted except at very high velocities. The drag force F_D = ρ v² C_D A / 2 where ρ is the mass density of the atmosphere. On Mars, ρ is ~0.020 kg/m³, compared to 1.225 kg/m³ on Earth, i.e. about 1.6%. So a freight train that could achieve 110km/h or 30m/s on Earth would theoretically be capable of exceeding the speed of sound on Mars, which is only about 250m/s.

A=Area (m²), C_D is the drag coefficient (experimental-dimensionless), v is the velocity (m/s) and ρ is the mass density of the atmosphere(kg/m³).

Drag coefficient vary from 0,03 for streamlined bodies to over 1 for a brick. A typical train might have a C_D of about 1-2.

Rolling friction

Rolling friction should also be significantly lower on Mars. Friction is defined by the equation: F=uN. Where the friction factor (u) being a property of materials remains the same, but the vertical force (N) is reduced by the lower gravity. N is a force, and F=ma. Mass (m) is invariant from Earth to Mars, but the acceleration (a), is 38% of the acceleration on Earth. So trains will have less roll resistance and can be larger.

As on Earth, the rolling friction of a train should be significantly lower than the rolling friction of a truck. A significant amount of energy is also lost in truck tire walls as they flex and roll, which is less important for steel wheels. The average relationship found in reference tables puts the rolling friction of trains as about one tenth of the rolling friction of trucks.

One problem unique to Mars is the Dust on the metal rails. This will increase rolling resistance. (Mars has far more dust than Earth, and on Earth rain washes dust off rails.)

Inertia of the train

The inertia of the train remains the same on Earth as on Mars. So the kinetic energy of the train, for the same velocity, will not be changed by the lower gravity. However, for electrical trains, regenerative braking could be used, returning to the grid when the train is stopped the energy that was required to accelerate the train up to speed. Regenerative braking may also be used to return to the grid the energy required to climb grades on Mars.

Train stations could be placed on the top of low hills or mounds. The train will naturally slow when coming into the station, and accelerate as it rolls out of the station. This trick is used in some stations in England.

Construction energy

Steel rails would require 30-50 MJ/kg for their fabrication, according to the concepts on embodied energy. Considering rails with an average mass of 50 kg/m, one km of rail might mass 100 000 kg (100 tonnes) and require 5 000 000 MJ to fabricate. Supposing the Cost of energy on Mars to be about 150 $/GJ (in 2019 dollars), this represents a value of about 750 000$. To this we would need to add the cost of the ballast, the ties and of all the logistical support systems required.

Energy example

A 100 000 kg truck is competing against a 100 000 kg train. We can remove air resistance as a factor. If both systems use regenerative breaking, then we can remove kinetic energy as a factor. As they have the same mass it would be excluded anyway. So the only difference left is the difference in rolling friction. For steel wheels on steel rails vs truck wheels on gravel, the ratio is about 10 to 1 in favor of rail. The Power of a moving system is W=F(n)*v(m/s), where all values are the average values. Supposing both vehicles are running at 100 km/h (28 m/s), then we find:

Train: 100 000 kg * 3,8 m/s2 * 0,001 *28 m/s = 10 640 W or 10 kW or 14.2 hp

Truck: /100 000 kg* 3,8 m/s2 * 0,01 *28 m/s = 106 400 W or 106 kW or 142 hp

If the train and the truck are carrying the same load, for example 50 000 kg out of their 100 000 kg mass, then the cost of transportation per 100 km is:

Train: 10,6 kW * 1hr = 10,6 kWh * cost of energy (0,83 $/kWh) = 8,8$ or 8,8/50 = 0,18 dollars per tonne of freight.

Truck: 106 kW * 1hr = 106 kWh * 0,83 $/kWh = 88$ or 88/50 = 1,8 dollars per tonne of freight.

So purely on the basis of transportation energy costs, rail is clearly advantaged compared to roads.

Use cases

The transport of a maintenance team

Peripheral parts of a Martian settlement might be several kilometers away from the living quarters. Energy generating stations (e.g. solar panels, wind turbines) are spread over a large area and have fixed positions. A lightweight railroad system might reduce the maintenance costs on the long run.

If the railway runs along power, communication, or water lines, then the maintenance of these becomes cheaper.

Transportation in tunnels

Parts of the colony will be underground. For mining activities, a railroad system provides a comfortable transportation of material and persons over long underground distances.

A tunnel system would reduce the radiation load on passengers and crew. Although this may be less important if the rail system is entirely automated, so there is no crew that can accumulate excess radiation.

Using surface trains for commuter travel might be problematic in the long run due to radiation exposure. However, a center/suburb model for Mars City development may not make much sense, as the lower density suburb would not bring significant advantages to the Martin inhabitants.

Connection between two settlements

Railroad cover both short and long distances. Even in the far future with more than one settlement on Mars, people will still be interested in efficient transportation systems. Only a magnetic levitation system might have a better energy balance.

Railroad construction

Much of the cost of railroad construction lies in the cost of the infrastructure required to support the rails. Mars has interesting advantages as there are no swamps and essentially no soil, therefore it should be fairly simple to create a track way that is structurally sound without moving too much regolith around. However, this also applies to road construction, so the construction of roads on Mars should also be relatively cheap.

As the friction of the train will be less, the grades that a Martian railroad can climb may be less than on Earth. However, the trains will also have a lower weight, so the actual grades may be quite similar.

For the same mass, the weight on Mars will be less than on Earth, so the strain on the infrastructure should be less. Ballast might be less extensive, or the trains might be larger for the same quality of track and bed as on Earth.

Railway Ties and Support

Until terraforming happens, and trees are growing in large numbers on Mars, railway ties are likely to be formed of hard plastic or, more likely, using reinforced concrete analogs. Since there are no hydrocarbon deposits on Mars, plastics would have to be slowly created from simpler resources, ideally some form of waste product. The Ties will likely be as small and thin as possible, on well prepared beds of gravel or brick. Alternately, it is probably cheaper to make ties out of concrete and set these in a gravel bed. Sulfur concrete ties with steel reinforcement might be good solution

Railway Gage

A wider railway gage, of perhaps 2 meters, is considered desirable, but has never happened because of the cost of converting over our current infrastructure, and the cost of widening the right of ways. On Mars, it is likely that a wider gage will be chosen.

Breaking trains

Convective cooling of break pads on Mars is unlikely. Electric breaking with energy recovery might be possible, if the electrical network can withstand it.