Difference between revisions of "Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle"

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The Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle contains a rich variety of features that include one of the planet’s oldest volcanoes, and many of the usual beautiful landscapes on the planet such as columnar jointing, craters, dunes, ridge networks, and even a landslide.
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==Geography and origin of name==
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Most of the region contains heavily cratered highlands. The central part contains Tyrrhena Patera (a very old volcano).  The Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle encompasses parts of the regions Tyrrhena Terra, Hesperia Planum, and Terra Cimmeria.  Mare Tyrrhenum's largest crater is Herschel. Licus Vallis and the Ausonia Montes are other major features in the region.
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The Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This quadrangle is also referred to as MC-22 (Mars Chart-22).<ref>Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. “Geodesy and Cartography” in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. ''Mars.'' University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.</ref> 
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This quadrangle covers the area from 0° to 30° south latitude and 225° to 270° west longitude (135-90 E).  Giovanni Schiaparelli named the area after Earth's Tyrrhenian Sea, which lies between Italy and Sicily. The region was subsequently renamed to Mare Tyrrhena after spacecraft photos revealed that it is an old, cratered plain rather than a sea.<ref>Hartmann, W. 2003. A Traveler's Guide to Mars. Workman Publishing. NY NY.</ref> <ref>Carr, M.  2007.  The surface of Mars.  Cambridge University Press.  New York. </ref>
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==Importance of craters==
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The density of impact craters is used to determine the surface ages of Mars and other solar system bodies.<ref>http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/stones/</ref>  The older the surface, the more craters present.  Crater shapes can reveal the presence of ground ice.  The Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle lies in the southern hemisphere—an old region with many craters.
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The area around craters may be rich in minerals.  On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.  Water from the melting ice dissolves minerals, and then deposits them in cracks or faults that were produced with the impact. This process, called hydrothermal alteration, is a major way in which ore deposits are produced.  The area around Martian craters may be rich in useful ores for the future colonization of Mars.<ref>http://www.indiana.edu/~sierra/papers/2003/Patterson.html.</ref>
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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Image:27097craterdepressionwide.jpg|Depression on crater floor, as seen by [[HiRISE]] under [[HiWish program]].  This scene is enlarged in the next two images.
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Image:27097craterdepression.jpg|Close-up of depression on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.
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Image:27097slump.jpg|Close-up of west edge of crater depression, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.
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Image:ESP 037844 1690dunes.jpg|Dunes in crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.  Some of these dunes are [[Barchan]]s.
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Image:ESP 034956 1745dunescraters.jpg|Dunes among craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.  Some of these dunes are [[Barchan]]s</gallery>
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==Hydrothermal features in Auki==
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The crater Auki shows ridge networks that some researchers believe to be evidence of hydrothermal processes that occurred after impact.  Impacts fracture rock and create enormous amounts of heat.  On Mars, this heat can cause ice to melt and then the resulting water to move through cracks that are generated during impact.  This water will eventually deposit minerals.  The mineral deposits may become evident when surrounding ground erodes.  Deposits formed in this manner are more resistant to erosion.
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Researchers have speculated that these hydrothermal effects should be common on Mars.<ref>Osinski, G., et al.  2013.  Impact-generated hydrothermal systems on Earth and Mars.  Icarus: 224, 347-363.</ref>  Ridges found in and around the center of Auki are evidence. This crater contains ridges that may have been produced after fractures formed with an impact.  Using instruments on the [[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]] they found the minerals smectite (clay), silica, zeolite, serpentine, carbonate, and chlorite that are common in impact-induced hydrothermal systems on Earth.<ref>Carrozzo, F. et al.  2017.  Geology and mineralogy of the Auki Crater, Tyrrhena Terra, Mars: A possible post impact-induced hydrothermal system.  281: 228-239</ref> <ref>Loizeau, D. et al.  2012.  Characterization of hydrated silicate-bearing outcrops in tyrrhena Terra, Mars: implications to the alteration history of Mars.  Icarus:  219, 476-497.</ref> <ref>Naumov, M.  2005.  Principal features of impact-generated hydrothermal circulation systems: mineralogical and geochemical evidence.  Geofluids: 5, 165-184.</ref> <ref>Ehlmann, B., et al.  2011. Evidence for low-grade metamorphism, hydrothermal alteration, and diagenesis on Mars from phyllosilicate mineral assemblages.  Clays Clay Miner: 59, 359-377.</ref> <ref>Osinski, G. et al.  2013.  Impact-generated hydrothermal systems on Earth and Mars.  Icarus: 224, 347-363.</ref> <ref>Schwenzer, S., D. Kring.  2013.  Alteration minerals in impact-generated hydrothermal systems – Exploring host rock variability.  Icarus:  226, 487-496.</ref>  Evidence of other hydrothermal systems around craters other than Auki has been found by different groups of scientists.<ref>Marzo, G., et al.  2010.  Evidence for hesperian impact-induced hydrothermalism on Mars.  Icarus: 667-683.</ref> <ref>Mangold, N., et al.  2012.  Hydrothermal alteration in a late hesperian impact crater on Mars.  43rd Lunar and Planetary Science.  #1209.</ref> <ref>Tornabene, L., et al.  2009. Parautochthonous megabreccias and possible evidence of impact-induced hydrothermal alteration in holden crater, Mars.  40th LPSC.  #1766.</ref>
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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Topoauki.jpg|Topographical map showing location of Auki crater and other nearby features.  Color shows elevation.
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Aukicratercpx.jpg|Wide view of Auki, as seen by CTX
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ESP 011458 1640auki.jpg|Close view of central portion of Auki, as seen by HiRISE  Arrow indicates ridges.  Sand dunes are present near the top of the image.
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11458 1640ridgesauki.jpg|Close view of ridges from previous HiRISE image  Arrow indicates an "X" shaped ridge. 
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11458 1640ridgesauki2.jpg|Close view of central section of Auki showing ridges with arrow  Image is an enlargement of a previous HiRISE image.
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</gallery>
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==Channels==
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There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys and channels on Mars.  Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early seventies with the Mariner 9 orbiter.<ref>Baker, V.  1982.  The Channels of Mars. Univ. of Tex. Press, Austin, TX</ref> <ref>Baker, V., R. Strom, R., V. Gulick, J. Kargel, G. Komatsu, V. Kale.  1991.  Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature 352, 589–594.</ref> <ref>Carr, M.  1979.  Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2995–300.</ref> <ref>Komar, P.  1979. Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth. Icarus 37, 156–181.</ref>
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Vallis (plural ''valles'') is the Latin word for 'valley. It is used in planetary geology for the naming of features on other planets, including what could be old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars.  The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars;  river valleys were found in many areas.  Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers.<ref>Kieffer|title=Mars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoDvAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 March 2011|date=1992|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-1257-7</ref> <ref>Raeburn, P.  1998.  Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet Mars.  National Geographic Society.  Washington D.C.</ref> <ref>Moore, P. et al.  1990.  The Atlas of the Solar System. Mitchell Beazley Publishers NY, NY.</ref
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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Image:24341channel.jpg|Small meandering channel in the stream bed of a larger channel.  Water probably eroded the two channels at different times.  Image from HiRISE under the HiWish program.
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Image:25897ausoniachannel.jpg|Channel in [[Ausonia Mensa]], as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.
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Image:Licus Vallis.JPG|[[Licus Vallis]], as seen by HiRISE
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ESP 045848 1745channel.jpg|Channel, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program.
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</gallery>
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==Linear ridge networks==
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Linear ridge networks are found in various places on Mars in and around craters.<ref>Head, J., J. Mustard.  2006.  Breccia dikes and crater-related faults in impact craters on Mars: Erosion and exposure on the floor of a crater 75 km in diameter at the dichotomy boundary, Meteorit. Planet Science: 41, 1675-1690.</ref>  Ridges often appear as mostly straight segments that intersect in a lattice-like manner.  They are hundreds of meters long, tens of meters high, and several meters wide.  Scientists are not totally sure what caused these ridges, but one popular idea is that impacts created fractures in the surface, these fractures later acted as channels for fluids.  Fluids cemented the structures.  With the passage of time, surrounding material was eroded away, thereby leaving hard ridges behind. 
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Since the ridges occur in locations with clay, these formations could serve as a marker for past water because clay requires water to be made.<ref>Mangold et al.  2007.    Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust.  J. Geophys. Res., 112, doi:10.1029/2006JE002835.</ref> <ref>Mustard et al., 2007.  Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 1. Ancient impact melt in the Isidis Basin and implications for the transition from the Noachian to Hesperian, J. Geophys. Res., 112.</ref> <ref>Mustard et al.,  2009.  Composition, Morphology, and Stratigraphy of Noachian Crust around the Isidis Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi:10.1029/2009JE003349.</ref>  Water here could have supported past life in these locations.  Clay may also preserve fossils or other traces of past life.
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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ESP 036893 1765ridgesnepenthestop.jpg|Linear ridge network, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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ESP 045992 1780ridges.jpg|Wide view of several groups of linear ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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45992 1780curvedridges.jpg|Close view of curved ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program  Note: this is an enlargement of previous image.
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45992 1780ridgeswide.jpg|Close view of ridges, from a previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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45992 1780blocks.jpg|Close view of ridges, from a previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program  Arrows indicate fractures in ridge
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45992 1780roughblocks.jpg|Blocks probably formed after fracturing in ridges Image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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ESP 046269 1770ridges.jpg|Wide view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Parts of this are enlarged in next three images.
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46269 1770ridgesclose.jpg|Close view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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46269 1770ridgesclose2.jpg|Close view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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46269 1770ridgesindepression.jpg|Close view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program  Since some ridges are at the bottom of the depression, the ridges may be from a lower layer.
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</gallery>
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==Dunes==
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Sand dunes have been found in many places on Mars.  They are usually in low spots—like crater floors.  In HiRISE images they can appear in a variety of pretty colors.  The colors are somewhat artificial.  NASA uses the colors to determine mineral composition.  The presence of dunes shows that the planet has an atmosphere with wind, for dunes require wind to pile up the sand.  Most dunes on Mars are black because of the weathering of the volcanic rock basalt.<ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_016459_1830</ref> <ref name>Michael H. Carr|title=The surface of Mars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLHlJ6sjohwC|accessdate=21 March 2011|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|</ref>  Black sand can be found on Earth on Hawaii and on some tropical South Pacific islands.<ref>https://www.desertusa.com/desert-activity/sand-dune-wind1.html</ref> 
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Sand is common on Mars due to the old age of the surface that has allowed rocks to erode into sand.  Dunes on Mars have been observed to move many meters.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ur_TeOs3S64</ref> <ref>https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/the-flowing-sands-of-mars</ref> <ref>Cardinale, M., S. Silvestro,  D. Vazd, T.  Michaels, M. Bourke, G. Komatsu, L.  Marinangeli.  2016.  Present-day aeolian activity in Herschel Crater, Mars.  Icarus: 265, 139-148.</ref>
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Some dunes move along.  In this process, sand moves up the windward side and then falls down the leeward side of the dune, thus caused the dune to go toward the leeward side (or slip face).<ref>Namowitz, S., Stone, D.  1975.  earth science the world we live in.  American Book Company.  New York.</ref>  When iimages are enlarged, some dunes on Mars display ripples on their surfaces.<ref>https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6551</ref
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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ESP 045822 1680dunes.jpg|Dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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45822 1680dunesclose.jpg|Close view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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45822 1680color.jpg|Close, color view of dunes as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Ripples are visible on dune surface.
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ESP 052639 1680dunes.jpg|Dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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52639 1680dunes.jpg|Close view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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File:ESP 054774 1700dunes.jpg|Wide view of dunes among small craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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File:54774 1700dune.jpg|Close view of a dune, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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</gallery>
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==Layers==
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Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers.<ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP_008437_1750 |title=HiRISE &#124; High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment |publisher=Hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?psp_008437_1750 |date= |</ref>
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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ESP 047838 1780layers.jpg|Wide view of layered features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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47838 1780layeredridge.jpg|Layered features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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47838 1780layers2.jpg|Layered features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program  Arrows show where some layers are.
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47838 1780layersshadows.jpg|Layered features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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ESP 050397 1735craterwalllayers.jpg|Layers in crater wall, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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52308 1765layers.jpg|Layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program 
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</gallery>
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==Columnar Jointing==
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Lava flows sometimes cool to form large groups of more-or-less equally sized columns.<ref>http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/columnar-jointing</ref> <ref>Bates, R. and J. Jackson (eds.)  1976.  Dictionary of Geological Terms.  Doubleday, New York.</ref>  These joints have been seen on Mars.<ref>McEwen, A. et al.  2017.  Mars  The Pristine Beauty of the Red Planet.  University of Arizona Press.  Tucson.</ref>
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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ESP 014016 1945columnarjointing.jpg|Wide view of crater that has columnar jointing that is visible in enlarged images that follow  Picture taken with HiRISE.
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14016 1945columnarjointingwide.jpg|Crater wall with columnar jointing in the location of the box  Columnar joints are easily seen in the enlarged image that follows.  Picture taken with HiRISE.
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14016 1945columnarjointing.jpg|Close view of crater wall with columnar jointing labeled  Picture taken with HiRISE.
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Image:Parana traps.JPG|Columnar jointing on the Earth.
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Image:Sounkyo 01 a.jpg|Columnar jointing on the Earth.
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Image:Columnar Jointing in Yellowstone.JPG|Columnar Jointing in [[Yellowstone National Park]].
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</gallery>
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==Other views in Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle==
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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Image:Mare Tyrrhenum map.JPG|Map of Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle. [[Tyrrhenus Mons]] is a major [[volcano]].
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Image:Ausonia Montes.JPG|The [[Ausonia Montes]] in Mare Tyrrhenum as seen by [[CTX (camera)|CTX]].
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Image:Tyrrhena Patera.JPG|Tyrrhenus Mons, as seen by HiRISE and suggested by Ehsan Sanaei's high school astronomy club in Yazd, Iran. Click on image to see excellent view of pit crater chains and concentric features around a volcano.
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</gallery>
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<gallery class="center" widths="190px" heights="180px">
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ESP 047337 1760curvedridges.jpg|Wide view of ridges that are mostly curved.  Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program
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47337 1760curvedridgesbottom.jpg|Mostly curved ridges  Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program
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47337 1760smallridgesclose.jpg|Ridges of different sizes, some indicated by arrows are straight.  Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program
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47337curvedridges.jpg|Mostly curved ridges  Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program
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47337curvedridgeslayersclose.jpg|Ridges, some of which seem to have layers  Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program
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ESP 049712 1525whiteridges.jpg|Wide view of linear features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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49712 1525parallelridges.jpg|Close view of linear features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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ESP 049712 1525ridgesclosecolor.jpg|Close, color view of linear features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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File:ESP 055026 1590landslide.jpg|Landslide, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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File:ESP 055105 1530crater.jpg|Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program  The floor appears to have dropped some.
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File:ESP 056726 1695ejectalobes.jpg|Ejecta lobes in a crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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File:ESP 057584 1730fractures.jpg|Fractured crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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</gallery>
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==See also==
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*[[Geography of Mars]]
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* [[HiWish program]]
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*[[High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)]]
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*[[How are features on Mars Named?]]
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*[[Layers on Mars]]
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*[[Mars Global Surveyor]]
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*[[Rivers on Mars]]
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== References ==
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==Further reading==
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* Lorenz, R.  2014.  The Dune Whisperers.  The Planetary Report: 34, 1, 8-14
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* Lorenz, R., J. Zimbelman.  2014.  Dune Worlds:  How Windblown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences.
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== External links ==
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* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/34264306316/ High resolution video] by Seán Doran of overflight of part of north central Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle, including Tinto Vallis and Amenthes Planum (continues across the equator into [[Amenthes quadrangle]])

Revision as of 05:08, 17 March 2020

MC-22 Mare Tyrrhenum 0–30° S 90–135° E Quadrangles Atlas
  • USGS-Mars-MC-22-MareTyrrhenumRegion-mola.png
  • PIA00182-MC-22-MareTyrrhenumRegion-19980605.jpg

The Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle contains a rich variety of features that include one of the planet’s oldest volcanoes, and many of the usual beautiful landscapes on the planet such as columnar jointing, craters, dunes, ridge networks, and even a landslide.

Geography and origin of name

Most of the region contains heavily cratered highlands. The central part contains Tyrrhena Patera (a very old volcano). The Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle encompasses parts of the regions Tyrrhena Terra, Hesperia Planum, and Terra Cimmeria. Mare Tyrrhenum's largest crater is Herschel. Licus Vallis and the Ausonia Montes are other major features in the region. The Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). This quadrangle is also referred to as MC-22 (Mars Chart-22).[1] This quadrangle covers the area from 0° to 30° south latitude and 225° to 270° west longitude (135-90 E). Giovanni Schiaparelli named the area after Earth's Tyrrhenian Sea, which lies between Italy and Sicily. The region was subsequently renamed to Mare Tyrrhena after spacecraft photos revealed that it is an old, cratered plain rather than a sea.[2] [3]

Importance of craters

The density of impact craters is used to determine the surface ages of Mars and other solar system bodies.[4] The older the surface, the more craters present. Crater shapes can reveal the presence of ground ice. The Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle lies in the southern hemisphere—an old region with many craters. The area around craters may be rich in minerals. On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground. Water from the melting ice dissolves minerals, and then deposits them in cracks or faults that were produced with the impact. This process, called hydrothermal alteration, is a major way in which ore deposits are produced. The area around Martian craters may be rich in useful ores for the future colonization of Mars.[5]

  • Depression on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. This scene is enlarged in the next two images.

  • Close-up of depression on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.

  • Close-up of west edge of crater depression, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.

  • Dunes in crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Some of these dunes are Barchans.

  • Dunes among craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Some of these dunes are Barchans

Hydrothermal features in Auki

The crater Auki shows ridge networks that some researchers believe to be evidence of hydrothermal processes that occurred after impact. Impacts fracture rock and create enormous amounts of heat. On Mars, this heat can cause ice to melt and then the resulting water to move through cracks that are generated during impact. This water will eventually deposit minerals. The mineral deposits may become evident when surrounding ground erodes. Deposits formed in this manner are more resistant to erosion. Researchers have speculated that these hydrothermal effects should be common on Mars.[6] Ridges found in and around the center of Auki are evidence. This crater contains ridges that may have been produced after fractures formed with an impact. Using instruments on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter they found the minerals smectite (clay), silica, zeolite, serpentine, carbonate, and chlorite that are common in impact-induced hydrothermal systems on Earth.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Evidence of other hydrothermal systems around craters other than Auki has been found by different groups of scientists.[13] [14] [15]

  • Topographical map showing location of Auki crater and other nearby features. Color shows elevation.

  • Wide view of Auki, as seen by CTX

  • Close view of central portion of Auki, as seen by HiRISE Arrow indicates ridges. Sand dunes are present near the top of the image.

  • Close view of ridges from previous HiRISE image Arrow indicates an "X" shaped ridge.

  • Close view of central section of Auki showing ridges with arrow Image is an enlargement of a previous HiRISE image.

Channels

There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys and channels on Mars. Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early seventies with the Mariner 9 orbiter.[16] [17] [18] [19] Vallis (plural valles) is the Latin word for 'valley. It is used in planetary geology for the naming of features on other planets, including what could be old river valleys that were discovered on Mars, when probes were first sent to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; river valleys were found in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers.[20] [21] Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag Ridges often appear as mostly straight segments that intersect in a lattice-like manner. They are hundreds of meters long, tens of meters high, and several meters wide. Scientists are not totally sure what caused these ridges, but one popular idea is that impacts created fractures in the surface, these fractures later acted as channels for fluids. Fluids cemented the structures. With the passage of time, surrounding material was eroded away, thereby leaving hard ridges behind. Since the ridges occur in locations with clay, these formations could serve as a marker for past water because clay requires water to be made.[22] [23] [24] Water here could have supported past life in these locations. Clay may also preserve fossils or other traces of past life.

  • Linear ridge network, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Wide view of several groups of linear ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Close view of curved ridges, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note: this is an enlargement of previous image.

  • Close view of ridges, from a previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Close view of ridges, from a previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrows indicate fractures in ridge

  • Blocks probably formed after fracturing in ridges Image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Wide view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Parts of this are enlarged in next three images.

  • Close view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Close view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Close view of ridge networks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Since some ridges are at the bottom of the depression, the ridges may be from a lower layer.

Dunes

Sand dunes have been found in many places on Mars. They are usually in low spots—like crater floors. In HiRISE images they can appear in a variety of pretty colors. The colors are somewhat artificial. NASA uses the colors to determine mineral composition. The presence of dunes shows that the planet has an atmosphere with wind, for dunes require wind to pile up the sand. Most dunes on Mars are black because of the weathering of the volcanic rock basalt.[25] [26] Black sand can be found on Earth on Hawaii and on some tropical South Pacific islands.[27] Sand is common on Mars due to the old age of the surface that has allowed rocks to erode into sand. Dunes on Mars have been observed to move many meters.[28] [29] [30] Some dunes move along. In this process, sand moves up the windward side and then falls down the leeward side of the dune, thus caused the dune to go toward the leeward side (or slip face).[31] When iimages are enlarged, some dunes on Mars display ripples on their surfaces.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

  • Wide view of layered features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Layered features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Layered features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrows show where some layers are.

  • Layered features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Layers in crater wall, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

Columnar Jointing

Lava flows sometimes cool to form large groups of more-or-less equally sized columns.[32] [33] These joints have been seen on Mars.[34]


  • Wide view of crater that has columnar jointing that is visible in enlarged images that follow Picture taken with HiRISE.

  • Crater wall with columnar jointing in the location of the box Columnar joints are easily seen in the enlarged image that follows. Picture taken with HiRISE.

  • Close view of crater wall with columnar jointing labeled Picture taken with HiRISE.

  • Columnar jointing on the Earth.

  • Columnar jointing on the Earth.

  • Columnar Jointing in Yellowstone National Park.

Other views in Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle

  • Map of Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle. Tyrrhenus Mons is a major volcano.

  • The Ausonia Montes in Mare Tyrrhenum as seen by CTX.

  • Tyrrhenus Mons, as seen by HiRISE and suggested by Ehsan Sanaei's high school astronomy club in Yazd, Iran. Click on image to see excellent view of pit crater chains and concentric features around a volcano.

  • Wide view of ridges that are mostly curved. Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Mostly curved ridges Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Ridges of different sizes, some indicated by arrows are straight. Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Mostly curved ridges Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Ridges, some of which seem to have layers Picture taken with HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Wide view of linear features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Close view of linear features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Close, color view of linear features, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Landslide, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program The floor appears to have dropped some.

  • Ejecta lobes in a crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

  • Fractured crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program

See also

References

Further reading

  • Lorenz, R. 2014. The Dune Whisperers. The Planetary Report: 34, 1, 8-14
  • Lorenz, R., J. Zimbelman. 2014. Dune Worlds: How Windblown Sand Shapes Planetary Landscapes. Springer Praxis Books / Geophysical Sciences.

External links

  • High resolution video by Seán Doran of overflight of part of north central Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle, including Tinto Vallis and Amenthes Planum (continues across the equator into Amenthes quadrangle)
  • ↑ Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. “Geodesy and Cartography” in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds. Mars. University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.
  • ↑ Hartmann, W. 2003. A Traveler's Guide to Mars. Workman Publishing. NY NY.
  • ↑ Carr, M. 2007. The surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. New York.
  • ↑ http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/stones/
  • ↑ http://www.indiana.edu/~sierra/papers/2003/Patterson.html.
  • ↑ Osinski, G., et al. 2013. Impact-generated hydrothermal systems on Earth and Mars. Icarus: 224, 347-363.
  • ↑ Carrozzo, F. et al. 2017. Geology and mineralogy of the Auki Crater, Tyrrhena Terra, Mars: A possible post impact-induced hydrothermal system. 281: 228-239
  • ↑ Loizeau, D. et al. 2012. Characterization of hydrated silicate-bearing outcrops in tyrrhena Terra, Mars: implications to the alteration history of Mars. Icarus: 219, 476-497.
  • ↑ Naumov, M. 2005. Principal features of impact-generated hydrothermal circulation systems: mineralogical and geochemical evidence. Geofluids: 5, 165-184.
  • ↑ Ehlmann, B., et al. 2011. Evidence for low-grade metamorphism, hydrothermal alteration, and diagenesis on Mars from phyllosilicate mineral assemblages. Clays Clay Miner: 59, 359-377.
  • ↑ Osinski, G. et al. 2013. Impact-generated hydrothermal systems on Earth and Mars. Icarus: 224, 347-363.
  • ↑ Schwenzer, S., D. Kring. 2013. Alteration minerals in impact-generated hydrothermal systems – Exploring host rock variability. Icarus: 226, 487-496.
  • ↑ Marzo, G., et al. 2010. Evidence for hesperian impact-induced hydrothermalism on Mars. Icarus: 667-683.
  • ↑ Mangold, N., et al. 2012. Hydrothermal alteration in a late hesperian impact crater on Mars. 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science. #1209.
  • ↑ Tornabene, L., et al. 2009. Parautochthonous megabreccias and possible evidence of impact-induced hydrothermal alteration in holden crater, Mars. 40th LPSC. #1766.
  • ↑ Baker, V. 1982. The Channels of Mars. Univ. of Tex. Press, Austin, TX
  • ↑ Baker, V., R. Strom, R., V. Gulick, J. Kargel, G. Komatsu, V. Kale. 1991. Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars. Nature 352, 589–594.
  • ↑ Carr, M. 1979. Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. J. Geophys. Res. 84, 2995–300.
  • ↑ Komar, P. 1979. Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth. Icarus 37, 156–181.
  • ↑ Kieffer|title=Mars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoDvAAAAMAAJ%7Caccessdate=7 March 2011|date=1992|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-1257-7
  • ↑ Raeburn, P. 1998. Uncovering the Secrets of the Red Planet Mars. National Geographic Society. Washington D.C.
  • ↑ Mangold et al. 2007. Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 2. Aqueous alteration of the crust. J. Geophys. Res., 112, doi:10.1029/2006JE002835.
  • ↑ Mustard et al., 2007. Mineralogy of the Nili Fossae region with OMEGA/Mars Express data: 1. Ancient impact melt in the Isidis Basin and implications for the transition from the Noachian to Hesperian, J. Geophys. Res., 112.
  • ↑ Mustard et al., 2009. Composition, Morphology, and Stratigraphy of Noachian Crust around the Isidis Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 114, doi:10.1029/2009JE003349.
  • ↑ http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_016459_1830
  • ↑ Michael H. Carr|title=The surface of Mars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLHlJ6sjohwC%7Caccessdate=21 March 2011|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|
  • ↑ https://www.desertusa.com/desert-activity/sand-dune-wind1.html
  • ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ur_TeOs3S64
  • ↑ https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/the-flowing-sands-of-mars
  • ↑ Cardinale, M., S. Silvestro, D. Vazd, T. Michaels, M. Bourke, G. Komatsu, L. Marinangeli. 2016. Present-day aeolian activity in Herschel Crater, Mars. Icarus: 265, 139-148.
  • ↑ Namowitz, S., Stone, D. 1975. earth science the world we live in. American Book Company. New York.
  • ↑ http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/columnar-jointing
  • ↑ Bates, R. and J. Jackson (eds.) 1976. Dictionary of Geological Terms. Doubleday, New York.
  • ↑ McEwen, A. et al. 2017. Mars The Pristine Beauty of the Red Planet. University of Arizona Press. Tucson.
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