Difference between revisions of "Lighting"

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'''Lighting''' is vital for a colony. A colony might have a limited number of windows, so lighting would be required permanantly. [[Plants]] in [[greenhouse|greenhouses]] might need to be lit artificially to supplement natural light. [[Rover|Rovers]] must have headlamps for driving at night or during [[dust storms]].
+
'''Lighting''' is vital for a colony. A colony will have a limited number of windows, so artificial lighting may be required at all times. [[Plants]] in [[greenhouse|greenhouses]] will probably need to be lit artificially to supplement natural light. [[Rover|Rovers]] must have headlamps for driving at night or during [[dust storms]].
  
  
 
==Types of lighting==
 
==Types of lighting==
  
−
=== Incandescent ===
+
===Incandescent===
−
Most lightbulbs on Earth are incandescent. Fire and stars produce light via incandescence. In an incandescent light-bulb a metal filament (Usually [[tungsten]], the only metal that can withstand the temperatures) is heated to around 3000C. A [[glass]] bulb is fitted around the filament and the air evacuated or replaced by an inert gas, because the filament would otherwise oxidize and burn. In most commercial installation incandescent light bulbs have been replaced by fluorescents, that are themselves being replaced by LEDs.
+
Most light bulbs on Earth were incandescent until recently. Due to their relatively low efficiency, incandescent lights are being phased out all over the world.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs</ref>  In most commercial installation incandescent light bulbs have been replaced by fluorescents, that are themselves being replaced by LEDs.
−
===Fluorescent===
 
  
 +
Incandescence is a term usually reserved for a solid that emits light as it is heated. In an incandescent light-bulb a metal filament (Usually [[tungsten]], but carbon has also been used in the past,) is heated to around 3000C. A [[glass]] or quartz bulb is fitted around the filament and the air evacuated or replaced by an inert gas, because the filament would otherwise oxidize and burn. 
 
===Halogen===
 
===Halogen===
 +
Halogen light are a variation on incandescent lights, where the filament can last longer due to chemical interactions between the tungsten element and the halogen gas in the bulb.
 +
 +
===Fluorescent===
 +
Fluorescent lights use a phosphorous coating inside the lamp tube to transform the ultraviolet light emitted by an ionised plasma in the tube into visible light.
  
−
===LED===
+
===Light Emitting Diode (LED)===
−
[[Light emitting diode|LED]] are [[energy]] efficient, and produce little heat compared to incadescent, flourescent, and halogen bulbs.
+
[[Light emitting diode|LED]] are [[energy]] efficient, and produce little heat compared to incandescent, fluorescent, and halogen lights. They use the light emitted from a semi conductor in visible wavelengths and combine red green and blue components to produce white light.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode</ref>
  
−
===BioLEDS===
+
LEDs in 2019 can produce about 220 lumens per watt, while incandescent light bulbs produce only about 14 lumens per watt and fluorescents 80 lumens per watt.<ref>https://greatercea.org/lightbulb-efficiency-comparison-chart/</ref>
  
 
==Human response to light==
 
==Human response to light==
Line 19: Line 23:
  
 
===Health===
 
===Health===
−
The proper wavelengths of light are needed by [[human|humans]] to produce [[Vitamins|Vitamin D]].
+
The proper wavelengths of light are needed by [[human|humans]] to produce [[Vitamins|Vitamin D]]. On Earth, about 15 minutes under the noon sun, 3 times a week, is enough to produce the required vitamin D.<ref>https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-d-from-sun#time-of-day</ref>  On Mars, the exposure time would need to be longer.  Most type of glass screen ultraviolet light, so exposure under glass would not produce vitamin D.  Using ultraviolet light from artificial sources would product the same effect as the sun. 
  
 
Certain lights, emulating natural sunlight, are used to treat [[Seasonal affective disorder|Seasonal Affective Disorder]].
 
Certain lights, emulating natural sunlight, are used to treat [[Seasonal affective disorder|Seasonal Affective Disorder]].
Line 26: Line 30:
  
 
===Illumination===
 
===Illumination===
−
The primary use of lighting is illumination of a [[settlement]]. A well-lit environment is vital for the [[morale]] and safety of the residents.  See table bellow for standard lighting levels.
+
The primary use of lighting is illumination of a [[settlement]]. A well-lit environment is vital for the [[morale]] and safety of the residents.  See table below for standard lighting levels.
  
 
===Agriculture===
 
===Agriculture===
  
−
Many plants require more sunlight than is available on the martian surface. [[Dust storms]] can also obscure the sun for months at a time. Artificial lighting is needed to at least augment the natural light.
+
Many plants require more sunlight than is available on the Martian surface. [[Dust storms]] can also obscure the sun for months at a time. Artificial lighting is needed to at least augment the natural light.
 +
 
 +
Interior grow rooms use artificial light for plant production.  This technology was developed for the production of Cannabis in closed environments and container farming but is applicable to all indoor grown plants.  The most common power used for these installations is 300-600 W/m2 of lighting, or about one quarter to one half the power of full sunlight.
 +
 
 +
Food production is a factor of the amount of illumination received by the plant.  A useful equation for a surface greenhouse is:
 +
 
 +
Edible food=0.77 x PAR x T-6.1 (reference needed) where:
 +
 
 +
Edible food= Amount of edible plant mass produced (g/m2/day)
  
−
Interior grow rooms use artificial light for plant production.  This technology was developed for the production of Cannabis in closed environments but is applicable to all indoor grown plants. The most common power used for these installations is 300-600 W/m2, or about one quarter to one half the power of full sunlight.
+
PAR= lighting level of photosynthetically active radiation.  On Mars for natural lighting it is 20.8 (mol/m2/day).
 +
 
 +
T= transmittance of greenhouse surface.
 +
 
 +
For a greenhouse with a transmittance of 0,8, food production might be (.77 x 20.8 x .8)-6.1 = 6.7 g/m2/day
 +
 
 +
For 260 days of production per year the yield would be 1.7 kg/m2 per year, or about 17 t/ha.
 +
 
 +
This can be compared to the [[Food|crop yields]] obtained on Earth, that vary between 10 and 50 t/ha for high yield crops.  So although Mars surface greenhouses can work, the yield might be lower and supplemental lighting required for higher crop yields.
 +
 
 +
The use of [[hydroponics]] with artificial lighting and many layers of trays can increase yields in t/ha up to 600-2000 t/ha.  https://www.freightfarms.com/
  
 
==Lighting levels==
 
==Lighting levels==
Line 38: Line 60:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|+
 
|+
 +
Common outdoor light levels<ref>http://www.illumenate.com/lightlevels.htm</ref>
 
!Condition
 
!Condition
 
!Illumination
 
!Illumination
Line 98: Line 121:
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 
The table below provides recommended light levels from the IESNA Lighting Handbook and LPD levels from the IECC 2015
 
The table below provides recommended light levels from the IESNA Lighting Handbook and LPD levels from the IECC 2015
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
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|20-30 FC
 
|20-30 FC
 
|200-300 lux
 
|200-300 lux
−
|(0.38)
+
|4 (0.38)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Cafeteria - Eating
 
|Cafeteria - Eating
 
|20-30 FC
 
|20-30 FC
 
|200-300 lux
 
|200-300 lux
−
|(0.65)
+
|7 (0.65)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Classroom - General
 
|Classroom - General
 
|30-50 FC
 
|30-50 FC
 
|300-500 lux
 
|300-500 lux
−
|(1.24)
+
|13 (1.24)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Conference Room
 
|Conference Room
 
|30-50 FC
 
|30-50 FC
 
|300-500 lux
 
|300-500 lux
−
|1.23
+
|13 (1.23)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Corridor
 
|Corridor
 
|5-10 FC
 
|5-10 FC
 
|50-100 lux
 
|50-100 lux
−
|0.66
+
|7 (0.66)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Exhibit Space
 
|Exhibit Space
 
|30-50 FC
 
|30-50 FC
 
|300-500 lux
 
|300-500 lux
−
|1.45
+
|16 (1.45)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Gymnasium - Exercise / Workout
 
|Gymnasium - Exercise / Workout
 
|20-30 FC
 
|20-30 FC
 
|200-300 lux
 
|200-300 lux
−
|0.72
+
|7,8 (0.72)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Gymnasium - Sports / Games
 
|Gymnasium - Sports / Games
 
|30-50 FC
 
|30-50 FC
 
|300-500 lux
 
|300-500 lux
−
|1.20
+
|13 (1.20)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Kitchen / Food Prep
 
|Kitchen / Food Prep
 
|30-75 FC
 
|30-75 FC
 
|300-750 lux
 
|300-750 lux
−
|1.21
+
|13 (1.21)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Laboratory (Classroom)
 
|Laboratory (Classroom)
 
|50-75 FC
 
|50-75 FC
 
|500-750 lux
 
|500-750 lux
−
|1.43
+
|16 (1.43)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Laboratory (Professional)
 
|Laboratory (Professional)
 
|75-120 FC
 
|75-120 FC
 
|750-1200 lux
 
|750-1200 lux
−
|1.81
+
|19 (1.81)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Library - Stacks
 
|Library - Stacks
 
|20-50 FC
 
|20-50 FC
 
|200-500 lux
 
|200-500 lux
−
|1.71
+
|18 (1.71)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Library - Reading / Studying
 
|Library - Reading / Studying
 
|30-50 FC
 
|30-50 FC
 
|300-500 lux
 
|300-500 lux
−
|1.06
+
|11 (1.06)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Loading Dock
 
|Loading Dock
 
|10-30 FC
 
|10-30 FC
 
|100-300 lux
 
|100-300 lux
−
|0.47
+
|5 (0.47)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Lobby - Office/General
 
|Lobby - Office/General
 
|20-30 FC
 
|20-30 FC
 
|200-300 lux
 
|200-300 lux
−
|0.90
+
|10 (0.90)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Locker Room
 
|Locker Room
 
|10-30 FC
 
|10-30 FC
 
|100-300 lux
 
|100-300 lux
−
|0.75
+
|8 (0.75)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Lounge / Breakroom
 
|Lounge / Breakroom
 
|10-30 FC
 
|10-30 FC
 
|100-300 lux
 
|100-300 lux
−
|0.73
+
|8 (0.73)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Mechanical / Electrical Room
 
|Mechanical / Electrical Room
 
|20-50 FC
 
|20-50 FC
 
|200-500 lux
 
|200-500 lux
−
|0.95
+
|10 (0.95)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Office - Open
 
|Office - Open
 
|30-50 FC
 
|30-50 FC
 
|300-500 lux
 
|300-500 lux
−
|0.98
+
|11 (0.98)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Office - Private / Closed
 
|Office - Private / Closed
 
|30-50 FC
 
|30-50 FC
 
|300-500 lux
 
|300-500 lux
−
|1.11
+
|12 (1.11)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Parking - Interior
 
|Parking - Interior
 
|5-10 FC
 
|5-10 FC
 
|50-100 lux
 
|50-100 lux
−
|0.19
+
|2 (0.19)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Restroom / Toilet
 
|Restroom / Toilet
 
|10-30 FC
 
|10-30 FC
 
|100-300 lux
 
|100-300 lux
−
|0.98
+
|11 (0.98)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Retail Sales
 
|Retail Sales
 
|20-50 FC
 
|20-50 FC
 
|200-500 lux
 
|200-500 lux
−
|1.59
+
|17 (1.59)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Stairway
 
|Stairway
 
|5-10 FC
 
|5-10 FC
 
|50-100 lux
 
|50-100 lux
−
|0.69
+
|8 (0.69)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Storage Room - General
 
|Storage Room - General
 
|5-20 FC
 
|5-20 FC
 
|50-200 lux
 
|50-200 lux
−
|0.63
+
|7 (0.63)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|Workshop
 
|Workshop
 
|30-75 FC
 
|30-75 FC
 
|300-750 lux
 
|300-750 lux
−
|1.59
+
|17 (1.59)
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Open Issues==
+
==References==
−
 
 
−
*How much exposure time is needed for the skin to produce enough vitamin D?
 
−
 
 
 
[[Category:Construction, Assembly, Maintenance]]
 
[[Category:Construction, Assembly, Maintenance]]
 +
<references />

Latest revision as of 20:27, 5 January 2023

Lighting is vital for a colony. A colony will have a limited number of windows, so artificial lighting may be required at all times. Plants in greenhouses will probably need to be lit artificially to supplement natural light. Rovers must have headlamps for driving at night or during dust storms.


Types of lighting

Incandescent

Most light bulbs on Earth were incandescent until recently. Due to their relatively low efficiency, incandescent lights are being phased out all over the world.[1] In most commercial installation incandescent light bulbs have been replaced by fluorescents, that are themselves being replaced by LEDs.

Incandescence is a term usually reserved for a solid that emits light as it is heated. In an incandescent light-bulb a metal filament (Usually tungsten, but carbon has also been used in the past,) is heated to around 3000C. A glass or quartz bulb is fitted around the filament and the air evacuated or replaced by an inert gas, because the filament would otherwise oxidize and burn.

Halogen

Halogen light are a variation on incandescent lights, where the filament can last longer due to chemical interactions between the tungsten element and the halogen gas in the bulb.

Fluorescent

Fluorescent lights use a phosphorous coating inside the lamp tube to transform the ultraviolet light emitted by an ionised plasma in the tube into visible light.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

LED are energy efficient, and produce little heat compared to incandescent, fluorescent, and halogen lights. They use the light emitted from a semi conductor in visible wavelengths and combine red green and blue components to produce white light.[2]

LEDs in 2019 can produce about 220 lumens per watt, while incandescent light bulbs produce only about 14 lumens per watt and fluorescents 80 lumens per watt.[3]

Human response to light

Humans have two types of vision, color and low-light. Once the vision has adjusted to low light, the average human is able to function well in the light of the full moon, but without the ability to see in color.

Health

The proper wavelengths of light are needed by humans to produce Vitamin D. On Earth, about 15 minutes under the noon sun, 3 times a week, is enough to produce the required vitamin D.[4] On Mars, the exposure time would need to be longer. Most type of glass screen ultraviolet light, so exposure under glass would not produce vitamin D. Using ultraviolet light from artificial sources would product the same effect as the sun.

Certain lights, emulating natural sunlight, are used to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder.

Uses

Illumination

The primary use of lighting is illumination of a settlement. A well-lit environment is vital for the morale and safety of the residents. See table below for standard lighting levels.

Agriculture

Many plants require more sunlight than is available on the Martian surface. Dust storms can also obscure the sun for months at a time. Artificial lighting is needed to at least augment the natural light.

Interior grow rooms use artificial light for plant production. This technology was developed for the production of Cannabis in closed environments and container farming but is applicable to all indoor grown plants. The most common power used for these installations is 300-600 W/m2 of lighting, or about one quarter to one half the power of full sunlight.

Food production is a factor of the amount of illumination received by the plant. A useful equation for a surface greenhouse is:

Edible food=0.77 x PAR x T-6.1 (reference needed) where:

Edible food= Amount of edible plant mass produced (g/m2/day)

PAR= lighting level of photosynthetically active radiation. On Mars for natural lighting it is 20.8 (mol/m2/day).

T= transmittance of greenhouse surface.

For a greenhouse with a transmittance of 0,8, food production might be (.77 x 20.8 x .8)-6.1 = 6.7 g/m2/day

For 260 days of production per year the yield would be 1.7 kg/m2 per year, or about 17 t/ha.

This can be compared to the crop yields obtained on Earth, that vary between 10 and 50 t/ha for high yield crops. So although Mars surface greenhouses can work, the yield might be lower and supplemental lighting required for higher crop yields.

The use of hydroponics with artificial lighting and many layers of trays can increase yields in t/ha up to 600-2000 t/ha. https://www.freightfarms.com/

Lighting levels

Common outdoor light levels[5]
Condition Illumination Power intensity
ftcd lux W/m2 (W/ft2)
Sunlight 10000 107 527 1300 (120)
Full daylight 1000 10 752 130 (12)
Overcast day 100 1 075 13-18 (1,3-1,8)
Very dark day 10 107
Twilight 1 10,8
Deep twilight 0,1 1,1
Full Moon 0,01 0,11
Quarter moon 0,001 0,011
Starlight 0,0001 0,0011
Overcast night 0,00001 0,00011

The table below provides recommended light levels from the IESNA Lighting Handbook and LPD levels from the IECC 2015

ROOM TYPE LIGHT LEVEL (FOOT CANDLES) LIGHT LEVEL (LUX) IECC 2015 LIGHTING POWER DENSITY

Watts/m2 (WATTS PER SF)

Bedroom - Dormitory 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 4 (0.38)
Cafeteria - Eating 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 7 (0.65)
Classroom - General 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 13 (1.24)
Conference Room 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 13 (1.23)
Corridor 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 7 (0.66)
Exhibit Space 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 16 (1.45)
Gymnasium - Exercise / Workout 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 7,8 (0.72)
Gymnasium - Sports / Games 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 13 (1.20)
Kitchen / Food Prep 30-75 FC 300-750 lux 13 (1.21)
Laboratory (Classroom) 50-75 FC 500-750 lux 16 (1.43)
Laboratory (Professional) 75-120 FC 750-1200 lux 19 (1.81)
Library - Stacks 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 18 (1.71)
Library - Reading / Studying 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 11 (1.06)
Loading Dock 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 5 (0.47)
Lobby - Office/General 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 10 (0.90)
Locker Room 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 8 (0.75)
Lounge / Breakroom 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 8 (0.73)
Mechanical / Electrical Room 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 10 (0.95)
Office - Open 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 11 (0.98)
Office - Private / Closed 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 12 (1.11)
Parking - Interior 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 2 (0.19)
Restroom / Toilet 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 11 (0.98)
Retail Sales 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 17 (1.59)
Stairway 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 8 (0.69)
Storage Room - General 5-20 FC 50-200 lux 7 (0.63)
Workshop 30-75 FC 300-750 lux 17 (1.59)

References

  1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-out_of_incandescent_light_bulbs
  2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode
  3. ↑ https://greatercea.org/lightbulb-efficiency-comparison-chart/
  4. ↑ https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/vitamin-d-from-sun#time-of-day
  5. ↑ http://www.illumenate.com/lightlevels.htm
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