Difference between revisions of "Hydrocarbon synthesis"
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| − | '''Hydrocarbon Synthesis''' is the generation of hydrocarbon molecules from other molecules containing [[hydrogen]] and [[carbon]]. | + | '''Hydrocarbon Synthesis''' is the generation of [[hydrocarbons|hydrocarbon]] [[molecule|molecules]] from other molecules containing [[hydrogen]] and [[carbon]]. On Mars production will start with [[In-situ resource utilization|In situ resources]] utilization of the air (with CO2), and local water. |
| − | + | ==Methods== | |
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| + | ===Natural Synthesis=== | ||
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| + | All [[bacteria]] and [[algae]] naturally produce hydrocarbons; some in large quantities. [[Biotechnology|Bioengineered]] [[microbes]] could be used in an industrial scale. All living organisms use hydrocarbons for energy storage and the elaboration of living tissues. Biomass is the portion of hydrocarbons in a plant that cannot be used as food. | ||
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| + | [[Algae]], bacteria and plants produce methane, complex hydrocarbons in the form of sugars, alcohols, oils and fats for energy storage, or as lignite and cellulose for structure. | ||
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| + | ===Artificial Synthesis=== | ||
| + | The building blocks of hydrocarbons, [[Hydrogen]] and [[Carbon]], are readily available on Mars. [[Carbon dioxide|Carbon Dioxide]] is the major component of the atmosphere. [[Water]] from the surface of Mars can be split through [[electrolysis]]. These building blocks can be assembled through various chemical reactions into hydrocarbons. | ||
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| + | ====[[Sabatier/Water Electrolysis Process|Sabatier Reaction]]==== | ||
| + | The production of methane is possible via the Sabatier reaction: | ||
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| + | :CO<sub>2</sub> + 4H<sub>2</sub> ↔ CH<sub>4</sub> + 2H<sub>2</sub>O | ||
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| + | The forward reaction takes place in the presence of high temperatures and pressures, with a [[catalyst]]. Catalysts of [[nickel]], [[ruthenium]], or [[alumina]] can be used. | ||
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| + | ====[[Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction]]==== | ||
| + | [[Carbon monoxide]] can be produced via the Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction: | ||
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| + | :CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> → CO + H<sub>2</sub>O (deltaH = +9 kcal/mole) | ||
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| + | The [[catalyst]] for this reaction is [[silica]] with 5% [[copper]] and a small amount of [[nickel]]. | ||
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| + | ====[[Fischer-Tropsch reaction|Fischer-Tropsch Reaction]]==== | ||
| + | The Fischer-Tropsch reaction converts hydrogen and carbon monoxide into various hydrocarbons. | ||
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| + | :(2n+1)[[hydrogen|H<sub>2</sub>]] + n[[carbon monoxide|CO]] → C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>(2n+2)</sub> + n[[water|H<sub>2</sub>O]] | ||
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| + | 'n' is any positive number. | ||
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| + | Catalysts for this reaction include [[iron]], [[cobalt]], [[ruthenium]], and [[nickel]]. | ||
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| + | The reaction can produce C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> [[Ethylene]], than serves as a precursor for [[polyethylene]], paraffin, diesel oil and a large array of other petroleum m products. | ||
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| + | [[Category:In-situ Resource Utilization]] | ||
Latest revision as of 10:41, 10 November 2023
Hydrocarbon Synthesis is the generation of hydrocarbon molecules from other molecules containing hydrogen and carbon. On Mars production will start with In situ resources utilization of the air (with CO2), and local water.
Contents
Methods
Natural Synthesis
All bacteria and algae naturally produce hydrocarbons; some in large quantities. Bioengineered microbes could be used in an industrial scale. All living organisms use hydrocarbons for energy storage and the elaboration of living tissues. Biomass is the portion of hydrocarbons in a plant that cannot be used as food.
Algae, bacteria and plants produce methane, complex hydrocarbons in the form of sugars, alcohols, oils and fats for energy storage, or as lignite and cellulose for structure.
Artificial Synthesis
The building blocks of hydrocarbons, Hydrogen and Carbon, are readily available on Mars. Carbon Dioxide is the major component of the atmosphere. Water from the surface of Mars can be split through electrolysis. These building blocks can be assembled through various chemical reactions into hydrocarbons.
Sabatier Reaction
The production of methane is possible via the Sabatier reaction:
- CO2 + 4H2 ↔ CH4 + 2H2O
The forward reaction takes place in the presence of high temperatures and pressures, with a catalyst. Catalysts of nickel, ruthenium, or alumina can be used.
Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction
Carbon monoxide can be produced via the Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction:
- CO2 + H2 → CO + H2O (deltaH = +9 kcal/mole)
The catalyst for this reaction is silica with 5% copper and a small amount of nickel.
Fischer-Tropsch Reaction
The Fischer-Tropsch reaction converts hydrogen and carbon monoxide into various hydrocarbons.
'n' is any positive number.
Catalysts for this reaction include iron, cobalt, ruthenium, and nickel.
The reaction can produce C2H4 Ethylene, than serves as a precursor for polyethylene, paraffin, diesel oil and a large array of other petroleum m products.
