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• Metamorphic rock
  ...ially the same, the type of metamorphic rock that forms will depend on the rock from which it was formed and the temperature to which it was exposed.<ref n ...eous rock]], where the cooling magma that formed the intrusive rock heated rock that had already existed in the area.
  1 KB (158 words) - 11:19, 17 December 2018
• Igneous rock
  ...s called lava) before solidifying, it is called an '''extrusive''' igneous rock. ...lowed onto the surface; therefore would be considered an extrusive igneous rock. It is fine-grained and dark since it contains dark minerals.<ref>https://
  1 KB (226 words) - 08:52, 25 August 2021

Page text matches

• Metamorphic rock
  ...ially the same, the type of metamorphic rock that forms will depend on the rock from which it was formed and the temperature to which it was exposed.<ref n ...eous rock]], where the cooling magma that formed the intrusive rock heated rock that had already existed in the area.
  1 KB (158 words) - 11:19, 17 December 2018
• Igneous rock
  ...s called lava) before solidifying, it is called an '''extrusive''' igneous rock. ...lowed onto the surface; therefore would be considered an extrusive igneous rock. It is fine-grained and dark since it contains dark minerals.<ref>https://
  1 KB (226 words) - 08:52, 25 August 2021
• Sand
  ...also a fair portion of iron oxide. Sand is unconsolidated. Sandstone is a rock made from consolidated sand.<ref>Sepp, Siim. n.d. [https://www.sandatlas.or
  1 KB (218 words) - 18:46, 9 December 2019
• Graphite
  Graphite occurs on Earth in [[igneous rock|igneous]] and [[metamorphic rock]], sometimes as metamorphosed [[coal]]. It can also be found in [[limestone
  1 KB (179 words) - 16:48, 17 December 2018
• Volatiles
  ...nce is located. For example, water is volatile on Earth but water ice is a rock-hard mineral on Pluto.
  348 bytes (55 words) - 13:35, 10 November 2020
• Flotation
  ...mother rock called the gangue. Mechanical crushing and milling break the rock down into fine powders where the individual ore particles are separate from
  2 KB (251 words) - 12:05, 4 November 2020
• Artificial cave
  ...lized and reinforced with a liner to hold in the air pressure. All surface rock formations are expected to be fractured and contain voids, so pressurizatio ...the ground area will be about 3 x 1000m or 3000m2. The volume of removed rock is 20 000 m3, while the useful final volume is 12000 m3. Clearly it would
  4 KB (609 words) - 08:50, 25 January 2023
• Digging machine
  ...oviding radiation protection through underground construction and, if the rock is of good enough quality, structure for the habitat. ...ost tunnel boring machines include a liner installation system, as well as rock bolt installations and grouting for gaps between the liners and the excavat
  3 KB (446 words) - 10:26, 2 May 2024
• Hydrothermal vents
  ...eating through volcanism or asteroid impact circulates through a volume of rock. the water dissolves minerals, that condense out at the exit points, the h
  778 bytes (109 words) - 10:05, 26 January 2021
• Caves
  ...ctly, due to cracks and flaws in the rock, of lack of mass in the covering rock. In such a case the caves could serve as radiation shelters and the habita
  3 KB (418 words) - 08:32, 9 May 2019
• Silica
  Silica is produced by mining silica bearing rocks. Rock with a high proportion of silica is crushed until the silica crystals are s
  747 bytes (116 words) - 12:46, 15 May 2023
• Bacteria Colonists
  ...radiation, and cold above. Bacteria grow for an hour a day, but when the rock is shadowed (or at night) the water freezes and the bacteria become dormant
  4 KB (603 words) - 01:01, 12 August 2022
• Compressed-air
  ...s are lined with an impermeable membrane, the structure of the surrounding rock may be sufficient to contain the pressure. The entrances to the cave or tub
  1 KB (188 words) - 19:55, 25 December 2019
• Hellas Planitia
  ...aphy, flowed downhill, and is now protected from sublimation by a layer of rock debris and dust. Sublimation is when a solid changes directly to a gas with ...38.</ref> So, it seems that large masses of ice have pushed up layers of rock into domes that were eroded. After erosion removed the top of the layered
  4 KB (676 words) - 20:14, 7 January 2020
• Gusev Crater
  ...One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT).<ref>{{cite journal | author = Christensen P | year = | ...pg |thumb|200px|right|Labeled diagram showing a cross section of a typical rock from Gusev plains]]
  6 KB (917 words) - 19:04, 8 January 2020
• ATHLETE
  * Climb slopes of 35° on rock and 25° on soft sand
  1 KB (182 words) - 11:55, 17 December 2018
• Olympus Mons
  ===Rock=== ...Mons stands in one of the dustiest regions of Mars. This would likely make rock samples hard to come by and the dust layer would also likely cause severe m
  5 KB (853 words) - 20:54, 20 August 2021
• Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle
  ...gle contains a few very interesting craters. One contains a strange white rock in the center. Another crater, Schiaparelli, is a large, easily located cr ...reds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sedi
  14 KB (2,201 words) - 16:09, 16 November 2023
• ISRU timeline
  |Rock
  2 KB (221 words) - 12:29, 29 October 2019
• Lichen
  ...er and some species of [[moth]]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_tripe Rock tripe] is a species of that is eaten by humans, and is used in the cuisine
  2 KB (289 words) - 18:31, 25 July 2020
• Sulfuric acid
  ...he form of SO₃ it can represent up to 37% by weight of certain rock formations. SO₃ + H₂O can produce sulfuric acid, alt
  1 KB (228 words) - 16:44, 4 October 2022
• Yttrium
  ...nd 150 ppm (dry weight average of 23 ppm) and in sea water at 9 ppt. Lunar rock samples collected during the American Apollo Project have a relatively high
  1 KB (220 words) - 06:49, 22 June 2021
• Water Infrastructure
  ...ate.net/figure/Compressive-strength-and-density-of-ice-versus-a-variety-of-rock-types-data-from_fig3_272743517</ref> so drilling might not be too much work ...205_3.pdf</ref>, or 36 kJ/kg. With the reduced shear strength compared to rock, then crushing it might require something like 3 kJ/kg or less. This is tw
  6 KB (1,037 words) - 08:00, 1 May 2024
• Noctis Labyrinthus
  ...break up into large boulders or blocks are thought to be formed from hard rock like basalt from the many volcanoes on the planet. In many places, however ...undreds of kilometers, and in the process dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sedi
  5 KB (770 words) - 06:38, 23 March 2020
• Martian Meteorites
  A Martian [[meteorite]] is a piece of rock that has been ejected from Mars via meteoritic impact or volcanic eruption ...at do not contain round chondrate spherules. An orthopyroxenite(OPX) is a rock made of orthopyroxene and pyroxenite. ALH 84001 has gotten more attention
  9 KB (1,466 words) - 08:56, 25 August 2021
• Ritchey Crater
  ...layers from erosion. Under this hard, dark layer is a softer, light-toned rock that breaks into small boulders. The layers might be formed of volcanic ash ...s containing clay minerals in Ritchey Crater. Impact melt is created when rock melted during an impact cools and hardens. <ref>Sun, V., and R. Milliken.
  7 KB (1,047 words) - 15:31, 2 September 2021
• Deimos
  ...(the inner moon is [[Phobos]].) [[w:Deimos_(moon)|Deimos]] is composed of rock rich in carbonaceous material. Although the surface is noticeably smoother
  2 KB (328 words) - 14:46, 8 July 2019
• Volcano
  ...hot material from the interior of the body erupts onto the surface. Molten rock underground (magma) breaks thru to the surface where it becomes ash, lava o ..., which is very small. It is formed when lava flows over wet, sedimentary rock. The water boils, blasting up thru the lava field, leaving a field of smal
  9 KB (1,402 words) - 11:52, 5 January 2023
• Radioactive Rarity on Mars
  ...anic eruptions will bring mantle material to the surface. U/Th/K, are all rock-loving minerals so this might help to explain their relative rarity. In ot Granite on Earth is generated with water rich rock (from subducting oceanic plates) and volcanic eruptions. Granite is common
  13 KB (2,091 words) - 19:37, 29 November 2022
• Mining
  ...rth is largely done with an initial phase using explosives to fracture the rock for removal to a processing plant. This might not be the most practical me ...e efficient to dig tunnels to access the ore than to remove the overlaying rock and regolith. Since Mars has only about 38% as much gravity as Earth<ref>Mc
  5 KB (727 words) - 09:30, 26 September 2022
• Metallurgy
  ...and temperatures can form carbonyls. Metal atoms leave the surface of the rock or dust, and form a toxic liquid formed of a metal ion surrounded by severa
  2 KB (302 words) - 12:54, 29 November 2022
• Foundation
  ...ore there is no soil. The material on the Martian surface is either sand, rock or [[regolith]]. Large areas of Mars appear to be covered with lava flows and rock. The foundations required on such materials would be minimal. As there is
  6 KB (921 words) - 14:27, 3 October 2022
• Mineral
  Minerals can be formed by crystallization of magma (molten rock) deep within a planet. When the magma cools, certain elements combine to fo
  3 KB (404 words) - 20:23, 25 December 2019
• Jezero Crater
  The Mars 2020 rover mission will be able to examine at least 5 types of rock, including clays and carbonates.<ref>https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php ...tps://mars.nasa.gov/news/9029/nasas-perseverance-rover-collects-first-mars-rock-sample/</ref>
  21 KB (3,176 words) - 08:06, 26 October 2023
• Mars Music
  ...nt to Go to Mars” by ''The'' ''Birdwatchers'' and written in more of a pop-rock style. ..."Life on Mars."[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZKcl4-tcuo] There is the rock band called ''30 Seconds to Mars''. One of its founders, Jared Leto, descri
  8 KB (1,296 words) - 18:12, 10 November 2020
• Crew 177 - Journalism Reports
  Today four crew members went out on EVA to Candor Chasm and collected five rock samples to conduct chemistry experiments on, later this week in the lab. Th After lunch, the five rock samples were taken to the lab and prepared for testing later this week by b
  9 KB (1,665 words) - 16:45, 7 March 2019
• Spirit
  *Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) ...e. One type can be brushed off, while another needed to be removed by the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT).<ref>Christensen P (August 2004). "Initial Results from
  15 KB (2,283 words) - 14:41, 9 February 2019
• Fretted terrain
  ...al debris. Icarus: 34. 600-613.</ref> At first, they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the [[Mars Besides rock-covered glaciers around mesas, the region had many steep-walled valleys wit
  10 KB (1,447 words) - 11:21, 8 January 2024
• Opportunity
  *Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) ==Rock and mineral discoveries at Meridiani Planum==
  21 KB (3,231 words) - 07:10, 7 January 2020
• Crater
  ...ts impacting the [[Mars]] surface cause highly energetic impacts, ejecting rock, [[regolith|dust]] and gases into the atmosphere and surrounding landscape.
  3 KB (411 words) - 02:24, 24 March 2021
• Storm shelter
  ...ly. [[Water]], which is two-thirds hydrogen, is another shielding option. Rock, regolith and concrete are all options if the equipment is available to arr
  3 KB (481 words) - 08:59, 26 May 2022
• Margaritifer Terra
  ...region display layers. Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produc
  3 KB (470 words) - 06:47, 23 March 2020
• Crew 189 EVA Reports
  – White Rock Canyon: 12S-520200E-4247500N ...ents are supporting the desert conditions perfectly. We then went to white rock canyon for exploration and photography. The walk went perfectly, the temper
  14 KB (2,328 words) - 11:13, 24 March 2019
• Crew 200 EVA Reports
  ...eam Bed. Arrived at the Hab at 9:50, we took Opportunity to go to Robert’s Rock Garden, applying the same communication protocol. From there we walked alon Destination: Galileo Road (up to Cowboy Corner) + Robert’s Rock Garden
  7 KB (1,162 words) - 16:23, 7 March 2019
• Crew 167 EVA Reports
  ...compass. At the second stop, we performed the same analyses on the various rock layers in the canyon. We returned well, safe, and informed. 12 N 518524 4249129 (sedimentary rock field)
  25 KB (3,682 words) - 18:30, 11 November 2019
• Surface composition
  Rock formations on the surface are primarily composed of basalt - a consequence ...va flows, similar to [[exd:andesitic|andesitic]] rocks found on [[Earth]] (rock which crystallizes from silicate minerals at intermediate temperatures).
  5 KB (782 words) - 17:06, 25 November 2021
• Alumina
  On Earth, corundum mainly occurs in [[metamorphic rock]], as well as in [[alluvial deposits]].<ref name="Cairncross" />
  4 KB (532 words) - 20:36, 25 May 2021
• Crew 195 Sol Summaries
  EVA to Robert’s Rock Garden (aka the martian graveyard) was undertaken by the intrepid MDRS 195
  4 KB (553 words) - 18:20, 7 March 2019
• Syrtis Major quadrangle
  ...moving along cracks or faults in the rock. When they cool, walls of hard rock may be formed after being exposed by the erosion of softer, surrounding mat ...moves underground than what formed volcanoes. In other words, more liquid rock was under the surface than in the many massive Martian volcanoes.<ref>Crisp
  21 KB (3,097 words) - 15:11, 8 May 2023
• Terra Sirenum
  ...of Mars, ice could survive for long periods under a few meters of dirt and rock. <ref> Head, J. W.; et al. (2006). "Extensive valley glacier deposits in ...e; consequently making these cracked mounds. Since ice is less dense than rock, it probably pushed upwards on the surface and made these spider web-like p
  10 KB (1,480 words) - 17:48, 9 November 2020
• Solar System
  The terrestrial planets are mostly composed of rock but with a thin atmosphere of gas. The gas giants are the biggest objects i
  5 KB (802 words) - 05:37, 27 March 2021
• Bringing up Phobos
  ...put a small mass driver on Phobos and accelerate it in its orbit by firing rock and ice backwards. This will raise the orbit of Phobos and lower the orbit
  4 KB (721 words) - 15:27, 4 October 2022
• Roads
  ...ld be quite solid, with the exception on dunes and wind transported sand. Rock breaking equipment, combined with crushers and graders should be capable of
  4 KB (681 words) - 12:09, 6 October 2023
• Spacecraft Classification
  ...of being on the planet rather than orbiting and usually pack it with more rock observing and geology type-of experiments rather than atmospheric experimen
  5 KB (853 words) - 10:19, 1 January 2023
• Elysium quadrangle
  ...s due to their hardness. These boulders are probably made of the volcanic rock basalt since it is hard and is widespread on Mars. Some layers may be caus ...reak in the rock. Magma might move along, under the surface, breaking the rock, and more importantly melting ice. The resulting action would cause a crack
  18 KB (2,848 words) - 16:04, 24 December 2023
• Phobos
  ...d of carbonaceous surface materials. Phobos' density is too low to be pure rock, however, and it is known to have significant porosity. These results led t
  4 KB (708 words) - 05:35, 18 April 2024
• Iapygia quadrangle
  ...ross rock layers. Dikes form when magma rises up in a fault (crack) in the rock. They are generally hard and resistant to erosion; thus they are left stan Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce
  20 KB (3,015 words) - 06:56, 20 April 2024
• Concrete
  Sand and stone are common on Mars. Most types of volcanic rock are compatible with concrete.
  5 KB (711 words) - 14:29, 3 October 2022
• Layers on Mars
  .... Sometimes it is from a layer of hard lava that covered everything. Cap rock, a name given to this hard layer, is seen to break into large blocks or bou ...nd in Gale crater, as seen by Curiosity's Mast Camera The insert shows a rock about the size of Curiosity.
  19 KB (2,816 words) - 10:23, 2 January 2024
• Aluminum
  ...ble on Mars. Bauxite is generally the result of intense weathering of base rock, and is usually found in tropical countries. Alumina is separated from the
  5 KB (873 words) - 10:50, 2 May 2024
• Crew 200 Sol Summaries
  out the east window is the silhouette of Phobos Peak Rock as the morning and Phobos Peak Rock emerged all the more majestic than usual.
  16 KB (2,564 words) - 16:52, 7 March 2019
• Crew 193 EVA Reports
  Explore Zubrin’s Head and White Rock Canyon. 1. Explored White Rock Canyon, and Kissing Camel Ridge. Found a few potential shelter sites, and a
  22 KB (3,040 words) - 18:52, 7 March 2019
• Crew 4 - Crew Bio
  ...980; including a brief career as a bassist-songwriter from the progressive rock band Jupiter Sheep. After several years developing a variety of internet sk
  4 KB (744 words) - 18:14, 19 December 2019
• Crew 205 EVA Reports
  .... Communications with HAB Control were lost after passing through Robert's Rock Garden, so while the other team members were looking for suitable sampling ...nd routes per MDRS Map: Southbound on Cow Dung Road (0110), until Robert's Rock Garden
  25 KB (4,054 words) - 17:56, 7 March 2019
• The Curious Case for Methane on Mars: Methane and Active Organics Discovered on Mars
  ...nto and examined the rock dubbed “John Klein” scientists realized that the rock contained what biologists call CHNOPS. That acronym stands for Carbon, Hydr
  11 KB (1,772 words) - 10:37, 2 May 2024
• Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle
  ==Rock and mineral discoveries at Meridiani Planum== ...e concentrated on the surface as a lag deposit. As little as one meter of rock could have produced the observed blueberry covering .<ref>Squyres, S. et al
  38 KB (5,857 words) - 15:46, 24 December 2023
• Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle
  ...ce of hydrothermal processes that occurred after impact. Impacts fracture rock and create enormous amounts of heat. On Mars, this heat can cause ice to m ...eration minerals in impact-generated hydrothermal systems – Exploring host rock variability. Icarus: 226, 487-496.</ref> Evidence of other hydrothermal
  18 KB (2,705 words) - 15:55, 24 December 2023
• Crew 190 EVA Reports
  ...to climb on top of some hill in order to try with a better range. Upon our rock, we were indeed able to see the MDRS. We heard a few words from them, but t – Near Robert’s Rock Garden: 518300E-4249300N
  21 KB (3,485 words) - 10:18, 24 March 2019
• InSight Mission
  If the mole encounters a large rock before reaching at least 10 feet (3 meters) down, the team will need a full ...20px|Rock that was named "Rolling Stones Rock." One can see the trail the rock moved when InSight landed]]
  27 KB (4,155 words) - 06:44, 1 January 2024
• Chaotic Terrain
  ...aves), and may emerge to the surface lifting up and tilting huge blocks of rock. Chaos terrain is associated with a confusion of mesas, hills, valleys, gu
  6 KB (923 words) - 08:47, 3 May 2022
• Gravity
  *A rock thrown on Mars will fly much further than on Earth.
  6 KB (949 words) - 07:24, 26 April 2023
• Soil
  A large part of the mass of soil are minerals such as sand, rock and clays. Martian regolith is the expected source for these minerals. Mar
  7 KB (1,063 words) - 11:22, 20 October 2023
• Crew 169 - Team Peru IV
  He is lover of drawing, arts, basketball and jazz and rock music and, for a few months, he was a volunteer of TECHO, a volunteer organ ...le. Most important, he enjoys overwhelmingly listening to Jazz, Reggae and rock. Recently, he has been developing biomedical and microbiological research i
  12 KB (1,871 words) - 17:34, 7 March 2019
• Habitat
  ...[[steel]] wire. The tunnel will have to be able to carry the weight of the rock and soil above. And as Martian [[gravity]] is less than Earth's gravity, it
  6 KB (985 words) - 08:06, 1 May 2024
• Geography of Mars
  ...ndensed out and covered the whole planet with an additional 10 m of molten rock.<ref>Carr, Michael H. (2006). The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Pre
  22 KB (3,336 words) - 06:06, 9 October 2023
• Coprates quadrangle
  ...k layers in canyon walls may be due to dark lava flows. The dark volcanic rock basalt dominates the Martian surface. However, light-toned deposits appear ...inverted relief might be lava flowing down a stream bed or cementation of rock material by minerals dissolved in water. Some cementing materials are very
  26 KB (4,014 words) - 08:58, 1 January 2024
• Crew 172 - Mars Society Crew
  ...ting. He toured around the country with brands such as ESPNU, Jim Beam/Kid Rock, EA Sports, Target, and Reebok/Crossfit to set up unique consumer experienc ...like Iceland and Norway with his tent and his backpack and is a true blues rock enthusiast.
  11 KB (1,709 words) - 18:12, 16 March 2019
• Arabia quadrangle
  ESP 045455 1930layers.jpg|Layers under cap rock of a pedestal crater, Pedestal crater is within the much larger Tikhonravo Image:ESP 025609layers.jpg|Layers under cap rock of a pedestal crater Pedestal crater is within the much larger Tikhonravov
  34 KB (5,229 words) - 09:43, 26 February 2024
• Mars Pathfinder
  ...journer rover taking an Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer measurement of the rock Yogi. In all the rover traveled 52 meters.<ref>Golombek, M., et al. 1997.
  6 KB (919 words) - 11:47, 17 December 2018
• Failure of the settlement
  ...the settlement draw benefit from the high heat capacity of the surrounding rock, which keeps the temperature for a long time. The interior of the settlemen
  6 KB (975 words) - 15:14, 13 November 2023
• Crew 187 EVA Reports
  Destination: Unnamed zone on 1101 marker, west of Cow Dung Road, near white rock canyon ...on. After approximately 25 minutes of traverse, and after passing Robert’s Rock Garden, the Rovers were parked on the side of the road, and the expedition
  19 KB (3,259 words) - 11:19, 24 March 2019
• Tharsis
  ...anoes in the Tharsis region are believed to be constructed of the volcanic rock basalt.<ref>Carr, M. 1973. Volcanism on Mars. Journal of Geophysical Rese ...Williams, J.-P.; Paige, D.A.; Manning, C.E. 2003. Layering in the Wall Rock of Valles Marineris: Intrusive and Extrusive Magmatism. Geophys. Res. Let
  29 KB (4,380 words) - 08:10, 15 May 2021
• Water
  ...ndor Chasma]]. The cracks analyzed show signs of mineral alteration in the rock exposed - a sign that liquid water once flowed through these sub-surface pi ...water has since disappeared from these cracks and fractures in the canyon rock, it is interesting to find evidence for ancient water in abundance.
  22 KB (3,416 words) - 16:26, 20 March 2023
• Crew 202 EVA Reports
  ...est, where we took radiometric readings of the environment and studied the rock formations close to a seasonal water stream. The crew demonstrated the work west of Cow Dung Road. Using the rock hammer, we knocked off parts of
  16 KB (2,483 words) - 14:25, 7 March 2019
• Eridania quadrangle
  ...n). The magnetism left in rocks is a record of the magnetic field when the rock solidified.<ref>http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid ...The shock of the impact may have erased the remnant magnetization in the rock. After the Hellas impact no magnetic fields existed. This fact tells us t
  28 KB (4,220 words) - 06:09, 17 April 2024
• Lakes on Mars
  ...he "Kimberley" formation on Mars taken by NASA's Curiosity rover. Layered rock formed under lake.
  7 KB (1,107 words) - 16:21, 20 March 2023
• Mars volcanoes
  ...ed has been lost, and the outer crust of Mars is too thick to allow molten rock from deep below to reach the surface. However, Volcanic activity, or volcan
  7 KB (866 words) - 17:02, 21 April 2020
• Magnetosphere
  ...ls cool, while they are in a magnetic field, that field is frozen into the rock. This is known as paleomagnetism. This has been discovered on Mars, which
  8 KB (1,217 words) - 09:01, 27 May 2022
• Crew 5 - Crew Bio
  ...at the Univ. of Nevada/Mackay School of Mines with an emphasis in Martian rock mechanics. Fori was selected for the first NASA Ames Astrobiology Academy (
  6 KB (905 words) - 18:14, 19 December 2019
• Crew 197 Journalism Reports
  people took a detour to the Rock Garden, the other two went directly
  7 KB (1,185 words) - 17:38, 7 March 2019
• Crew 193 Sol Summaries
  ...ll be doing so for the rest of their time here. EVA-AM team explored White Rock Canyon and Kissing Camels Ridge, and a good time was had by all, other than ...he morning, the American team will head to Zubrin’s Rock and explore White Rock Canyon. Team Canada will follow up at Toothy Ridge in the afternoon.
  24 KB (4,008 words) - 19:04, 7 March 2019
• Settlement
  ...oitable ores on Mars. The moon will likely be made up of undifferentiated rock, with few mineral concentrations.
  7 KB (1,145 words) - 09:56, 26 September 2022
• Crew 182
  ...ocial projects. She also enjoys drawing, writing and listening to folk and rock music. She is interested in other areas of human knowledge such as literatu
  7 KB (1,133 words) - 12:06, 7 March 2019
• Aeolis quadrangle
  ...als that were detected had to have water for their formation. Analysis of rock compositions supported the notion that the rocks have been slightly altere ...R1 br.jpg|left|thumb|320px|The rock called "Adirondack." It was the first rock to be examined by Spirit]]
  51 KB (7,713 words) - 06:14, 11 April 2024
• Crew 182-Team Peru V
  ...ocial projects. She also enjoys drawing, writing and listening to folk and rock music. She is interested in other areas of human knowledge such as literatu
  7 KB (1,130 words) - 12:32, 16 March 2019
• Mars atlas Volcanoes and Craters
  ...ed has been lost, and the outer crust of Mars is too thick to allow molten rock from deep below to reach the surface. However, Volcanic activity, or volcan
  9 KB (1,219 words) - 20:24, 20 August 2021
• Crew 205 Journalism Reports
  ...was instructed to a different location closer located to the hab, near the rock formation known as the “Kissing Camel”. Maria (Media) was in the role o ...learned we started to prepare earlier today for the morning EVA to collect rock samples.
  35 KB (6,127 words) - 15:09, 7 March 2019
• The beauty of Mars from 150 miles
  ...ssed to bring out slight differences. Dunes are made of the black volcanic rock basalt. Basalt does not always have the same exact composition. Slight amou ...ssed to bring out slight differences. Dunes are made of the black volcanic rock basalt. Basalt does not always have the same exact composition. Slight amou
  17 KB (2,665 words) - 07:46, 30 March 2024
• Production
  |Phosphate Rock
  8 KB (1,032 words) - 07:08, 13 January 2022
• Insulation
  |Rock
  8 KB (1,167 words) - 10:20, 27 April 2023
• Carbon dioxide
  ...but seem to be rarer on Mars. It is possible that Mars has more carbonate rock formations which are buried.
  8 KB (1,237 words) - 14:21, 14 June 2022
• Viking 2
  ...are typical weathering products of mafic igneous rocks. The dark, igneous rock basalt is believed to make up much of the surface of Mars, as it does for t ...e magnetite and maghemite. These could come from the weathering of basalt rock.<ref>Hargraves, R. et al. 1976. Viking Magnetic Properties Investigation:
  16 KB (2,517 words) - 16:08, 8 February 2019
• Back contamination
  ...were microscopic traces which looked very much like life. Studies of the rock showed that inside cracks, the local temperature never rose above 50C durin
  8 KB (1,351 words) - 22:04, 15 May 2022
• Dark slope streaks
  ...ing bright Martian dust moving down slope and exposing the dark underlying rock. However, some researchers suggest that water may be involved.<ref>A. Bhar ...layer of dust can move away and reveal a dark surface. The dark volcanic rock basalt lies under the lighter-toned dust which falls out of the atmosphere.
  18 KB (2,669 words) - 10:54, 14 January 2024
• Crew 186 EVA Reports
  ...escarpment to collect chips of shale directly from the cliff wall using a rock hammer. Melanie also climbed an escarpment to take complimentary spectra us ...ath chosen by Mark, but let him decide the direction to walk towards. When rock walls occurred, Mark decided the best path around them, and only once he wa
  29 KB (5,011 words) - 11:28, 24 March 2019
• Crew 202
  ...to spend his time appreciating and climbing on rocks. He enjoys looking at rock features and is consistently in the climbing gym if not in the lab or at hi
  8 KB (1,205 words) - 15:03, 7 March 2019
• Liquid Water on Mars
  ...to have been shoved on top of each other by flood water. Some evidence of rock conglomeration was imaged, but the results were inconclusive to whether thi ...of blueberries on the ground. (Universe) The Opportunity Rover used the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) to grind and examine a blueberry. The team next used a
  39 KB (6,252 words) - 13:58, 10 November 2020
• Crew 200
  ...aintenance Supervisor at a production site for BASF. Meanwhile, she enjoys rock climbing and volunteering at the Chabot Space and Science Center. She belie
  8 KB (1,167 words) - 16:58, 7 March 2019
• List of non-fiction books about Mars
  |The Rock from Mars: A Detective Story on Two Planets
  8 KB (1,260 words) - 12:23, 30 March 2021
• Curiosity
  File: Mars-curiosity-rover-msl-rock-layers-PIA21042-full2.jpg|View from Mastcam on Curiosity showing sloping bu ...16 pia17062 Hottah WB-full2conglomerate.jpg |left|thumb|320px|Conglomerate rock called “Hottah" after Hottah Lake in Canada's Northwest Territories. Con
  67 KB (10,016 words) - 06:21, 23 August 2023
• Atmospheric processing
  ...c mining does not require the movement of large amounts of [[regolith]] or rock with heavy machinery, nor is expensive transport per [[rover]] or [[railroa
  11 KB (1,691 words) - 06:47, 1 May 2024
• Arcadia quadrangle
  ...h dikes of magma. Magma might move along, under the surface, breaking the rock and more importantly melting ice. The resulting action would cause a crack Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produc
  25 KB (3,838 words) - 04:53, 7 May 2024
• Cosmic radiation
  ...d their [[Secondary radiation]]) will penetrate fairly deep thru earth and rock, so only by being deep underground can they be totally eliminated. Experim
  10 KB (1,660 words) - 22:07, 26 April 2024
• Crew 193 Journalism Reports
  The morning of Sol 7, Team America went on EVA to Zubrin’s Head, White Rock Canyon, and Kissing Camel. Team Canada explored Toothy Ridge and Copernicus
  8 KB (1,333 words) - 19:01, 7 March 2019
• Lunae Palus quadrangle
  ...gJoeRock-19780211.jpg|thumb|400px|left|File:26420gullieswide.jpg||Big Joe" rock on [[Mars]]—viewed by the [[Viking 1]] Lander (February 11, 1978).]] ...e magnetite and maghemite. These could come from the weathering of basalt rock.<ref>Hargraves, R. et al. 1976. Viking Magnetic Properties Investigation:
  19 KB (2,910 words) - 17:58, 24 December 2023
• Crew 167 Journalism Reports
  ...to conduct a Rock Mass Rating on a rock outcrop not far from the Hab. The Rock Mass Rating EVA is important for scouting suitable places for caves or tunn
  27 KB (4,417 words) - 18:11, 7 March 2019
• Crew 141 - Mars Society III
  ...de for the non-profit status film "The Singing Wilderness," and am an avid rock climber, backpacker, and have been a professional SCUBA diver since 2006.
  8 KB (1,316 words) - 08:24, 21 December 2018
• Oxia Palus quadrangle
  ...journer rover taking an Alpha Proton X-ray Spectrometer measurement of the rock Yogi. In all the rover traveled 52 meters.<ref>Golombek, M., et al. 1997. ...nder the surface. The area around craters is a worthwhile place to gather rock samples.
  40 KB (6,274 words) - 10:53, 23 December 2023
• Mars Odyssey
  ...the surface consists of water ice. Since ice is only half the density of rock, that means that one half of the bottom 50 cm is ice. In other words, one
  9 KB (1,367 words) - 16:17, 13 October 2021
• Crew 203 EVA Reports
  During the walk we took samples of rock and just two for microbiology tests. We described the lithology or the zone
  11 KB (1,849 words) - 13:17, 7 March 2019
• Phaethontis quadrangle
  ...a lens shape; thus making these cracked mounds. Ice being less dense than rock, pushed upwards on the surface and generated these spider web-like patterns ...n). The magnetism left in rocks is a record of the magnetic field when the rock solidified.<ref>http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid
  41 KB (6,106 words) - 10:20, 29 December 2023
• Crew 167 GreenHab Reports
  ...nHab to collect pebbles, my planters blew away because I forgot to place a rock in them to weigh them down.  I had to put on my suit, helmet, boots and gl
  13 KB (2,120 words) - 18:08, 3 December 2019
• Create a settlement
  ...move faster than over the original terrain. The roads are made from local rock crushed to gravel and spread with automated or remote controlled bulldozers
  9 KB (1,372 words) - 07:18, 8 July 2021
• Amazonis quadrangle
  Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produc ...p into large boulders so they are probably much harder. Basalt, a volcanic rock, is thought to in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identifie
  29 KB (4,450 words) - 10:40, 11 April 2024
• Crew 202 Mission Summary
  Figure 4. Crew Engineer Kasey Hilton points at a rock she just collected for crew geologist Ellen Czaplinski Picture 4: Crew Engineer Kasey Hilton points at a rock she just collected for crew geologist Ellen Czaplinski
  24 KB (3,690 words) - 15:01, 7 March 2019
• Hellas quadrangle
  ...006 |</ref> When all this rock cooled all the planet would be covered with rock that was as deep as a 24 story building is tall. And this is not made up f Many places on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produc
  59 KB (8,788 words) - 06:48, 4 May 2024
• Cebrenia quadrangle
  ...0.1016/j.icarus.2004.05.026</ref> On Mars these glaciers are covered with rock and dust debris a few meters to a few tens of meters thick. Even though Ma ...t lobate debris aprons (LDA’s), around mesas were mostly ice under a thin rock debris cover. <ref name="Plaut, J. 2008">Plaut, J. et al. 2008. Radar Evid
  37 KB (5,472 words) - 16:15, 3 November 2020
• Crew 186 Science Reports
  ...ely collect the material for processing. Simple collection tools including rock hammers, spoons, and trowels have been evaluated in terms of ease of use, a ...of the material, such as cohesiveness and bulk size. The geologist used a rock hammer and a trowel to simulate collection of different material, under sim
  33 KB (5,314 words) - 12:08, 24 March 2019
• Crew 1a - Crew Reports
  ...s. The further analysis includes gross specimen microscopic evaluation for rock type and gross biological characterization, subdivision of the sample into ...er for scale and sun orientation calculations, respectively (length of the rock hammer is ~11 inches). We also collected biological samples at these locati
  127 KB (20,888 words) - 21:33, 4 October 2019
• Crew 174 - Journalism Reports
  EVA, the primary goal was to collect rock samples with mineral composition to help Arun with his geology research. We
  10 KB (1,717 words) - 17:10, 7 March 2019
• Crew 203 Mission Summary
  Results: Some outcrops and rock samples were taken in situ. All the images that where obtain are being proc
  11 KB (1,734 words) - 14:03, 7 March 2019
• Crew 188 EVA Reports
  ...360 PRO camera on the ridge around the Hab. While walking, we will collect rock and plant samples for in-situ chlorophyll samples for analysis. We took photos and videos and collected some scientific samples of rock, soil and small green leaves and rocks for chlorophyll analysis. We also sh
  35 KB (5,647 words) - 11:15, 24 March 2019
• Crew 202 Journalism Reports
  Lith Canyon is an incredible expanse of deep red canyons and high piled beige rock formations. Our Executive Officer was especially excited after returning fr ...the light that has been bounced back and tells the user what minerals the rock is made from. After measuring and collecting the samples in the field, they
  53 KB (9,350 words) - 14:35, 7 March 2019
• Mare Acidalium quadrangle
  ...face, possibly created these mounds with fractures. Ice is less dense than rock, so the buried ice rose and pushed upwards on the surface and generated the ...reds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sedi
  31 KB (4,688 words) - 03:55, 24 January 2024
• Thorium
  ...Surkov. "Evaluation of the thorium and uranium contents of Martian surface rock-A new interpretation of Mars-5 gamma-spectroscopy measurements." Geokhimiia
  12 KB (1,933 words) - 12:08, 29 November 2022
• Crew 181 - Journalism Report
  ...ght orange with lots of pockets … handy for holding radios, lens caps, and rock samples. Once you have the suit on and zipped up, you take a radio and hea
  12 KB (2,086 words) - 16:17, 7 March 2019
• Memnonia quadrangle
  ...ces on Mars show rocks arranged in layers. Layers are also called strata. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produc ...h dikes of magma. Magma might move along, under the surface, breaking the rock and more importantly melting ice. The resulting action would cause a crack
  26 KB (3,975 words) - 15:23, 23 December 2023
• Extant Life on Mars
  ...thane, cryptoendoliths who live in rocks and live off of the minerals the rock is composed of, alkaliphiles thrive in high pH, halophiles love salty condi ...of blueberries on the ground. (Universe) The Opportunity Rover used the Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) to grind and examine a blueberry. The team next used a
  80 KB (12,727 words) - 12:45, 26 May 2020
• Mars
  ...conjunction with a number of other mineralogical features observed in the rock, may be evidence of ancient Martian microorganisms. Exciting as this is, it
  11 KB (1,851 words) - 08:12, 27 May 2022
• Observing Mars with a Telescope
  ..., lighter areas of rust-colored dust, and darker areas of exposed volcanic rock.<ref name=":3" />
  13 KB (2,038 words) - 12:05, 18 September 2019
• Crew 200 Mission Summary
  Tuesday (December 11): Driving EVA south to Robert’s Rock Garden and north to intersection with Galileo Road Thursday (December 13): Pushing south past Robert’s Rock Garden or pushing north past intersection with Galileo Road.
  42 KB (6,606 words) - 16:56, 7 March 2019
• HiWish program
  Mud volcanoes They may have come through a zone of weakness in the rock here ...ve the weaker materials around the dike. What is left is a narrow wall of rock.<ref> "Characteristics and Origin of Giant Radiating Dyke Swarms". MantlePl
  81 KB (12,252 words) - 10:42, 11 April 2024
• Crew 167 Science Reports
  ...7A EVA #5 Report 05Apr2016. Surface soil samples were obtained near gypsum rock to potentially collect colonies of cyanobacteria. These samples will be pro
  13 KB (2,052 words) - 18:47, 3 December 2019
• Mars 2020
  ...ition Team proposed the rover collect and package as many as 31 samples of rock cores and soil for a later mission to bring back for more definitive analys
  11 KB (1,696 words) - 10:47, 4 May 2021
• Geological processes that have shaped Mars: Why Mars looks like it does
  ...t protects the lower layers from being eroded away. On Mars that hard, cap rock could be made from a lava flow. Many, large areas of Mars have eroded in s ...tte: Buttes have a much smaller area than mesas, but both have a hard cap rock on the top. Box shows the size of a football field.
  75 KB (11,585 words) - 04:00, 24 January 2024
• Martian features that are signs of water ice
  ...of Mars, ice could survive for long periods under a few meters of dirt and rock. Many of these supposed regions of underground ice generally begin around ...a lens shape; thus making these cracked mounds. Ice being less dense than rock, pushed upwards on the surface and generated these spider web-like patterns
  42 KB (6,301 words) - 14:48, 27 March 2024
• The Observational History of Mars as a Pathway for a Human Mission
  ...ded finding evidence of previous volcanic activity in the form of basaltic rock, which is known to increase fertility in soils. This is a useful observatio ...the crystalline formations observed. (NASAPress) Spirit also examined a rock outcrop named Clovis. The team investigated Clovis utilizing an alpha part
  64 KB (10,261 words) - 16:11, 21 December 2020
• Mars Perseverance Rover
  ...to seek signs of ancient life on Mars and to collect and store a cache of rock samples to possibly return to Earth. The robotic arm of Perseverance has a
  14 KB (2,230 words) - 09:36, 23 September 2023
• Periodic climate changes on Mars
  ...of Mars, ice could survive for long periods under a few meters of dirt and rock. Many of these supposed regions of underground ice generally begin around
  13 KB (1,801 words) - 18:20, 29 December 2023
• Thaumasia quadrangle
  ...markings as dark sand dunes. Dark sand dunes probably contain the igneous rock basalt.<ref>Michael H. Carr|title=The surface of Mars|url=https://books.goo ...1016/j.icarus.2004.05.026 |</ref> On Mars these glaciers are covered with rock and dust debris a few meters to a few tens of meters thick. Although Mars
  26 KB (3,907 words) - 18:00, 23 December 2023
• What Mars Actually Looks Like!
  ...m-sedimentary-deposit-lakebed-rocks-pia19074-full2.jpg|This evenly layered rock photographed by the Mast Camera (Mastcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars Rover sh File: Mars-curiosity-rover-msl-rock-layers-PIA21042-full2.jpg|View from Mastcam on Curiosity showing sloping bu
  65 KB (9,935 words) - 10:41, 11 April 2024
• Crew 191 Journalism Reports
  ...ense question. It’s only when you put a thing in space, like a Space Ship, rock, MDRS space suit, or an astronaut, that you can measure temperature.
  21 KB (2,619 words) - 09:48, 24 March 2019
• Crew 178 - Journalism Reports
  ...l analyses a day. Last week we explored our environment, taking samples of rock, soil or dust. Now with this instrument we will be able to assess the habit
  14 KB (2,427 words) - 16:41, 7 March 2019
• Crew 189 Journalism Reports
  ...was finally ready. Yet, even though it looked at first more like a Martian rock than like a French baguette, it was quite comestible after all. It was then ...surement instruments for the diverse experiments, and also a mushroom-like rock to show our support to our fellow students of ISAE-SUPAERO which were selec
  42 KB (7,599 words) - 11:44, 24 March 2019
• Crew 1b - Crew Reports
  ...the hab, the lab team had discovered a small amount of gold in one of our rock samples. Perhaps Mars, as yet unscoured by human searchers, will yield rich ...horizontal. As Andy explained, it’s a way to define the plane of a bed of rock in three dimensions. We will need to do the very same thing on Mars.
  190 KB (31,918 words) - 09:28, 12 October 2019
• Mare Boreum quadrangle
  ...d. Most dunes on Mars are black because of the weathering of the volcanic rock basalt.<ref>http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_016459_1830</ref> <ref> Micha
  16 KB (2,580 words) - 05:51, 14 March 2024
• Diacria quadrangle
  ...ace materials into open fractures created as magma intruded the subsurface rock to form dikes.<ref>University of Arizona HiRISE Website. http://hirise.lpl. ...lope streaks occur when bright dust moves away and exposes dark underlying rock.
  36 KB (5,518 words) - 14:50, 27 March 2024
• Mare Australe quadrangle
  ...00). Sedimentary Rocks of Early Mars. Science, 290(5498), 1927–1937</ref> Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produc ...tary rocks.<ref>Grotzinger, J.P. and R.E. Milliken (2012). The sedimentary rock record of Mars: Distribution, origins, and global stratigraphy, SEPM Specia
  40 KB (6,134 words) - 19:14, 23 December 2023
• Ismenius Lacus quadrangle
  ...du/meetings/lpsc2000/pdf/1053.pdf</ref> At first they appeared to resemble rock glaciers on Earth. But scientists could not be sure. Even after the Mars Gl ...Mensae that found widespread evidence of ice lying beneath a few meters of rock debris.<ref>http://news.discovery.com/space/mars-ice-sheet-climate.html</re
  70 KB (10,556 words) - 06:01, 28 March 2024
• Crew 187 Journalism Reports
  On the left, you can see the trace of what was millions of years ago. Rock formations that would only be possible elsewhere on Earth, in Utah. More th Our Dorado was more than a rock formation and showed evidence of life in ways that according to recent stud
  34 KB (6,107 words) - 11:49, 24 March 2019
• Crew 6 - Crew Reports
  #Survey potential microniches for organisms, e.g. rock cracks, larger fissuring, subsoil layers, undersides of unattached rocks, e *Exploring with rock hammer
  118 KB (20,168 words) - 17:24, 16 March 2020
• Crew 192 Sol Summaries
  ...t yet seen. It’s fascinating to see just how many different kinds of soil, rock, and sediment you can find even in just one area, in varying colors, textur
  24 KB (3,979 words) - 19:31, 7 March 2019
• Crew 3 - Crew Reports
  ...<blockquote>Today’s EVA 27 primary object was to obtain samples from White Rock Canyon hypolithic organisms for biologist to culture. EVA 27 also interacte !White Rock Canyon
  157 KB (25,890 words) - 15:59, 5 November 2019
• Crew 184 - Journalist Report
  ...lems. We could start with a light heart to our mission to collect soil and rock samples. ...cer Trivedi we climbed a few hills at different locations with interesting rock formations. The sun was up and we had some great frames with impressive sha
  45 KB (8,279 words) - 14:55, 27 March 2019
• Crew 186 Journalism Reports
  ...agin, had 4 of us suiting up for our first EVA. The purpose was to analyze rock samples a short distance south of the hab and the EVA also served as an imp
  20 KB (3,392 words) - 11:51, 24 March 2019
• Mars One
  ...For the expansion of the colony's buildings we will collect dust and fine rock debris.
  22 KB (3,673 words) - 11:40, 1 September 2023
• Crew 167 Sol Summaries
  EVA: rock exploration and growing bacteria! 3. Measuring layers of rock is fun
  40 KB (6,812 words) - 18:28, 3 December 2019
• Crew 2 - Crew Reports
  and rock samples would be stowed for later analysis. After spending over an ...Celsius, warming with depth (isothermic amelioration). The surface of the rock beneath the overhang was coated with a salty precipitate which extended abo
  173 KB (29,116 words) - 08:06, 29 October 2019
• Crew 172 - Journalism Reports
  The landscape is mostly soft dusty hills with clay and rock interspersed. Rolling hills suround the hab (the site was carefully selecte Not quite. Another day down and 13 to go. Let’s rock and roll.
  67 KB (11,872 words) - 17:56, 7 March 2019
• Crew 190 Journalism Reports
  ...towering red mountain. At around 100m (300ft), it stood out as the tallest rock formation of the area, and they were ready to climb it. Despite sharply inc
  24 KB (4,209 words) - 10:26, 24 March 2019
• Crew 188 Sol Summaries
  ...AB team as soon as they arrived back through the airlock. Julia’s favorite rock found today was a vibrant eye-catching red color that seemed otherworldly a
  35 KB (5,701 words) - 12:50, 30 September 2022
• Casius quadrangle
  ...and R. Milliken (eds.). 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM.</ref> Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produc
  36 KB (5,458 words) - 10:17, 23 December 2023
• Martian gullies
  Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in Zion National Park Utah.
  38 KB (5,720 words) - 15:45, 4 May 2024
• Crew 175 - Journalism Reports
  ...9:00, refilled the water tank, checked the seismometer, and went to White Rock canyon to explore it. The weather was once again foggy, but it was clearing
  40 KB (7,473 words) - 17:03, 7 March 2019
• Glaciers on Mars
  ...bibcode=2005Icar..174..321A</ref> On Mars these glaciers are covered with rock and dust debris a few meters to a few tens of meters thick.<ref> Baker, D.
  40 KB (5,752 words) - 16:26, 1 January 2024
• Crew 205 - International Emerging Space Leaders
  ...ry Institute (LPI) where he used experimental petrology to constrain fluid:rock chemistry on Mars through acidic, hydrothermal dissolution of phosphate-ric
  32 KB (4,936 words) - 18:50, 7 March 2019
• Crew 4 - Crew Reports
  ...     including a brief career as a bassist-songwriter from the progressive rock band Jupiter Sheep. After ...ic photos of the terrain across the valley to the Southwest, and collected rock samples on a ridgeline near the top. The sample appears to be gypsum in a f
  287 KB (46,756 words) - 18:19, 19 December 2019
• Crew 5 - Crew Reports
  '''Objective:''' To plant seeds in both rock wool cubes and potting soil to set up GreenHab experiment. After returning the ATVs to the Hab, we proceeded a short distance to rock outcroppings obviously subjected to storm drainage and which were covered w
  255 KB (43,372 words) - 17:24, 16 March 2020